ABSTRACT Cookies are versatile foods that can supply specific needs and can be used as food vehicles to increase the intake of various nutrients. The objective was to create a gluten-free butter cookie based on rice flour (Oryza sativa). A central composite design 22 was used for analyzing the substitution of rice flour for bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) (0-60%) and the substitution of butter for avocado puree (Persea americana) (0-100%). Response Surface Methodology were used to analyze the data with a significance of 10% (p<0.1) and a minimum R2 of 0.6. Variables analyzed were protein content (%), fat content (%), spread ratio, weight loss (%), water activity, moisture content (%), and ash content (%). Increases in the percentage of substitution of bean flour and avocado puree increased the amount of protein, ash, and moisture significantly. Fat content increased significantly following the decrease in avocado substitution. The minimum weight loss was obtained on intermediate values of bean flour. Water activity and spread ratio were not affected by changes in the variables measured. Three different formulas were obtained for the optimization: 46% bean flour and 86% of avocado puree, a formulation with an appropriate moisture range by reducing the lipid oxidation (59% bean flour and 82% avocado puree), and a formulation with 100% avocado (40% bean flour and 100% avocado puree). Sensory evaluation results of optimized treatments indicated that the formula with 46% bean flour and 86% avocado puree presented the highest global acceptance. Results from this study showcase the possibility of producing gluten-free cookies with good protein content.

RESUMEN Las galletas son alimentos versátiles que pueden suplir necesidades específicas y ser utilizados como vehículos para aumentar la ingesta de distintos nutrientes. El objetivo fue elaborar galletas de mantequilla libres de gluten a base de harina de arroz. Se realizó un diseño central compuesto 22 donde se estudió la sustitución parcial de harina de arroz por harina de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) (0-60%) y la sustitución de la mantequilla por puré de aguacate (Persea americana) (0-100%). Los resultados fueron analizados por la Metodología de Superficie de Respuesta con un nivel de significancia del 10% (p<0.1) y con un mínimo R2 de 0.6. Las variables de respuesta fueron: proteína (%), grasa (%), diámetro/altura, pérdida de peso (%), humedad (%) y cenizas (%). A valores altos de las dos variables estudiadas la cantidad de proteína, de cenizas y de humedad aumentó significativamente. La cantidad de grasa se incrementó al utilizar bajos niveles de puré de aguacate. Los menores valores de pérdida de peso se obtuvieron en niveles intermedios de harina de frijol. La relación diámetro/altura no fue afectada por las variables estudiadas. Al optimizar se obtuvieron 3 formulaciones diferentes: 46% de harina de frijol y 86% puré de aguacate; 59% de frijol y 82% de puré de aguacate y otra (no estadística) 40% de frijol y 100% de puré de aguacate. Los resultados del análisis sensorial de las muestras optimizadas indicaron que la formulación con mayor aceptación global fue la elaborada con 46% de harina de frijol y 86% de puré de aguacate, concluyendo que es posible elaborar una galleta libre de gluten y con una adecuada cantidad de proteína.

Resumo Os grãos de feijão-caupi são nutritivos e benéficos à saúde, contêm cerca de 25% de proteínas, além de carboidratos, vitaminas, minerais e compostos bioativos. Colocar o feijão de molho seguido do cozimento exige uma disponibilidade de tempo incompatível com o estilo de vida atual. Os consumidores têm optado por alimentos prontos para o consumo, atrativos, saudáveis, nutritivos e convenientes, portanto, transformar o feijão-caupi em produto expandido crocante é promissor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do teor de umidade e da temperatura de extrusão sobre as características físicas dos produtos expandidos desenvolvidos com farinha de cotilédones de feijão-caupi (FCFC) da cultivar BRS Guariba (Sorriso, MT, Brasil). A FCFC foi processada utilizando extrusor termoplástico de dupla rosca ZSK 30 (Werner & Pfleiderer Co.), variando os teores de umidade de condicionamento (16,2% a 21,8%) e temperaturas de extrusão (124 a 166 °C) utilizando um delineamento experimental composto central rotacional 22. Os valores do índice de expansão variaram de 3,01 a 3,98 e o modelo de regressão não foi preditivo, com o coeficiente de determinação (r2) igual a 0,67. As variáveis de processo estudadas afetaram significativamente as propriedades físicas dos extrusados. A força de compressão (15,63 a 47,72 N) foi afetada pela temperatura de extrusão, o índice de solubilidade em água (28,34% a 43,67%) pela umidade, enquanto o volume específico (2,41 a 4,58 mL g-1) e o índice de absorção de água (5,34 a 6,54 g g-1) foram afetados pelas duas variáveis. Por simulação, obteve-se, por meio do teste de desejabilidade global, valor máximo igual a 1, na combinação de temperatura de extrusão de 124,21 °C e umidade de condicionamento da FCFC de 16,28%, condição que favoreceu a obtenção de extrusados com maiores valores para volume específico e índice de absorção de água, e menores valores para força de compressão e índice de solubilidade de água.

Abstract Cowpea grains are nutritious and beneficial to health, contain about 25% of proteins, in addition to carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Soaking the beans followed by cooking requires time availability that is incompatible with the current lifestyle. Consumers have opted for read-to-eat, attractive, healthy, nutritious and convenient foods, thus, transforming cowpeas into crispy expanded product is promising. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of the extrusion conditions, moisture, and temperature, on the physical characteristics of the extrudates developed from cowpea cotyledons flour (CCF): from cultivar BRS Guariba (Sorriso, MT, Brazil). The CCF was processed using twin-screw thermoplastic extruder ZSK 30 (Werner & Pfleiderer Co.) varying the moisture (16.2% to 21.8%) and temperature (124 to 166 °C) using Central Composite Rotatable design 22. The expansion index values ranged from 3.01 to 3.98, the regression model was not predictive, with the determination coefficient (r2) equal to 0.67. The independent variables studied presented significant effects, being water solubility index affected by the CCF moisture, compression force (15.63 to 47.72 N) affected by the extruder temperature, the water solubility index (28.34% to 43.67%) by moisture, while the specific volume (2.41 to 4.58 mL g-1) and the water absorption index (5.34 to 6.54 g g-1) were affected for both variables. By simulation, the maximum value of 1 was obtained through the global desirability test in the combination of an extrusion temperature of 124.21 °C and conditioning moisture of CCF of 16.28%. This condition favors obtaining extrudates with greater values for a specific volume and water absorption index, and lower values for compression force and water solubility index.

Abstract The present study aimed to develop extruded corn breakfast cereal enriched with whole peach palm flour. A 22 central composite rotatable design was used, and the cereal was processed in a ZKS-30 co-rotational twin-screw extruder (Werner and Pfleiderer), followed by its physicochemical, technological and microbiological characterization. The technological analysis revealed higher expansion and lower hardness as well as adequate lightness and water-absorption and water-solubility indices of the breakfast cereal at low moisture and intermediate peach palm flour contents. Moreover, 3.84% moisture, 0.63% ash, 6.09% protein, 0.39% lipids, 85.94% carbohydrates, 3.11% fiber and 246 RE of total carotenoids were found in the physicochemical analysis, and the microbiological parameters were in accordance with the Brazilian legislation (Resolution RDC 12/01). These results show that extruded corn breakfast cereal partially substituted with peach palm flour is an alternative product with good characteristics and market potential. The most recommended operational conditions to obtain products with good technological characteristics were a peach palm flour concentration of 25% and feed moisture of 16.2%.

Resumo Há poucas pesquisas sobre a análise do perfil de viscosidade de farinhas de cotilédone de feijão-caupi (FCFC). Devido às novas formas de utilização dos grãos de pulses na dieta, torna-se importante avaliar o comportamento viscoamilográfico de FCFC cruas e processadas. As FCFC foram obtidas das cultivares BRS Guariba e BRS Novaera e avaliadas no Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). Para a FCFC crua foi utilizado o programa “Standard 1”. As FCFC processadas foram obtidas da cultivar BRS Guariba, que foi extrusada seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacional, combinando temperaturas de extrusão termoplásticas (124; 130; 145; 160; 166 °C) e umidade de condicionamento (16,2%; 17%; 19%; 21%; 21,8%). Os extrusados obtidos foram moídos (Ø > 0,5 mm) e avaliados no RVA utilizando o programa “Extrusion 2”. A FCFC crua da BRS Guariba apresentou maior teor de proteínas, lipídios e minerais e menor teor de carboidratos que a BRS Novaera. A FCFC crua da BRS Guariba apresentou valores inferiores de temperatura de pasta (79,35 °C), quebra da viscosidade (103,00 cP) e retrogradação (1447,33 cP) em comparação à FCFC crua da BRS Novaera. O processo de extrusão alterou drasticamente todos os parâmetros de viscosidade, aumentando o valor inicial de viscosidade e diminuindo o valor dos demais parâmetros. As FCFC extrusadas apresentaram diferentes propriedades de pasta. A FCFC extrusada a 166 °C e 19% de umidade resultou em farinhas com maior viscosidade inicial e menores valores de retrogradação, que podem ser utilizadas como espessante em produtos alimentícios, além de aumentar o valor nutricional.

Abstract There is little research on the viscosity profile analysis of cowpea cotyledon flour (CCF). Due to the new ways of using pulses grains in the diet, it is important to evaluate the viscoamylographic behavior of raw and processed CCF. The CCF was obtained from the cultivars BRS Guariba and BRS Novaera and evaluated in the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). For raw CCF it was used the “Standard 1” program. The extruded CCF was obtained from the cultivar BRS Guariba, which was processed following a central rotational composite design, combining thermoplastic extrusion temperatures (124; 130; 145; 160; 166 °C) and conditioning moisture (16.2%; 17%; 19%; 21%, 21.8%). The obtained extrusions were ground (Ø > 0.5 mm) and evaluated in the RVA using the program “Extrusion 2”. The raw CCF from BRS Guariba presented higher protein, lipid and mineral content and lower carbohydrate content than BRS Novaera. The raw CCF from BRS Guariba showed lower values of pasting temperature (79.35 °C), viscosity breakdown (103.00 cP) and seatback (1447.33 cP) compared to raw CCF from BRS Novaera. The extrusion process drastically changed all viscosity parameters, increasing the initial viscosity value and decreasing the value of other parameters. The extruded CCF had different pasting properties. CCF extruded at 166 °C and 19% moisture resulted in flours with higher initial viscosity and lower retrogradation values, which can be used as a thickener in food products, in addition to increase nutritional value.

Abstract: Bread was made with wheat flour substitution for pumpkin flour (13%), following a central rotational composite design 22. The independent variables were glucose oxidase (0-20 ppm) and cooking time of pumpkin before being ground to flour (0-20 min). The dependent variables were specific volume, instrumental color and content of resistant starch. The mixtures of flours were characterized in Mixolab and an acceptance test was carried out for sensory evaluation. The results showed that a longer cooking time and average enzyme values increase the stability of the dough. The weakening of the proteins increased with average enzyme values and longer cooking time, while retrogradation of the starch decreased under the same conditions. The specific volume and content of resistant starch increased with longer cooking time. There was no significant statistical difference between treatments in the sensory evaluation analysis.

Resumen: Se elaboraron panes de molde con sustitución de harina de trigo por harina de zapallo (13%), siguiendo un diseño central compuesto rotacional 22. Las variables independientes fueron glucosa oxidasa (0-20 ppm) y tiempo de cocción del zapallo antes de ser molido para la obtención de harina (0-20 min). Las variables dependientes fueron: volumen específico, color instrumental y contenido de almidón resistente. Se caracterizaron las mezclas de harinas en Mixolab y se realizó una prueba afectiva de aceptación. Los resultados indican que a mayor tiempo de cocción y valores medios de enzima aumenta la estabilidad de la masa. El debilitamiento de las proteínas aumentó con valores medios de enzima y mayor tiempo de cocción, mientras que la retrogradación del almidón disminuyó en las mismas condiciones. El volumen específico y el contenido de almidón resistente aumentaron con mayor tiempo de cocción. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa sensorial entre tratamientos.

Resumo O Cerrado é o segundo maior bioma brasileiro e apresenta grande diversidade de frutos que possuem alto valor nutricional, sabor e aroma característicos, compostos bioativos com propriedades antioxidantes e apelo saudável. O mercado consumidor visa a produtos com apelo natural e funcional, e, pelo fato de haver grandes perdas pós-colheita dos frutos do cerrado, cabe à indústria de alimentos aliar tais propriedades dos frutos à elaboração de novos produtos com valor agregado e maior tempo de vida de prateleira. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão com o objetivo de listar e caracterizar os frutos do cerrado (pequi, bocaiuva, mangaba, cagaita, baru, murici, mama-cadela, buriti, araticum e guabiroba), apresentando estudos com possíveis aplicações na indústria de alimentos.

Abstract The Savanna is the second biggest biome in Brazil and shows a great diversity of fruits with high nutritional value, unique taste and flavour and bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties and health benefits. The consumer market targets products with natural and functional claims and due to the great post-harvest losses of Savanna fruits, the food industry should ally the properties of these fruits and manufacture new products with aggregated values and extended shelf lives. This paper presents a literature review aiming to list and characterize the Savanna fruits (pequi, bocaiuva, mangaba, cagaita, baru, murici, mama-cadela, buriti, araticum and guabiroba) including some studies with possible applications in food industries.

O uso de solventes específicos para extração de proteínas determina o tipo de reação química que ocorre entre os componentes proteicos, principalmente quando estes foram submetidos a tratamentos térmicos como a extrusão termoplástica, uma tecnologia de alta versatilidade, baixo custo, alta produtividade e que não gera efluentes. No entanto, é necessário o uso de concentrações adequadas dos solventes para maximizar a extração das proteínas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a solubilização de proteínas de análogo de carne a base de isolado proteico de soja e glúten vital, submetidos ao processo de extrusão termoplástica a baixa (23%) e alta (60%) umidade. Os solventes utilizados foram: tampão fosfato (pH 7,5) de 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100mM, dodecil sulfato de sódio de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5%, β-mercaptoetanol de 1, 2, 3 e 4%, Triton X-100 de 1, 2, 3 e 4% e ureia de 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10M. Todos os reagentes foram dissolvidos ou solubilizados em tampão fosfato 40mM (pH 7,5). Os resultados mostraram que as maiores extrações proteicas foram obtidas com o uso de 40mM de tampão fosfato, 2% de dodecil sulfato de sódio, 2% de β-mercaptoetanol, 3% de Triton X-100 e 7M de ureia

The use of specific solvents for protein extraction determines the type of chemical reaction, which occurs between the protein components, mainly when the protein was submitted to thermal treatment, such as thermoplastic extrusion, a technology with high versatility, low cost and high throughput and without effluent generation. However, it is necessary to use adequate solvents concentration in order to maximize the protein extraction. The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein solubilization of meat analogue based on isolate soy protein and vital gluten submitted to thermoplastic extrusion process at low moisture content (23%) and high moisture content (60%). The solvents used were: phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100mM, sodium dodecyl sulphate at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%, β-mercaptoethanol at 1, 2, 3 and 4%, Triton X-100 at 1, 2, 3 and 4% and urea at 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10M. All the chemical reagents were dissolved or solubilized in phosphate buffer 40mM (pH 7.5). The results showed that the highest protein extraction were obtained when phosphate buffer 40mM, sodium dodecil sulphate 2%, β-mercaptoethanol 2%, Triton X-100 3% and urea 7M were used

Indivíduos celíacos necessitam de dieta sem glúten como, por exemplo, massas alimentícias de arroz. No entanto, esse cereal apresenta o menor teor de proteínas, em relação aos demais cereais, e deficiência em características tecnológicas de cozimento e textura para as massas alimentícias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver massa de farinha de arroz com alto teor de proteína através de Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional de três variáveis independentes, sendo: X1 - isolado proteico de soja (IPS - 0-20%); X2 - albumina de ovo modificada e desidratada (ALB - 0-15%); e X3 - farinha de arroz pré-gelatinizada (FAG - 0-30%). As massas foram analisadas quanto a tempo de cozimento (TC), perda de sólidos na água de cozimento (PS), aumento de peso (AP), firmeza e adesividade. Verificou-se que a adição de IPS, ALB e FAG influenciou significativamente (P<0,10) no TC, PS e firmeza, com valores entre 300 e 525s, 2,22 e 9,84% e 4,82 e 11,13N, respectivamente. O ponto ótimo foi obtido com adição de 17% de IPS, 15% de ALB e 15% de FAG, indicando um produto com excelentes características de cozimento e textura para inclusão na dieta de celíacos.

Celiac individuals require a gluten free diet, which includes products such as rice pasta. However, this cereal has lower protein content, when compared with other cereals, and poor cooking and texture technological characteristics for pasta. The aim of this research was the development of rice pasta with high protein content through a Central and Rotational Composite Design with three independent variables, as follows: X1 - isolated soy protein (ISP - 0-20 %); X2 - modified and dehydrated egg albumin (ALB - 0-15 %); and X3 - pre-gelatinized rice flour (GRF - 0-30%). The pasta samples were analyzed for cooking time (CT), solid loss in cooking water (SL), weight gain (WG), firmness and adhesiveness. It was verified that ISP, ALB and GRF significantly influenced (P<0.10) CT, SL and firmness, with values between 300 and 525s, 2.22 and 9.84% and 4.82 and 11.13N, respectively. The optimum point was obtained with the addition of 17% ISP, 15% ALB and 15% GRF, indicating a product with excellent cooking and texture properties to include in the diet of celiacs.