Three new triterpenes, 3,4-seco-3,11β-epoxyfriedel-4(23)-en-3β-ol (1), friedelan-3α,11β diol (2), 7β,26-epoxyfriedelan-3a,7a-diol (3), a mixture of two new triterpenes 3α-hydroxyfriedelan-29-yl palmitate (4) and 3α-hydroxyfriedelan-29-yl stearate (5) and eleven known compounds were obtained from the hexane extract of Maytenus quadrangulata leaves. The structures and the relative stereochemistry of the new triterpenes were established through 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral data. The hexane extract and isolated compounds were submitted to the cytotoxicity assays against leukemia (THP-1 and K562), ovarian (TOV-21G) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Compounds 1, 2 and 11β-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one (15) displayed high cytotoxicity and selectivity against leukemic cells when compared to positive control cytarabine (for THP-1) and imatinib (for K562). Furthermore, compound 2 showed similar cytotoxicity and an enhanced selectivity towards ovarian and breast cells in comparison to positive control etoposide.

Maytenus distichophylla is a medicinal species used in Northeast of Brazil. The hexane (HE), chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EAE) and methanol (ME) extracts and compounds from its roots were evaluated for their protective activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity for chronic myeloid leukemia (K562), acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal individuals (PBMC) cells was established by MTT method using etoposide as standard. The in vivo toxicity of samples was determined using Caenorhabditis elegans model. From HE and CE were isolated: friedelan-3-one (1), b-sitosterol (2), 3-oxo-olean-9(11),12-diene (3), a mixture of pristimerin (4) and 11a-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one (5), 30-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one (6), friedelane-3,7-dione (7), tingenone (8) and triacylglycerol (9). The structures of 1-9 were confirmed by spectral data. All samples reduced the viability of S. aureus and present no effect against C. albicans. The HE, CE, mixture of 4/5 and 8 reduced 75% of S. aureus viability. Cytotoxic effect for K562 and THP-1 cells was caused by compounds 1, 2 and 8. All samples displayed selectivity for leukemic cells and low toxicity to PBMC cells, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents. Extracts and compounds were non-toxic to L1 larvae of C. elegans. However, most of them reduced significantly young adult worm’s survival, being considered as potential nematicides.

The composition of essential oils from flowers of Solanum stipulaceum Roem & Schult collected in May and September was studied for the first time. Effects of g-radiation on volatile constituents were investigated by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID). In addition, the antileukemic activity was studied by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay against human cell lines HL-60 and THP-1. The main constituents of the essential oil of flowers collected in May were β-caryophyllene (25.8%), γ-gurjunene (11.9%), and β-gurjunene (8.2%), whereas the essential oil of flowers collected in September was mainly composed of β-caryophyllene (26.5%), caryophyllene oxide (11.0%), and γ-gurjunene (10.0%). The main components of essential oil from flowers collected in September were not significantly affected by γ-radiation at lower doses than 10.0 kGy. No cytotoxic activity in leukemic cell lines was observed for non-irradiated samples. However, irradiated samples exhibited slightly cytotoxic activity.

Em estudo prévio, os níveis plasmáticos do fragmento 1+2 da protrombina não foram associados com a presença ou com a gravidade da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), não trazendo benefício adicional pelo menos em indivíduos com diagnóstico de DAC estabelecido por angiografia. Desta forma, neste estudo outro marcador de hipercoagulabilidade foi avaliado nos mesmos pacientes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os níveis plasmáticos do dímero D de um grupo de indivíduos submetidos à angiografia coronariana, buscando estabelecer a possível correlação entre este parâmetro e a gravidade da DAC. Os níveis plasmáticos do dímero D foram determinados em amostras de sangue de 17 indivíduos com ausência de ateromatose nas coronárias (controles), 12 indivíduos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada e 28 indivíduos apresentando ateromatose grave. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias dos três grupos para o parâmetro avaliado. Uma análise dos dados permite inferir sobre uma tendência ao aumento da atividade fibrinolítica nos pacientes com ateromatose, refletida pela elevação da concentração de dímero D no grupo ateromatose grave em indivíduos com diagnóstico de DAC estabelecido por angiografia coronariana.

We have previously reported that prothrombin fragment 1+2 levels were not associated to the presence or severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and do not provide further information on subjects with CAD diagnosed by angiography. Thus, in the present study another marker of hypercoagulability was evaluated in the same subjects. This study aimed at determining D-Dimer plasma levels in a group of subjects undergoing coronary angiography to establish a likely relation between this parameter and the severity of CAD. D-Dimer plasma levels were determined in 17 subjects with no coronary atheromatosis (controls), 12 subjects with mild/moderate atheromatosis and 28 subjects with severe atheromatosis. No significant differences were observed among the three groups. Data analysis enables an inference on a tendency towards an increase in fibrinolytic activity in patients with atheromatosis, reflected by the increase in D-Dimer concentrations in the severe atheromatosis group in subjects with CAD diagnosed by coronary angiography.

O envolvimento da lipoproteína(a) nas doenças ateroscleróticas tem sido alvo de muitos estudos que têm demonstrado que esta lipoproteína é um fator de risco independente para a doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Devido à semelhança estrutural com o plasminogênio, a Lp(a) pode competir com os sítios de ligação deste, diminuindo a geração de plasmina e inibindo a fibrinólise. O trombo formado numa placa aterosclerótica rompida dispara a maioria dos eventos cardiovasculares isquêmicos. Como o trombo é dissolvido através do sistema fibrinolítico, surgiu a hipótese de que uma diminuição da atividade fibrinolítica poderia ser um fator de risco para eventos isquêmicos. Entretanto, alguns estudos demonstraram ausência de associação entre Lp(a) e DAC, enquanto alguns atribuem o real valor preditivo à uma sub-população de Lp(a) com alta afinidade por fibrina. Essa hipótese sugere que alguns fenótipos de Lp(a) não estão associados à aterotrombose. Sendo assim, as pesquisas envolvendo Lp(a) e DAC apresentam resultados controversos, altamente dependentes da população estudada. Na população brasileira, a qual apresenta uma heterogeneidade de etnias, são raros os estudos deste tipo. Diante das notáveis controvérsias, espera-se que a presente revisão possa contribuir para suscitar ânimos no sentido da realização de estudos adicionais envolvendo a dosagem da Lp(a) em pacientes com DAC na nossa população. O conhecimento acumulado ao longo do tempo sobre a associação entre Lp(a) e DAC foi obtido através de estudos conduzidos fora do nosso meio. Assim, estudos fundamentados dentro da nossa realidade poderão trazer respostas mais fidedignas e adequadas para a nossa população.

The role of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in atherogenesis has been the target of many studies that have demonstrated that this lipoprotein is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Due to the structural likeness with plasminogen, Lp(a) can compete with binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis. Thrombus formed due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque trigger most ischemic cardiovascular events. As the thrombus are dissolved by the fibrinolytic system, the hypothesis that a decrease in fibrinolytic activity might be a risk factor for ischemic events has been suggested. However, some studies have not demonstrated any correlation between Lp(a) and CAD while others attribute the real predictive value to a subpopulation of Lp(a) with high affinity for fibrin. This hypothesis suggests that some Lp(a) phenotypes are not associated with atherothrombosis. Furthermore, research on Lp(a) and CAD is controversial and highly dependent on the studied population. In the Brazilian population, which presents heterogeneity of the ethnic groups, studies of this type are rare. Based on the controversies, it is expected that a contribution of the present review will motivate investigators to develop studies involving the measurement of Lp(a) in patients with CAD in the Brazilian population. The accumulated knowledge on the association between Lp(a) and CAD was obtained through foreign studies. Thus, such studies must be performed in our setting in order to bring a better understanding for a more adequate management of CAD.