ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the pacing strategies used by men and women in the Berlin Marathon between 2004 and 2019. The records of the first 20 male and female athletes were analysed. The sample was divided into seven groups: world record, champions group (men and woman), 2nd to 5th place group (men and woman) and 6th to 20th place group (men and woman). The time taken in the eight partials of 5 km and the partial of 2,195 km were converted into seconds to calculate the speed in meters per second. To analyse the pacing strategy, the speed in each partial was normalised by the average speed in the test. One-way ANOVA was used to verify possible differences between the groups in each partial. For the analysis of the pacing strategy of each group, the intra-group repeated measures ANOVA was used. World record men used a constant pacing strategy (p= 0.98). The champions groups, male and female, also used a constant pacing strategy (p> 0.108). The 2nd to 5th placed groups of both sexes presented a positive pacing strategy (men p= 0.001– 0.007; women p= 0.00– 0.04). Likewise, the athletes from the 6th to 20th place male and female groups also presented a positive pacing strategy (men p< 0.001; women p< 0.001). No differences were found in the pacing strategy between winning men and women. We conclude that the constant pacing strategy is the reason that made possible the best success in the Berlin Marathon; both the record holders and the champions used it.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as estratégias de pacing utilizadas por homens e mulheres na Maratona de Berlim entre os anos de 2004 e 2019. Foram analisados os registros dos 20 primeiros atletas no masculino e feminino. A amostra foi dividida em sete grupos: recorde mundial, grupo dos campeões (masculino e feminino), grupo do 2º ao 5º colocado (masculino e feminino) e grupo do 6º ao 20º colocado (masculino e feminino). O tempo realizado nas oito parciais de 5 km e na parcial de 2.195 km foram convertidos em segundos para cálculo de velocidade em metros por segundos. Para análise da estratégia de pacing a velocidade em cada parcial foi normalizada pela velocidade média na prova. Utilizou-se ANOVA de um fator para verificar possíveis diferenças entre os grupos em cada parcial, e para a análise da estratégia de pacing de cada grupo, foi utilizada a ANOVA de medidas repetidas intra-grupo. Os homens recordistas mundiais utilizaram estratégia de pacing constante (p= 0.98). Os grupos de campeões, masculino e feminino, também utilizaram estratégia de pacing constante (p> 0.108). Os grupos do 2º ao 5º colocados, de ambos os sexos, apresentaram estratégia de pacing positiva (homens p= 0.001–0.007; mulheres p = 0.001–0.04). Do mesmo modo, os atletas dos grupos do 6º à 20º colocados masculino e feminino também apresentaram estratégia de pacing positiva (homens p< 0.001; mulheres p< 0.001). Não foram encontradas diferenças na estratégia de pacing entre homens e mulheres vencedores. Conclui-se que a estratégia de pacing constante é aquela que possibilitou melhor êxito na Maratona de Berlim, tanto os recordistas quanto os campeões a utilizaram.

RESUMO Este estudo pretendeu analisar os perfis de pacing das provas de 5.000 m e 10.000 m, masculino e feminino, no Troféu Brasil de Atletismo. Participaram deste estudo 36 corredores de alto nível, sendo 19 mulheres. As provas foram filmadas (iPhone 8 Plus). O dispositivo foi posicionado na parte externa da pista e um cone na borda interna da linha de chegada. Esse procedimento permitiu a aquisição dos tempos parciais. A plotagem do percentual de velocidade média do atleta a cada intervalo de 400 m, foi utilizada para a análise do perfil de pacing. As diferenças entre os intervalos foram analisadas por meio da anova de medidas repetidas. Adotou-se como significância p<0.05. Nas provas femininas de ambas as distâncias, foi empregado o perfil positivo de pacing, nos 5000 m (1.200 m - 4.000 m; p=0.003-0.045) e nos 10.000 m (2.400 m - 8.400, p= 0.01-0.04). Já nas masculinas, o perfil variado foi adotado na prova de 5.000 m (800 m - 1.600 m, p=0.001-0.019; 3.200 m, p=0.00-0.02; últimos 200 m, p= 0.027) e o constante nos 10.000 m (p= 0.98). Nessas competições em que o mais importante é a posição de chegada, o comportamento dos adversários pode influenciar a decisão tática. Assim, para ter êxito, os atletas devem se manter no pelotão e acelerar nos metros finais da prova, momento em que ela é definida.

ABSTRACT This study intended to analyze the pacing profiles in 5,000 m and 10,000 m race, men and women, in Brazil Athletics Trophy. Thirty-six high-level runners, being 19 women, participated in this study. The races were filmed (iPhone 8 Plus). The device was positioned on the outside of the track and a cone on the inside edge of the finish line. This procedure allowed the acquisition of lap times. The plotting of the percentage of average speed for each lap of the 400 m within a race was used to analyze the pacing profile adopted. Differences between the laps were analyzed through one-way ANOVA for repeated measures. The significance level was established as p<0.05. In the women’s 5,000 m (1.200 m - 4.000 m; p=0.003-0.045) and 10,000 m (2.400 m - 8.400; p= 0.01-0.04), was employed the positive pacing profile. In men’s race, the varied profile was adopted in 5,000 m race (800m - 1.600m, p=0.001-0.019; 3.200m, p=0.00-0.02; last 200m, p= 0.027) and the constant during 10,000 m race (p= 0.98). In these competitions in which the most important is the finishing positions, opponents' actions can influence the tactical decision. Therefore, to succeed, the athletes should remain in the group and sprint in the race's final meters when the result is defined.

Abstract Introduction Moving the arm towards an object is a complex task. Movements of the arm joints must be well coordinated in order to obtain a smooth and accurate hand trajectory. Most studies regarding reaching movements address young subjects. Coordination differences in the neural mechanism underlying motor control throughout the life stages is yet unknown. The understanding of these changes can lead to a better comprehension of neuromotor pathologies and therefore to more suitable therapies. Methods Our purpose was to investigate interjoint coordination in three different aging groups (children, young, elderly). Kinematics and kinetics specific variables were analyzed focusing on defined parameters to get insight into arm coordination. Intersegmental dynamics was used to calculate shoulder and elbow torques assuming a 2-link segment model of the upper extremity (upper arm and forearm) with two friction-less joints (shoulder and elbow). A virtual reality environment was used to examine multidirectional planar reaching in three different directions (randomly presented). Results Seven measures were computed to investigate group interlimb differences: shoulder and elbow muscle torques (peak and impulse), work performed by shoulder and elbow joints, maximum velocity, movement distance, distance error at final position, movement duration and acceleration duration. Our data analysis showed differences between movement performances for all analyzed variables, at all ages. Conclusion We found that the intersegmental dynamics for the interlimb (left/right) comparisons were similar for the elderly and children groups as compared to the young. In addition, the coordination and control of motor tasks changes during life, becoming less effective in old age.

Abstract: The lectin (ScLL) extracted from the Synadenium carinatum plant has been evaluated as an immunomodulator in diseases such as asthma, neosporosis and leishmaniasis. However, it has not yet been evaluated in the oral cavity. This study evaluated the effect of ScLL on viability, proliferation and release of IL-10 in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HGF were stimulated with LPS 1 µg/ml and treated with ScLL in concentrations of 10, 5 and 2 µg/ml for 1 and 5 h, and evaluated by flow cytometry for viability, apoptosis (initial/advanced) and necrosis. The supernatant was collected to detect release of IL-10 by ELISA. The proliferation was assessed with the BrdU assay. Positive control consisted of cells maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), and the negative control, of those kept in tap water. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett's test (α = 0.05). No significant difference was found for ScLL concentrations regarding viability or initial and advanced apoptosis (p=0.455). All the groups, including the positive control, had a significantly lower necrosis parameter than negative control at 5 h (p < 0.001). No difference was found for proliferation among the experimental groups (p = 0.832). ScLL at 5 and 2 µg/ml resulted in a lower release of IL-10 than positive and negative controls at 5 h (p = 0.047). The results indicated that ScLL concentrations tested were not cytotoxic, and had no effect on proliferation and release of IL-10 parameters. A thorough understanding of ScLL, regarding its immunomodulatory potential, may open the door to new perspectives for dentistry.

INTRODUÇÃO: redução na força e na velocidade da contração muscular são duas das maiores causas de debilidade funcional em idosos.OBJETIVO: analisar as mudanças relacionadas à idade no desenvolvimento temporal da força de preensão manual e dos extensores do joelho em mulheres.MÉTODOS: a amostra foi constituída por 52 mulheres subdivididas em três grupos (JO. n=24, 25,2±3,7 anos; MI. n=13, 58±4,2 anos; ID. n=15, 71,3±3,9 anos). Os testes realizados foram o de preensão manual e o de extensão do joelho. Foram executadas três tentativas de esforço isométrico máximo em cada teste, e a curva com o valor máximo de força foi selecionada para análise por meio de um algoritmo desenvolvido em linguagem Matlab(r). A massa livre de gordura (MLG) foi avaliada por meio da absortometria radiológica de dupla energia.RESULTADOS: foram observados entre os grupos valores semelhantes de força (p=0,831) e MLG do membro superior (p=0,207). A taxa de desenvolvimento da força (TDF) foi menor nos intervalos iniciais da contração muscular (0-50 e 0-100ms) nos grupos MI (p=0,005 e p=0,000, para 50ms e 100ms, respectivamente) e ID (p=0,003 e p=0,000, para 50ms e 100ms, respectivamente). A MLG e a força do membro inferior foram menores nos grupos MI (p=0,006, p=0,014, respectivamente) e ID (p<0,000, p=0,000, respectivamente) em comparação ao JO. Já a TDF dos extensores do joelho foi semelhante no grupo MI (p>0,05), porém, menor no grupo ID (p<0,05) em comparação ao JO, em todos os intervalos analisados.CONCLUSÃO: os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os grupos musculares dos membros superiores e inferiores possam ser afetados em diferentes magnitudes pelo envelhecimento. As diferenças entre os membros podem estar relacionadas à quantidade e qualidade das atividades físicas realizadas.

INTRODUCTION: reduction in strength and reduction in speed of muscle contraction are the two major causes of functional impairment in the elderly.OBJECTIVE: to examine age-related changes in the temporal development of the force of the handgrip and knee extensors in women.METHODS: the sample consisted of 52 women subdivided in three groups (JO. n=24, 25.2±3.7 years; MI. n=13, 58±4.2 years; ID. n=15, 71.3±3.9 years). Tests of handgrip and knee extension were performed. Three attempts of maximum isometric effort were performed in each test, and the curve with the maximum strength value was selected for analysis by means of an algorithm developed using MATLAB(r). The fat free mass (FFM) was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.RESULTS: we observed similar values in strength (p=0.831) and FFM (p=0.207) of the upper limb. The rate of the force development (RFD) was lower in the initial periods of muscle contraction (0-50 and 0-100ms) in the MI group (p = 0.005 and p = 0.000 for 50ms and 100ms, respectively) and ID (p = 0.003 p = 0.000 for 50ms and 100ms, respectively). The FFM and lower limb strength were lower in the MI group (p=0.006, p =0.014, respectively) and ID (p<0.000, p=0.000, respectively) compared to the JO. Already, the RFD of the knee extensors was similar in the MI group (p>0.05), but lower in the ID group (p<0.05) compared to the JO in all analyzed intervals.CONCLUSION: the results of this study demonstrate that the muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs are affected in different magnitudes by the aging process. The differences between limbs may be related to the quantity and quality of physical activities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: reducción en la fuerza y en la velocidad de la contracción muscular son dos de las mayores causas de debilidad funcional en ancianos.OBJETIVO: analizar los cambios relacionados a la edad en el desarrollo temporal de la fuerza de aprehensión manual y de los extensores de la rodilla en mujeres.MÉTODOS: la muestra fue constituida por 52 mujeres subdivididas en tres grupos (JO. n=24, 25,2±3,7 años; MI. n=13, 58±4,2 años; ID. n=15, 71,3±3,9 años). Los tests realizados fueron el de aprehensión manual y el de extensión de la rodilla. Fueron ejecutadas tres tentativas de esfuerzo isométrico máximo en cada test, y la curva con el valor máximo de fuerza fue seleccionada para análisis por medio de un algoritmo desarrollado en lenguaje Matlab(r). La masa libre de grasa (MLG) fue evaluada por medio de la absortometría radiológica de doble energía.RESULTADOS: fueron observados entre los grupos valores semejantes de fuerza (p=0,831) y MLG del miembro superior (p=0,207). La tasa de desarrollo de la fuerza (TDF) fue menor en los intervalos iniciales de la contracción muscular (0-50 y 0-100ms) en los grupos MI (p=0,005 y p=0,000, para 50ms y 100ms, respectivamente) e ID (p=0,003 y p=0,000, para 50ms y 100ms, respectivamente). La MLG y fuerza del miembro inferior fue menor en los grupos MI (p=0,006, p=0,014, respectivamente) e ID (p<0,000, p=0,000, respectivamente) en comparación al JO. Ya la TDF de los extensores de la rodilla fue semejante en el grupo MI (p>0,05), aunque menor en el grupo ID (p<0,05) en comparación al JO, en todos los intervalos analizados.CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los grupos musculares de los miembros superiores e inferiores puedan ser afectados en diferentes magnitudes por el envejecimiento. Las diferencias entre los miembros pueden estar relacionadas a la cantidad y calidad de las actividades físicas realizadas.