Abstract An updated morphological description for Omophoita elytralis (Bechyné, 1956), stat. nov., is presented, including the first account of the genitalia for this species. The separation Omophoita elytralis from O. octoguttata (Fabricius, 1775) is supported by differences found in the median lobe of males, elytral tegument uniform in color (not patterned), and their allopatric geographical distribution.

Abstract Drosophila buzzatii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a fly that breeds exclusively on decaying tissues of cacti species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of South America. This distribution includes biomes in distinct climatic regimes (e.g., seasonal rain forest, semi-arid scrubs, savannas, and grasslands), which at first glance could might give the false impression that the species is not sensitive to either climate or vegetation physiognomies. However, detection of historical demographic events within D. buzzatii reveal the interplay between climate and the population structure of the species as the Late Quaternary climate changes occurred. To understand this process, we performed a phylogeographic analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial gene COI for 128 individuals from 43 localities. Our analyses combined coalescent methods, population genetics, and paleodistributions estimation methods. Our study reveals that the COI haplotype diversity is geographically structured, with a decreasing cline from north to south. The results suggest an ancient range expansion, dated from 610k to 550k years before present, in the northernmost region of the species distribution, the Caatinga vegetation. More recently, an intense gene flow and a population expansion were detected in the central and south portions of its distribution. The demographic events detected date back to the glacial periods of the Quaternary.

ABSTRACT The actions of time-motion in combat sports have been the subject of scientific investigations, aiming to develop analysis protocols. This study aimed to develop and validate a specific time-movement protocol for English Boxing using the Frami® software. This protocol was developed based on English boxing techniques. Groups of actions and patterns were defined from the beginning to the end of each action. Twelve combats carried out in the Rio de Janeiro Olympics were analyzed for validation. Test and retest comparisons were made using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), both considering a significance level of p≤ 0.05. The main results indicated that there was reproducibility classified as excellent for all variables (Displacement: CCI= 0.99 and 0.97; Attack: CCI= 0.98 and 0.96; Defense: CCI= 0.97 and 0.94; Clinch: CCI= 0.99 and 0.96; pause: CCI= 0.98 and 0.96; CCI= 1.0 and 0.99, for the 1st and 2nd evaluators respectively and; Total time ICC= 1.0 for both evaluators). There was excellent objectivity (ICC≥ 0.98) in all groups of actions. It can be concluded that the developed protocol proved to be valid and reproducible for analyzing boxing matches.

RESUMO As ações de tempo e movimento nos esportes de combate tem sido objeto de investigações cientificas, com fins de desenvolvimento de protocolos de análise. Este estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar um protocolo tempo-movimento especifico para o Boxe Inglês, utilizando o software Frami®. O presente protocolo foi desenvolvido sobre técnicas do boxe inglês, foram definidos grupos de ações e padrões de início o final de cada ação. Para validação foram analisados 12 combates realizados nas Olimpíadas do Rio de Janeiro. As comparações de teste e reteste foram feitas usando o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), ambos considerando um nível de significância de p≤ 0,05. Os principais resultados indicaram que houve reprodutibilidade classificada como excelente para todas as variáveis (Descolamento: CCI= 0.99 e 0.97; Ataque: CCI= 0.98 e 0.96; Defesa: CCI= 0.97 e 0.94; Clinch: CCI= 0.99 e 0.96; pausa: CCI= 1 e 0.99, para o 1º e 2º avaliador respectivamente; Tempo total CCI= 1 para ambos os avaliadores). Houve objetividade excelente (CCI≥ 0.98) em todas os conjuntos de ações. Pode-se concluir que o protocolo desenvolvido se mostrou válido e reprodutível para analisar de combates de boxe.

Abstract Recently renamed, Psalidodon scabripinnis populations of Serra da Mantiqueira, previously known as Astyanax scabripinnis have been deeply studied in the last years. These populations are small and isolated and occur very close to the watershed between Paraíba do Sul River basin and Upper Paraná River basin, in Serra da Mantiqueira region in the Atlantic Rainforest. These conditions arouse the interest in knowing theor genetic conservation status and how they responded to the separation between the two rivers basins. Therefore, we accessed the genetic diversity of five P. scabripinnis populations of this region with microsatellites and mitochondrial data. The results showed a complex structure pattern that doesn’t match the simple basin separation and a reasonably conservation status when compared with other populations of the same family or with similar natural history.

ABSTRACT Given that many descriptions of Coleoptera were made with only external and superficial characters, an update to the original characterization of species is deemed necessary. This study focuses on updating the know morphological data for the adults of Omophoita octoguttata (Fabricius,1775) (Galerucinae, Alticini), a flea beetle native of southern Brazil. We also give insights on the morphology of its immature stages. The adult can be easily recognized by the pale macula at vertex, six large pale maculae, and two smaller in the humeral region at the elytra. The immatures are similar to other know Oedionychina. Eggs oval and orange. Mature larvae present setae bearing scoli, a reddened body, pygopod present, and lacking stemmata, but with curved hook-like tarsal claws. The pupae present slender black setae through its yellowed body, with the elytral and hind wing thecae curved around the body. The eggs are laid in small clutches in the soil and when the larvae eclode they stay in the aerial parts of plants. The mature larvae form a cocoon of soil matter around themselves for their pupal phase. Morphological remarks for larva and pupa of this species when compared to other members of the genus remain limited, demanding further studies with other species.

Abstract The third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Rutelinae: Rutelini: Anticheirina), collected in Paraná, Brazil, is described and illustrations and comments are given. The larva differs from other Macraspis larvae by the head with 6 posterofrontal setae and mandibles with a blunt second left incisor tooth. The pupa is similar to that of M. festiva Burmeister, 1844.

Abstract Background Among Neotropical fishes, the family Characidae is highly diverse and speciose and its taxonomy is not completely resolved. In Chile, the family is represented by five species, all within the genus Cheirodon , of which C. pisciculus, C. galusdae, C. kiliani , and C. australe are endemic , while C. interruptus is introduced. We compared chromosomal markers in order to appreciate the taxonomy and evolution of these trans-Andean fishes. Results The specimens were photographed in stereomicroscope to observe the ventral protrusive teeth and cusps for morphological analysis and species identification. All of the species analysed had equally diploid chromosome number 2n = 50, with karyotypes dominated by high number of acrocentric chromosomes as compared to those of other members of Cheirodontinae. The distribution of heterochromatin was inconspicuous and was similar in all the species. The number of active NORs (nucleolus organizer regions) was polymorphic, with the greater number of them in C. kiliani and C. galusdae . The location of 5S and 18S rDNA ranged in number and position, showing two sites in different chromosomes. The fluorescent in situ hybridization with telomeric probe did not reveal interstitial sites in all analysed species. Conclusions The comparative analysis of karyotypes and morphological markers revealed a biogeographic pattern of distribution, with the species that occur in the southern region forming one group and those in central and northern Chile forming another.