RESUMO: Objetivou-se estimar o desempenho fisiológico e produtivo de genótipos de batata em dois ambientes de cultivo em sistema orgânico. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios, sendo um em condições de ambiente protegido e outro em campo aberto. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos referentes aos genótipos ‘Agata’, ‘Atlantic’, ‘BRS Ana’, ‘BRSIPR Bel’ e ‘BRS Clara’. Avaliaram-se atributos fisiológicos, produtivos e defeitos associados aos tubérculos. O ambiente protegido é o mais adequado para a produção de batata orgânica nas condições avaliadas. Os genótipos ‘BRSIPR Bel’ e ‘BRS Ana’ possuem alto potencial produtivo em condições de sistema orgânico.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to estimate the physiological and productive performance of potato genotypes in two organic cultivation systems. Two trials were conducted, being one in a protected and on in an open-field environment. A randomized complete block design with four replicates and five treatments (genotypes ‘Agata’, ‘Atlantic’, ‘BRS Ana’, ‘BRSIPR Bel’ and ‘BRS Clara’) was used. Physiological, productive characteristics and defects associated with tubers were obtained. The protected environment is the most appropriate to produce organic potatoes under the evaluated conditions. Genotypes ‘BRSIPR Bel’ and ‘BRS Ana’ exhibit a high productive potential in organic conditions.

RESUMEN La región nororiental de Brasil es responsable del 95% de la producción total de melón del país y del 97% del total de melón exportado. Esto se debe principalmente a las condiciones edafoclimáticas y a los paquetes tecnológicos utilizados en el país en cuanto a estrategias de fertilización. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la fertilización de cobertura con fuentes de potasio asociadas o no con la fertilización con Ekosil™ en la siembra sobre las características fisicoquímicas del melón cantalupo. El estudio se realizó en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con un arreglo factorial 4x2 (fertilización de cobertura de nitrato de potasio [NP], cloruro de potasio [CP], sulfato de potasio [SP] y Ekosil™ [EK], con o sin fertilización con Ekosil™ en la siembra). Los parámetros evaluados en frutos fueron: peso fresco (PF), contenido de sólidos solubles (SS), acidez titulable (AT), relación SS/AT (RA) y pigmentos (clorofila [CL] y carotenoides [CA]). No se observó efecto de los tratamientos sobre el pH, CL y CA (P>0.05). Se observó la interacción de la fertilización en la siembra y la fertilización de cobertura para las otras variables (P<0.005). El PF fue mayor para CP y EK, con la aplicación de Ekosil™ en la siembra. Sin Ekosil™, SP, NP y EK dieron como resultado frutos más pesados. Los SS fueron mayores con SP al usar Ekosil™, y para SP y CP sin fertilización con Ekosil™ en la siembra. El CP y NP resultaron en mayor AT, y la RA fue mayor con SP. Bajo las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la región de Pontal do Triângulo Mineiro, la fertilización de cobertura con sulfato de potasio, sin fertilización con Ekosil™ en la siembra, da como resultado melones cantalupos más pesados y dulces.

ABSTRACT The northeastern region of Brazil is responsible for 95% of the country's total melon production and 97% of total exported melons. This is mainly due to the edaphoclimatic conditions and the technological packages employed in the country for fertilization strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of topdressing potassium fertilizers associated or not with sowing fertilization with Ekosil™ on the physicochemical traits of cantaloupes. The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with a 4x2 factorial arrangement (topdressing potassium nitrate [PN], potassium chloride [PC], potassium sulfate [PS] and Ekosil™ [EK], with or without sowing fertilization with Ekosil™). The evaluated traits in the fruits were: fresh mass (FM), soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio (RA) and pigment contents (chlorophyll [CL] and carotenoids [CA]). No effect of treatments was observed on pH, CL, and CA (P>0.05). Interaction of sowing and topdressing fertilization was observed for the other variables (P<0.005). The FM was greater for PC and EK with sowing fertilization with Ekosil™. Without Ekosil™, PS, PN and EK resulted in heavier fruits. The SS was greater for PS when using Ekosil™ and for PS and PC without sowing fertilization with Ekosil™. The PC and PN resulted in greater TA, and the RA was greater for PS. Under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Pontal do Triângulo Mineiro region, topdressing fertilization with potassium sulfate, without sowing fertilization with Ekosil™, resulted in heavier and sweeter cantaloupes.

Resumo O setor que abrange desde o cultivo até a comercialização de espécies ornamentais é destaque no cenário do agronegócio, devido ao frequente aumento da demanda pelos seus produtos.Essa importância incentiva a busca por novas tecnologias que permitam o desenvolvimento de protocolos para a multiplicação de espécies de interesse comercial. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e validar a utilização do anelamento, do ethephon e da seleção do grau de maturação de ramos como técnicas para o incremento do estabelecimento de estacas de Rhododendron simsii Planch.Os tratamentos foram aplicados aos ramos das plantas matrizes, combinando-se os três fatores de estudos, sendo dois níveis de anelamento (com e sem), dois níveis de aplicação de ethephon na concentração de 900 mg L-1(com e sem aplicação) e dois graus de maturação (lenhoso e herbáceo). Verificou-se que a presença de anelamento dos ramos incrementou a taxa de estabelecimento das estacas em 43,75%, enquanto a utilização conjunta de duas técnicas, a aplicação de ethephon e a seleção de estacas herbáceas na azaleia, resultou em uma taxa de estabelecimento 56,25% maior que a média dos demais tratamentos. Dessa maneira, pode-se concluir que tanto o anelamento de ramos quanto a aplicação de ethephon, combinada à utilização de ramos herbáceos, podem ser utilizados como técnicas para o maior estabelecimento de estacas de Rhododendron simsii Planch.

Abstract The sector that ranges from cultivation to sale of ornamental species is highlighted in the agribusiness scenario, due to the frequent increase in demand for its products. This importance encourages the exploration of new technologies that allow the development of protocols for the multiplication of species of commercial interest. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the use of girdling, ethephon and the selection of degree of branch maturation as techniques for increasing the establishment of cuttings of Rhododendron simsii Planch. The treatments combining the three study factors were applied to the branches of the parent plants: two levels of girdling (with and without), two levels of application of ethephon at the concentration of 900 mg L-1 (with and without application) and two degrees of maturation (woody and herbaceous). It was found that the presence of branch girdling increased the rate of establishment of cuttings by 43.75%, while the joint use of two techniques, the application of ethephon and the selection of herbaceous cuttings, resulted in an establishment rate 56.25% higher than the average of other treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that both branch girdling and the application of ethephon combined with the use of herbaceous branches can be used as techniques for the greater establishment of cuttings of Rhododendron simsii Planch.

RESUMEN Jabuticaba representa una de las especies nativas de explotación industrial ascendente debido a sus características organolépticas y funcionales, lo que la hace atractiva para la producción de alimentos y productos farmacéuticos. Sin embargo, la composición de las frutas no es favorable para el procesamiento, ya que las semillas constituyen gran parte de su composición. El uso de técnicas ya establecidas para otros cultivos debe estudiarse para mejorar las características de uso industrial. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo y la calidad organoléptica de la jabuticaba, en función de la aplicación exógena de ácido giberélico en el tallo de las plantas en tres etapas reproductivas. Para esto, los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro concentraciones de ácido giberélico (0, 50, 100 y 200 mg L-1) aplicadas a los tallos de las plantas de jabuticaba en tres etapas fenológicas reproductivas (botones florales, antesis y post-floración). Se adoptó un diseño de bloques completos al azar en un esquema factorial (4×3) con seis repeticiones. Se observó que la aplicación durante la antesis y después de la floración dio como resultado valores más bajos de masa de semillas, número de semillas y mayor rendimiento de pulpa, en promedio 23.08, 22.97 y 20.87%, respectivamente. Sobre el tratamiento de los botones florales el aumento de las concentraciones de ácido giberélico también dio como resultado un aumento del rendimiento de la pulpa hasta un máximo del 12,58%. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que la aplicación de concentraciones crecientes de ácido giberélico, hasta 200 mg L-1, mejora el rendimiento de la pulpa, sin alterar las características organolépticas de los frutos de jabuticaba y que la aplicación en post-floración o antesis proporciona una mayor calidad para su industrialización.

ABSTRACT The jabuticaba is a native species that is seeing increased industrial exploitation because of its organoleptic and functional characteristics, making it attractive for food and pharmaceutical products. However, the fruit composition is not favorable for processing because of the abundance of seeds. Techniques already established for other crops should be studied to improve industrial use characteristics. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the development and organoleptic quality of jaboticaba fruits as a function of exogenous applications of gibberellic acid on the stem of plants in three reproductive stages. The treatments consisted of four concentrations of gibberellic acid (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) applied to jabuticaba plant stems in three reproductive phenological stages (flower buds, anthesis and post-flowering). A randomized complete block design was used with a factorial scheme (4×3) with six replications. It was observed that applications during anthesis and after flowering resulted in lower seed mass values and seed numbers and higher pulp yield, on average 23.08, 22.97 and 20.87%, respectively. The treatment with flower buds and increased gibberellic acid concentrations also resulted in an increased pulp yield, up to a maximum of 12.58%. Thus, it was concluded that the application of increasing concentrations of gibberellic acid, up to 200 mg L-1, improves pulp yield without altering the organoleptic characteristics of jabuticaba fruits and that applications at post-flowering or anthesis provide higher quality for industrial uses.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de los sustratos comerciales y las fuentes orgánicas en la producción de plántulas de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.). El diseño fue completamente aleatorizado, en un esquema factorial de 2×3, con dos sustratos comerciales la producción de plántulas (Carolina®, Bioplant®) y tres fuentes orgánicas (control, vermicompost enriquecido con termofosfato yoorin y estiércol de aves de corral). Agregar estiércol de aves de corral a sustratos comerciales causa efectos negativos sobre la precocidad y la emergencia. Carolina® es un sustrato adecuado para producir plántulas de uchuva sin necesidad de suplementos con fuentes orgánicas. Bioplant® se comporta más como un acondicionador de emergencia, que requiere suplementos con fuentes orgánicas (preferiblemente vermicompost). Las plántulas adecuadas para el trasplante se pueden obtener a los 47 días después de la siembra.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the effect of commercial substrates and organic sources on the production of cape gooseberry seedlings (Physalis peruviana L.). The design was completely randomized with a 2×3 factorial scheme using two commercial substrates (Carolina®, Bioplant®) and three organic sources (control, vermicompost enriched with yoorin thermophosphate and poultry manure) for seedling production. Adding poultry manure to commercial substrates negatively affects precocity and emergence. Carolina® is a suitable substrate for cape gooseberry seedling production without supplements using organic sources. Bioplant® behaves more like an emergence conditioner, requiring supplementation with organic sources (preferably vermicompost). Seedlings that are suitable for transplant can be obtained at 47 days after sowing.

RESUMEN Dekopon es un tangor sin semillas de tamaño expresivo y su cosecha no es la misma que ‘Ponkan’, quien es el cultivar más comercializado. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar fisicoquímica y sensorialmente este tangor, a través de evaluaciones de sólidos solubles, acidez, proporción, vitamina C, diámetro, grosor de la cáscara, firmeza, volumen de jugo e impresiones sensoriales sobre sabor, apariencia, aroma, textura, impresión general e intención de compra. Se destacaron los altos niveles de vitamina C y el volumen de jugo que corresponde a aproximadamente al 50% del peso de la fruta con respecto a los atributos químicos. La mayoría de los puntajes atribuidos a 'Dekopon' estaban por encima de 6.0 y los de intención de compra superiores a 3.0. La fruta puede considerarse prometedora para ser comercializada debido a sus buenas características.

ABSTRACT The Dekopon is a seedless tangor of expressive size that its harvested differently than the most commercialized cultivar, Ponkan’s. The aim of this study was to physico-chemically and sensorially characterize this tangor through evaluations of soluble solids, acidity, ratio, vitamin C, diameter, peel thickness, firmness, juice volume and sensory impressions on taste, appearance, aroma, texture, overall impression and purchase intention. High levels of vitamin C and a juice volume that represented about 50% of the fruit weight stood out for the chemical attributes. Most of the 'Dekopon' scores were above 6.0, and the purchase intention scores were above 3.0. This fruit is promising for commercialization because of its good characteristics.

RESUMEN Los reguladores del crecimiento se utilizan en la agricultura para reducir el crecimiento vegetativo, promover los procesos de floración y fructificación, además de regular la alternancia de producción. En este estudio, los efectos del uso de paclobutrazol (PBZ) y diferentes arreglos de plantas en el desarrollo y el rendimiento productivo de los tomates para la industria. El experimento se realizó en el área experimental de la Universidade Estadual de Goiás, en un diseño en bloques aleatorizados, en un arreglo factorial de 2x5 (presencia de PBZ y ausencia de PBZ en plántulas X distancia de siembra), con cuatro repeticiones y diez plantas por parcela. La aplicación de paclobutrazol (regulador del crecimiento) se realizó en plántulas 15 días después de la emergencia aplicando 3,5 mL de la solución por bandeja a la concentración de 42,5 mg L-1 utilizando el producto comercial que contiene el 25% del ingrediente activo para la solución. Los espacios disponibles fueron de 0,15; 0,20; 0,25; 0,30 y 0,35 m entre plantas y 1,4 m entre hileras, correspondientes a poblaciones de 47.619, 35.714, 28.714, 23.809 y 20.408 plantas/ha en cada espacio. Se evaluó el crecimiento inicial y el desarrollo de las plántulas, las características relacionadas con la productividad y la calidad física y química de los frutos cosechados en cada experimento. Se observó que la aplicación de paclobutrazol influyó en las características filotécnicas y la calidad tecnológica de los frutos de tomate para el procesamiento industrial. En cuanto a la densidad de siembra, el espacio de siembra entre 0,21 a 0,27 m mostró un mejor desarrollo del cultivo y productividad.

ABSTRACT Growth regulators are used in agriculture to reduce vegetative growth, promote flowering and fruiting processes, and regulate production alternations. In this study, the effects of the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and different plant arrangements on the development and productive yield tomatoes grown for industrial use were evaluated. This experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás, in a randomized block design with a 2x5 factorial arrangement (presence of PBZ and absence of PBZ in seedlings X planting spacing), with four replications and ten plants per plot. The paclobutrazol (growth regulator) applications were carried out in seedlings 15 days after emergence by applying 3.5 mL of the solution per tray at a concentration of 42.5 mg L-1 using a commercial product containing 25% of the active ingredient for the solution. The spacings were 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, and 0.35 m between plants and 1.4 m between rows, corresponding to populations of 47,619; 35,714; 28,714; 23,809 and 20,408 plants/ha, respectively. The initial growth and development of the seedlings, characteristics related to productivity, and the physical and chemical quality of fruits harvested in each experiment were evaluated. It was observed that the application of paclobutrazol influenced the phylotechnical characteristics and technological quality of tomato fruits grown for industrial processing. The planting spacings between 0.21 and 0.27 m had better crop development and productivity.

RESUMEN El uso de plantas de cobertura parcial o permanente del suelo en las viñas es una práctica cultural utilizada en varias regiones vinícolas, ya que se cree que la descomposición de residuos de plantas de cobertura sobre la superficie del suelo puede aumentar la disponibilidad de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el ciclo de nutrientes del suelo con cobertura vegetal en consorcio con el cultivo de vid (Vitis labrusca L. var. Isabel) cultivada en las regiones tropicales, su estado nutricional y la fertilidad del suelo. El experimento fue realizado en un viñedo de variedad Isabel, y se evaluaron tres especies de cobertura vegetal (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC, Dolichos lablab L. y malezas). Canavalia ensiformis L. DC fue más eficiente en la acumulación de nutrientes en el dosel. Sin embargo, la liberación de nutrientes no fue estadísticamente diferente entre las coberturas vegetales usadas, siendo más influenciada por la época de poda de la vid. Estas no modificaron las propiedades químicas del suelo durante tres ciclos de cultivo de los dos cultivos de vid y tampoco afectaron su estado nutricional en la etapa de floración, en las dos épocas de cosecha evaluadas

ABSTRACT The use of plants for permanent or partial coverage of soil in the vineyard inter-rows is a cultural practice used in various wine-growing regions since it is believed that the decomposition of cover crops’ straw on the soil surface can increase the availability of nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutrient cycling of soil with cover rops in consortium with grapevine (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Isabel) cultivated in tropical regions, its nutritional status, and the soil fertility. The experiment was carried out in a vineyard of Isabel cultivar, and three species of ground cover crops were evaluated (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC, Dolichos lablab L., and weeds). Canavalia ensiformis L. DC was more efficient in nutrient accumulation in the canopy than the others. However, the release of nutrients was not statistically different among the cover plants used, being more influenced by the time of grapevine pruning. These coverages did not change the soil chemical properties in the three crop cycles of the two grapevines evaluated and did not affect their nutritional status at the blooming stage of the two harvest seasons evaluated.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos sobre el crecimiento de las plantas, la productividad y la calidad de la fruta estudiando la combinación entre el sistema de siembra, fertilización con nitrógeno e inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense en melón cantaloupe cultivado en ambiente protegido. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar en esquema factorial de 2x2x2, con cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos correspondieron a: sistemas de siembra (trasplante de plántulas o siembra directa), inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense (con o sin) y fertilización con nitrógeno (con y sin). Durante la fase vegetativa, se evaluaron la altura, diámetro del cuello, número y longitud de entrenudos, así como el contenido relativo de clorofila total. También se obtuvo a los 55 días de la siembra el contenido de nitrógeno foliar, el área foliar y la masa seca. En la cosecha, se calculó el número de días entre la siembra y la cosecha, junto con la masa fresca, circunferencia, longitud, grosor de la corteza y pulpa, y el rendimiento de la fruta. Se verificó que la inoculación con A. brasiliense no alteró ninguna de las características evaluadas. Por otro lado, la siembra directa en el campo disminuyó el tiempo de producción y proporcionó un mejor desarrollo de las plantas. Sin embargo, el trasplante de plántulas y la fertilización con nitrógeno, incrementó el tamaño y la productividad de las frutas de melón Cantaloupe. Se concluyó que la combinación entre diferentes métodos de siembra, fertilización nitrogenada e inoculación con A. brasilense afecta el desarrollo y las características de las plantas y frutos de melón Cantaloupe.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on plant development, productivity and fruit quality from combinations of planting methods, nitrogen fertilizer applications and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in Cantaloupe melons cultivated in a protected environment. A randomized blocks design was adopted with a 2x2x2 factorial scheme with five replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of planting methods (pre-established seedlings or direct field sowing), inoculation with A. brasilense (with or without) and nitrogen fertilization (with and without). During the vegetative phase, the height, stem diameter, number and length of plant internodes and relative chlorophyll content were evaluated. Fifty-five days after planting, the leaf nitrogen content, leaf area and dry mass were measured. At harvest, the number of days between planting and harvesting was calculated, and the fresh weight, circumference, length, bark and pulp thickness and fruit productivity were evaluated. It was verified that A. brasilense did not affect any of the evaluated characteristics. On the other hand, direct field seed sowing decreased the production time and provided good plant development. However, the size and productivity of the fruits were higher when pre-established seedlings were used, with or without inoculation with A. brasilense, fertilized with nitrogen. It was concluded that the combinations of the different sowing methods, nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with A. brasilense affected the development and characteristics of the Cantaloupe melon plants and fruits.

ABSTRACT Melon is responsive to the cultivation environment and the production techniques that are used, factors crucial for obtaining high quality fruits. The objective of this research was to study the vegetative growth, productive potential and quality of Cantaloupe melon fruits as a function of a reduction of spacing in two growing environments. Using a randomized block design, melon plants (cv. Trinity) were cultivated in an open field and a protected environment, with five different spacing between plants (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 cm). It was observed that the plant growth rates, leaf emission rate, thickness of bark and pulp, total soluble solids content, and ratio were higher with the protected cultivation. For spacing, the increase influenced, in a linear and positive manner, the characteristics of dry mass of plants, fresh mass of fruits and thickness of the pulp. However, increasing the plant density increased productivity. For growth velocity, foliar emission velocity and fruit length and circumference, maximum points were observed when the plants were spaced at 47.50, 53.75, 49.95 and 47.51 cm from each other, respectively. Considering these results, for regions with similar conditions to the present study, the cultivation of the Cantaloupe melon is favored when conducted under protected cultivation conditions, with a plant spacing between 45 and 55 cm.

RESUMO A cultura do melão é responsiva ao ambiente de cultivo e às técnicas de produção utilizadas, sendo estes fatores cruciais para a obtenção de frutos de maior qualidade. Desta forma, objetivou-se estudar, o crescimento vegetativo, o potencial produtivo e a qualidade de frutos de meloeiro Cantaloupe em função da redução do espaçamento em dois ambientes de cultivo. Em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, plantas de meloeiro, cultivar Trinity, foram cultivadas em campo aberto e ambiente protegido, sob cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (15, 25, 35, 45 e 55 cm). Observou-se que a taxa de crescimento de plantas, a taxa de emissão foliar, bem como a espessura de casca e polpa, o teor de sólidos solúveis, e o ratio foram superiores sob cultivo protegido. Em relação aos espaçamentos, verificou-se que seu aumento influenciou, de forma linear e positiva, as características de massa seca de plantas, massa fresca de frutos e espessura da polpa. No entanto, o aumento da densidade de plantas aumentou a produtividade. Para velocidade de crescimento, velocidade de emissão foliar e comprimento e circunferência de fruto constataram-se pontos de máximos de 47,50; 53,75; 49,95 e 47,51 cm, respectivamente. Em vista dos resultados, para regiões com condições semelhantes à do presente estudo, o cultivo do meloeiro Cantaloupe é favorecido em condições de cultivo protegido e espaçamentos entre 45 e 55 cm na linha de plantio.

ABSTRACT The high market value of muskmelon fruit fosters new technologies for its production, aimed at improving plant quality and postharvest technological qualities. The use of commercial biostimulants was explored. This study aimed to analyze the action of biostimulant concentrations applied directly on Cantaloupe melon fruits on different characteristics. The biostimulant was applied at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL L-1) when the fruits were smaller than or equal to one (1) cm in diameter. At harvest time, the fruits' weight (g), peel thickness (mm), mesocarp (mm) and green mesocarp halo (mm), soluble solids (°Brix) and ratio of longitudinal and transversal circumferences were evaluated. The application of increasing concentrations of biostimulant, up to the maximum dose of 20 mL L-1, directly on the fruits increased the soluble solids content to up to 11.5 °Brix. Therefore, biostimulant concentrations of up to 20 mL L-1 are recommended for applications directly on melon fruits in the initial stage of development.

RESUMO O alto valor de mercado dos frutos de meloeiro rendilhado permite que novas tecnologias sejam aplicadas a sua produção, visando à melhoria das qualidades fitotécnicas e tecnológicas de pós-colheita. Uma tecnologia a ser explorada é a utilização de bioestimulantes comerciais. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ação de bioestimulante, aplicado diretamente sobre frutos de meloeiro Cantaloupe, sobre diferentes características dos mesmos. Foram utilizadas diferentes concentrações de bioestimulante (0, 5, 10, 15, e 20 mL L-1), aplicadas quando o fruto se encontrava com tamanho menor ou igual a um (1) centímetro de diâmetro. No momento da colheita foi avaliada a massa dos frutos (g), as espessuras do epicarpo (mm), do mesocarpo (mm) e do halo verde do mesocarpo (mm), o teor de sólidos solúveis (°Brix) e a razão entre circunferência longitudinal e transversal. Observou-se que a aplicação de concentrações crescentes do bioestimulante, até a dose máxima de 20 mL L-1, diretamente sobre o fruto, elevou o teor de sólidos solúveis até 11,5 °Brix. Desta forma, indica-se para o meloeiro em fase inicial de desenvolvimento, a aplicação de bioestimulante até a concentração de 20 ml L-1, diretamente sobre seus frutos.

RESUMEN Chloridea (Heliothis) subflexa (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) es una especie frugívora y monófoga con hospederos que consta de las plantas del género Physalis. En los últimos años, gusano del tomato de cascara se convirtió en la principal plagas-insectos en cultivos de tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brotero de México) y cultivo de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) en Argentina. El objetivo fue reportar el primer registro de C. subflexa en P. peruviana en Brasil. Los especímenes se recogieron en la fase larvaria y se mantuvieron en una dieta natural hasta llegar a la etapa adulta. La identificación de especies se realizó en base a criterios morfológicos. Se registraron la presencia y daños causados por C. subflexa en frutos de P. peruviana, producidos en un sistema orgánico. Este es el primer registro para Brasil.

ABSTRACT Chloridea (Heliothis) subflexa (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) is a frugivorous and monophagous species with plant hosts in the genus Physalis. In the last few years, the subflexus straw moth became the main pest-insect in tomatillo crops (Physalis ixocarpa Brotero) in Mexico and cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) crops in Argentina. The objective was to provide the first record of C. subflexa on P. peruviana in Brazil. The specimens were collected in the larval stage and kept on a natural diet until reaching the adult stage. Species identification was carried out based on morphological criteria. Damage from C. subflexa on P. peruviana fruits cultivated in an organic system were recorded. This is the first record in Brazil.

RESUMEN La diversificación de la producción es una manera de evitar las pérdidas debido a las variaciones del mercado. Los melones se encuentran entre las especies utilizadas para este propósito, sin embargo, la poca información es un factor limitante para la estimulación de la producción. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar y evaluar los indicadores económicos del cultivo del melón Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.), definiendo el espaciamiento más apropiado de la planta en la línea de plantación. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones de cinco tratamientos correspondientes a un espaciamiento de plantación de 15, 25, 35, 45 y 55 cm. A partir de los datos de producción de cada tratamiento, se estimaron los indicadores económicos relacionados con los costos y los retornos obtenidos con el cultivo de melón. Para la producción de melones en un área protegida de 300 m2, se obtuvo un costo total de operación de $ 440.02 por ciclo de producción. Este monto fue constituido por inversiones en operaciones manuales, insumos, otros gastos e intereses de costo, que tuvieron una participación de 60,60%, 31,78%, 4,62% y 3,00%. Los valores más altos de los indicadores económicos y el menor precio de equilibrio y productividad se obtuvieron para los melones espaciados 55 cm. El cultivo de melones Cantaloupe espaciados 55 cm en las líneas de plantación proporciona mayores ganancias económicas para este cultivo. Esta especie puede ser utilizada por los agricultores como una alternativa a los cultivos que se cultivan comúnmente en sistemas de medio ambiente protegido, pero deben realizarse estudios continuos para permitir un mayor rendimiento financiero optimizando el sistema de producción.

ABSTRACT Production diversification is one way to avoid losses due to market variations. Melons are among the species used for this purpose, however, little information is a limiting factor to production stimulation. The objective of this study was to estimate and evaluate the economic indicators of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivation, defining the most appropriate plant spacing in the planting line. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replications of five treatments corresponding to planting spacing of 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 cm. From the production data of each treatment, economic indicators related to costs and returns obtained with the melon crop were estimated. For the production of melons in a protected area of 300 m2, a total operating cost of $ 440.02 per production cycle was obtained. This amount was constituted by investments in manual operations, inputs, other expenses and interest of cost, which had a participation of 60.60%, 31.78%, 4.62% and 3.00%. The highest values of the economic indicators and the lower equilibrium and productivity prices were obtained for melons spaced 55 cm. The cultivation of muskmelons spaced 55 cm in the planting lines provides greater economic gains for this culture. This species can be used by farmers as an alternative to crops commonly grown in systems protected environment, but continuing studies should be performed to allow greater financial performance by optimizing the production system.

The brazilian scientific research geared towards organic systems still have been permeated by a logic based on the mere substitution of inputs. Lack a deepening in relation to recognition of components of production systems (ecophysiology; management and fertility of the soil; soil and water conservation; health management) and how these can be investigated holistically. Based on such gaps is discussed in this review article the main particularities related to organic production of tomatoes and potatoes, main oleráceas of the nightshade family, Solanaceae, and an exotic fruit potential for organic systems, the physalis (Physalis peruviana L.)

A pesquisa científica brasileira voltada para sistemas orgânicos ainda tem sido permeada por uma lógica baseada na mera substituição de insumos. Falta um aprofundamento em relação ao reconhecimento dos componentes dos sistemas de produção (ecofisiologia; manejo e fertilidade do solo; conservação de água e solo; manejo fitossanitário) e como estes podem ser investigados de forma holística. Baseado em tais lacunas discute-se neste artigo de revisão as principais particularidades relacionadas a produção orgânica de tomate e batata, principais oleráceas da família Solanaceae, e de uma frutífera exótica potencial para sistemas orgânicos, a physalis (Physalis peruviana L.)

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of applying a paclobutrazol growth regulator on plants and plant spacing in the planting lines of industrial tomatoes was evaluated. The experiment was conducted from July to October. A randomized block strategy in a 5×2 factorial design (spacing x presence or absence of paclobutrazol) was used. The length of the main stem and stem diameter of the plants, chlorophyll content in leaves, total production (t ha-1), average number of fruits and fresh fruit weight, distribution of ripe, unripe and rotten fruits, number of ripe and unripe fruits, average weight of ripe and unripe fruits, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, SS/TA ratio, percentage of compression and maximum strength to break and paclobutrazol residue in fruits were all determined. The results showed that Paclobutrazol influences the length of rods and chlorophyll content in leaves up to 15 days after transplanting, showing that the effect of the regulator is limited during the culture cycle. And, the regulator did not influence the production parameters of the industrial tomatoes. The application of PBZ did not influence any of the chemical or physical quality parameters that were evaluated. The plant densities studied did not alter the production and fruit quality components of the tomato. No residues of paclobutrazol were detected in tomato fruits for industrial processing that received an application of the regulator in the seedlings.

RESUMEN O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação do regulador de crescimento paclobutrazol nas mudas e do espaçamento entre plantas na linha de plantio do tomate industrial. O experimento foi conduzido de julho a outubro de 2013 em Anápolis, GO. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 5×2 (espaçamento × presença ou ausência de paclobutrazol). Foram determinados o comprimento da haste principal e diâmetro médio do caule das plantas, teor de clorofila nas folhas, produção total (t ha-1), número médio de frutos e massa fresca de frutos, distribuição dos frutos em maduro, verde e deteriorados, número de frutos maduro e verde, massa média de frutos maduro e verde, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, relação SS/AT, porcentagem de compressão e força máxima para rompimento da epiderme e resíduo de paclobutrazol nos frutos. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de paclobutrazol influencia até os 15 após o transplantio o comprimento das hastes e o teor de clorofila nas folhas, mostrando que o efeito do regulador é limitado durante o ciclo da cultura, não influenciando sobre os parâmetros de produção do tomate industrial. A aplicação de PBZ não influenciou em nenhum dos parâmetros de qualidade química e física avaliados. As densidades de plantio estudadas não alteraram os componentes de produção e qualidade de frutos do tomateiro. Não foram detectados resíduos de paclobutrazol em frutos de tomateiro para processamento industrial que receberam a aplicação do regulador nas mudas.