Abstract In the last years phytosterols, natural components of plants, have received more attention due to association of their consumption with reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There are several scientific studies about phytosterols in vegetable oils, but they are scarce in unconventional oils. The objective of this research was evaluating the content of phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city, in Brazil. The analysis included cold alkaline saponification, derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane reagents, and quantification by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and internal standardization. The quality control parameters indicated that the method was suitable for analysis. Total sterols were between 272.3 mg kg-1 (coconut oil) to 6169.7 mg kg-1 (evening primrose oil). β-sitosterol was the component found in higher concentrations and evening primrose oil was the most representative in quantity of phytosterols.

RESUMO As Ligas Acadêmicas (LAs) surgem nas universidades brasileiras no início do século XX como estratégias e atividades extracurriculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as Ligas Acadêmicas estruturadas e em funcionamento na Universidade de Brasília como estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem. Método A coleta de dados foi construída por levantamento documental, entrevista de sondagem e entrevistas individuais aplicadas a acadêmicos membros das Ligas (oito representantes), professores/coordenadores membros das Ligas (quatro representantes) e acadêmicos que participavam das atividades oferecidas pelos membros das Ligas (quatro representantes). Resultados Percebe-se o reconhecimento do princípio da indissociabilidade do ensino, pesquisa e extensão por parte dos entrevistados, embora a atuação dos membros ligantes tenha sido marcada pelas atividades de ensino e pesquisa em contraposição às atividades extensionistas. No entanto, as concepções dos participantes refletem convergências no que se refere aos princípios/estratégias de criação e desenvolvimento das Ligas Acadêmicas como importantes na formação em saúde. Conclusão As Ligas Acadêmicas poderiam se tornar instrumentos de exploração da autonomia, da criticidade, da criatividade e do comprometimento, em detrimento de práticas isoladas que induzem ao risco de especialização precoce.

ABSTRACT Academic leagues have emerged in Brazilian universities in the twentieth century as strategies and extracurricular activities. The objective of this paper is to analyze structured academic leagues in operation at the University of Brasilia as teaching and learning strategies. Method Data was collected through documentary survey, interview survey, individual interviews applied to participants of academic leagues (eight representatives), teachers/coordinators of academic leagues (four representatives) and participants of activities provided for the members of academic leagues (four representatives). Results We observed the recognition of the principle of inseparability between teaching, research and community outreach among the respondents, although the performance of academic league members has been formed by teaching and research activities, but not by community outreach activities. However, the results reflect the convergence of the principles of the creation and development of academic leagues as important activities for health training. Conclusion Academic leagues could become instruments to develop student autonomy, criticality, creativity and commitment, rather than isolated practices that can lead to precocious specialization.

The increased marketing of olive oil in Brazil has intensified legal requirements to ensure regulation of this product. The measurement of the specific extinction at 270 nm (E 270) and content of stigmastadiene can be used to assess the presence of refined oils in virgin olive oil. During the vegetable oil refining process, compounds with conjugated double bonds are generated from unsaturated fatty acids that absorb at 270 nm and sterols, such as stigmasta-3,5-diene. To compare these parameters, seven samples of extra virgin olive oil and three samples of olive oil (blend of virgin and refined) were analyzed. Among the samples analyzed, four extra virgin samples had levels of stigmastadiene and E 270 higher than expected, among which two were adulterated with seed oil (rich in linoleic acid) and the other two with olive pomace oil. The results demonstrate the higher sensitivity of stigmastadiene to determine the presence of the refined oil in virgin olive oil and good agreement with determining E 270. The latter technique is a simple, quick, and low cost method of determination that can be easily implemented in laboratories to assist in the screening and regulation of olive oils sold in Brazil.

Óleos especiais em cápsulas, comercializados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram avaliados quanto à identidade, pelo perfil de ácidos graxos, e à conformidade das informações declaradas na rotulagem nutricional (conteúdo de ácidos graxos e vitamina E, alfa tocoferol). Foram analisadas 21 amostras [linhaça (6), prímula (5), cártamo (8), borage (1) e groselhas negras (1)], adquiridas no comércio ou colhidas pela vigilância sanitária. Os ácidos graxos e a vitamina E foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e cromatografia líquida com detector UV, respectivamente. Nove amostras estavam adulteradas (5 de cártamo, 3 de linhaça e uma de prímula). Entre as adulteradas, 3 de linhaça e 2 de cártamo tinham, provavelmente, adição de óleo de soja. Ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) foi encontrado em duas amostras denominadas de óleo de cártamo, apesar da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) não autorizar a venda de óleos contendo CLA no Brasil. Somente duas amostras apresentaram todos os componentes analisados de acordo com o declarado na rotulagem (uma de óleo de linhaça e outra de borage). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de um monitoramento contínuo dos óleos especiais encapsulados comercializados no Brasil, incluindo um número maior de amostras e em conjunto com a vigilância sanitária.

Encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in São Paulo state, Brazil, were evaluated for their identity (fatty acids profile) and compliance with nutrition labeling (fatty acids and Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) contents). Twenty one samples [flaxseed oil (6), evening primrose (5), safflower (8), borage (1), and black currant (1)] purchased from local markets or collected by the health surveillance agency were analyzed. The fatty acids and vitamin E contents were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and liquid chromatography with UV detector, respectively. Nine samples were adulterated (5 samples of safflower oil, 3 of flaxseed oil, and one of evening primrose). Among them, 3 flaxseed and 2 safflower oil samples were probably adulterated by the addition of soybean oil. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was found in two safflower oils samples although the sale of oils with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is not permitted by the National Health Surveillance Agency in Brazil (ANVISA). Only two samples presented all values in compliance with nutrition labeling (one safflower oil sample and one borage oil sample). The results show that a continuous monitoring of encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in Brazil is necessary including a greater number of samples and sanitary surveillance.

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a informação nutricional fornecida pelos fabricantes de fórmulas infantis, comparando-as quanto aos teores obtidos na análise, ao conteúdo de lipídeos, ácidos graxos saturados, ácidos graxos trans, ácido linoleico, ácido alfa-linolênico, ácido araquidônico e ácido docosahexaenoico. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 14 amostras de seis marcas diferentes de fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo. A extração e a quantificação dos lipídeos foram realizadas pelo método oficial (Roese Gottlieb), e a quantificação dos ácidos graxos, pela cromatografia em fase gasosa pelo método de adição de padrão interno. As análises foram realizadas em triplicata. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os resultados, todas as amostras estavam em conformidade com a rotulagem para gordura total, uma estava em desacordo para ácidos graxos saturados, seis para ácidos graxos trans, quatro para ácido linoleico, dez para ácido alfa-linolênico, dois para ácido araquidônico e três para o ácido docosahexaenoico. As fórmulas infantis para lactentes de zero a seis meses foram as que revelaram as maiores diferenças em relação à informação nutricional fornecida pelo fabricante. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos apontam a necessidade de um contínuo monitoramento desses produtos por meio de programas de vigilância sanitária, uma vez que a inadequação dos nutrientes da fração lipídica e outros pode afetar de maneira significativa o desenvolvimento infantil.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the contents of fats, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in infant formulas and compared them with the nutrition facts reported on the respective packaging. METHODS: Fourteen samples of six different infant formula brands sold in the state of São Paulo were analyzed. The extraction and quantification of fats were done by the official method (Roese Gottlieb) and the quantification of fatty acids by gas chromatography using an internal standard. All analyses were repeated three times. RESULTS: The results showed that the nutrition facts printed on the packaging regarding total fats were correct for all samples, one was incorrect for saturated fatty acids, six were incorrect for trans fatty acids, four were incorrect for linoleic acid, ten were incorrect for alpha-linolenic acid, two were incorrect for arachidonic acid and three were incorrect for docosahexaenoic acid. The formulas that presented the greatest differences between nutrition facts and actual contents were those for infants aged zero to six months. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that sanitary surveillance programs need to constantly monitor these products since the incorrect amount of nutrients may significantly affect the child's development.

Vinte genótipos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foram avaliados, no município de Lages/SC; quatro caracteres de importância agronômica sobre a divergência genética em feijão. Esta estimativa foi realizada através da estatística de Mahalanobis e, para o agrupamento dos genótipos mais similares, o método de Tocher. O experimento, em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e três épocas de semeadura por tratamento, foi conduzido no período de safra e safrinha no ano agrícola de 1996/97. Os caracteres agronômicos avaliados foram: número de dias entre a emergência e o florescimento (EMFL), número de dias entre a emergência e a maturação de colheita (EMMC), peso de mil grãos (PMG) e o rendimento de grãos por unidade de área. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo permitiram caracterizar possíveis genótipos para serem utilizados em cruzamentos dirigidos. O estudo dos vinte genótipos evidenciou um alto grau de divergência genética e apontou os caracteres agronômicos EMFL e PMG com maior contribuição relativa para a divergência genética, indicando que estes dois caracteres devem ser priorizados em programas de melhoramento de feijão.

Twenty bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated, in the county of Lages/SC, Brazil for the influence of three traits of agronomic importance on the genetic divergence in beans. This estimate was accomplished through the statistics of Mahalanobis and, for grouping the most similar genotypes, the method of Tocher. The experiment was performed with a randomized block design, with three replications and three sowing dates in both crop and out of season periods in the agricultural year of 1996/97. The analyzed agronomic traits were: number of days between emergency and flowering (EMFL), number of days between emergency and harvesting point (EMMC), weight of a thousand grains (PMG), and the yield of grains per unit of area. The results obtained allowed to identify possible genotypes to be used in driven crossings. The study of the twenty bean genotypes showed a high degree of genetic divergence and indicated the agronomic characters EMFL and PMG as larger contributions to the genetic divergence, indicating, that these two characters should be prioritized in programs of bean improvement.