Teste experimental da chuva como agente de controle de Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) em mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae). Glycaspis brimblecombei é uma das maiores ameaças das plantações de eucalipto do Brasil. Foram avaliados os efeitos da água na redução da abundância de conchas desse inseto em mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis infestadas experimentalmente. Foi quantificado o número de conchas nas superfícies adaxial e abaxial de todas as folhas de 60 mudas, antes e após a aplicação dos seguintes tratamentos: "chuva artificial", "molhamento das folhas" e controle. Foi observada uma drástica redução na abundância de conchas nos tratamentos "chuva artificial" e "molhamento das folhas" (F = 53,630; p < 0,001), o que não ocorreu para o tratamento controle ao longo do experimento (F = 1,450; p = 0,232). Ao final do experimento, a abundância de conchas foi significativamente menor no tratamento "chuva artificial" e "molhamento das folhas" do que no tratamento controle. Dessa forma, dois dias de chuva mostraram ser eficientes para diminuir mais que 50% da população de conchas, com quase 100% de eficiência após 5 dias de experimento. Nossos resultados indicam que a solubilização das conchas e a remoção mecânica pela água são potenciais ferramentas para regulação populacional de G. brimblecombei em mudas de E. camaldulensis

An experimental test of rainfall as a control agent of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae). Glycaspis brimblecombei is one the greatest threats to eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. The effects of rainfall to reduce the abundance of lerp of Glycaspis brimblecombei on experimentally infested seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were assessed. The number of lerps on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of every leaf of 60 seedlings was recorded, before and after submission to the following treatments: "artificial rain", "leaf wetting" and control. A drastic reduction in lerp abundance per plant was observed after the treatments "leaf wetting" and artificial rain (F = 53.630; p < 0.001), whereas lerp abundance remained roughly constant in the control treatment along the experiment (F = 1.450; p = 0.232). At the end of the experiment, lerp abundance was significantly lower in both the "artificial rain" and "leaf wetting" than in the control treatment. Two days of rainfall simulation were sufficient to decrease more than 50% of the lerp population, with almost 100% of effectiveness after 5 days of experiment. Our results indicate that lerp solubilization and mechanical removal by water are potential tools to the population regulation of G. brimblecombei on E. camaldulensis seedlings.

Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore is an Australian native pest of Eucalyptus detected in Brazil in 2003. Since then, it has spread fast and colonized plantations in several states of the country. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cerrado remnants on the abundance and biological control of G. brimblecombei. We placed yellow sticky card traps to capture insects in four plantations of hybrid clones of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis ("Urograndis") and four plantations of E. urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis ("Urocam"). Traps were placed in three areas of these plantations: center, border with cerrado and border without cerrado. We also collected leaves from the same clones to estimate psyllid egg and lerp abundance. The abundance of G. brimblecombei was lower in the plantation-cerrado border, and the inverse pattern was observed for microhymenopterans. The leaf abaxial surface showed a higher abundance of eggs and nymphs, probably as a consequence of a lower parasitism rate and mechanical removal by wind and rain. Egg number was higher on Urograndis than in Urocam clones, but the number of psyllid lerps was higher in the latter. Thus, the establishment of first instars is probably a critical event to psyllid infestation, and these differences may be caused by morphological, anatomical and biochemical leaf features of distinct clones. Our results suggest that the maintenance of native vegetation around plantations is a promising management practice to promote the natural biological control of G.brimblecombei, a strategy that would also enhance the preservation of cerrado remnants.

A riqueza e abundância de herbívoros associados a uma planta hospedeira são influenciadas por variações nas defesas físicas e químicas da planta as quais são mediadas pela qualidade do habitat. Neste estudo, 36 indivíduos de Copaifera langsdorffii distribuídos equitativamente entre habitats de Cerrado "sensu stricto", Matas Ciliares e Floresta Estacional Decidual foram usadas para avaliar os efeitos do habitat na esclerofilia foliar, produção de taninos e na fauna de insetos herbívoros associados. Observou-se maior riqueza e abundância de herbívoros mastigadores em plantas dos habitats de Mata Ciliar e Cerrado comparativamente à Floresta Estacional Decidual. Porém, a riqueza e abundância de insetos herbívoros sugadores não diferiu entre os habitats. Não foi encontrada relação entre a riqueza ou abundância de herbívoros com a concentração de taninos e a esclerofilia foliar de C. langsdorffii. Estas variáveis também não variaram entre os habitats. É provável que nesses ambientes a esclerofilia não esteja relacionada apenas com a herbivoria, e que alguns herbívoros podem não ser afetados negativamente ou beneficiados pela concentração de taninos encontrada. O lançamento de folhas por C. langsdorffi apenas no fim da estação seca na Floresta Decidual pode constituir um mecanismo de escape de herbivoria. Porém, para uma análise mais detalhada há necessidade de estudos a longo prazo sobre nos diversos tipos de ambientes nos quais esta espécies esta distribuída bem como da pressão exercida pelos seus herbívoros.

The richness and abundance of free-feeding insect herbivores may vary according to leaf sclerophylly, tannin concentration, and habitat conditions. We sampled 12 individuals of Copaifera langsdorffii in three different habitat physiognomies found in a cerrado-caatinga transition area in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil: 1) Cerrado ("sensu stricto"), 2) Riparian Forest, and 3) Seasonally Dry Forest (n=36 individuals). Higher richness and abundance of chewing herbivores were observed on C. langsdorffii in the Riparian Forest and Cerrado compared to Seasonally Dry Forest. On the other hand, the richness and abundance of sap-sucking herbivores did not differ among the habitats. No statistically significant differences were observed in leaf sclerophylly and tannin concentration among physiognomies, as well as no relationship was found among tannin concentration, leaf sclerophylly and richness and abundance of any of the insect guilds studied. The flushing of leaves by C. langsdorffi at the end of the dry season in the deciduous forest may be a mechanism to escape herbivores. Otherwise, for a detailed analysis long term studies at the vegetation formation where the host plant species is distributed and the selective pressures exerted by its herbivores are called for.