Resumen: Introducción: a medida que se invierte la pirámide poblacional vamos a ver más pacientes que sufren fracturas por mecanismos de bajo impacto, recalcando la importancia de conocer y utilizar escalas como el puntaje FRAX, para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno y una prevención temprana. Objetivo: observar si se realiza un tratamiento preventivo temprano en pacientes que sufren una fractura de bajo impacto. Material y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes > 50 años que sufrieron de una fractura de bajo impacto en el Hospital Angeles Mocel. Usamos el FRAX México. Se marcaron los pacientes con alto riesgo a los tres meses postoperados utilizando una p < 0.05 como estadísticamente significativo con un IC de 95%. Resultados: se incluyeron 69 pacientes, 47.8% ya habían sufrido de alguna fractura previa. El riesgo de sufrir una fractura mayor osteoporótica, en 10 años, se mostró en 50.7% de los pacientes y el de una fractura de cadera en 71%. A ningún paciente se le dio tratamiento para osteopenia/osteoporosis a su egreso hospitalario o a los tres meses de postoperado. Conclusión: hay una deficiencia en el manejo inmediato para prevenir una refractura en un futuro en casos con fractura de bajo impacto.

Abstract: Introduction: as the population pyramid inverts, we are going to see more patients suffering fractures due to low impact mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of knowing and using scales such as the FRAX score, in order to make a timely diagnosis and early prevention. Objective: to observe whether early preventive treatment is carried out in patients who suffer a low impact fracture. Material and methods: we included patients > 50 years old who suffered a low-impact fracture at the Angeles Mocel Hospital. We used the FRAX Mexico. Patients at high risk at 3 months postoperatively were flagged using a p < 0.05 as statistically significant with 95% CI. Results: 69 patients were included, 47.8% had already suffered a previous fracture. The risk of suffering a major osteoporotic fracture in 10 years in 50.7% of patients, the risk of suffering a hip fracture in 71% of patients. None of the patients were treated for osteopenia/osteoporosis at hospital discharge or three months post-operatively. Conclusion: there is a deficiency of immediate management to prevent future refracture in low impact fracture cases.

Resumen: En 2020 se estimó una población de más de 126,000,000 de mexicanos. Las mujeres mayores de 65 años representaban 4.4% y los hombres 3.8% de la población. En 2012 se reportó que un tercio de la población mayor de 65 años se cae una vez al año. Sólo 40% recibe atención médica. Realizamos un estudio de tipo comparativo, transversal, retrospectivo de una cohorte del servicio de ortopedia. Incluimos a pacientes mayores de 65 años que ingresaron con diagnóstico de fractura del 1 de marzo de 2014 al 29 de febrero de 2020; 72.3% fueron mujeres, 27.7% hombres, y la media de edad fue de 79.4 ± 8.07 años. El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de súper-anciano y la fractura más común fue la de cadera. Obtuvimos diferencia significativa en pacientes polifracturados con mecanismo de lesión y tratamiento quirúrgico (p < 0.000). La población atendida en este hospital es parecida a la reportada en la literatura. La intervención tiene que ser multifactorial, y debemos enfocarnos en los factores de riesgo para evitar una caída en adultos mayores con el fin de disminuir el riesgo de fractura y sus consecuencias, mejorando el estilo de vida.

Abstract: In 2020, the estimated population of Mexico was more than 126 million. Women over 65 years of age represented 4.4% and men 3.8% of the population. In 2012, it was reported that a third of the population over 65 years of age falls at least once a year. Only 40% received medical attention. We carried out a comparative, cross-sectional, retrospective study of a cohort from the orthopedics service. We included patients over 65 years of age, who were admitted with a diagnosis of fracture from March 1st, 2014 to February 29th, 2020. 72.3% were women, 27.7% were men, and the mean age was 79.4 ± 8.07 years. The most affected age group was super-elderly and the most common fracture was the hip. We obtained a significant difference in poly-fractured patients in the mechanism of injury and surgical treatment (p < 0.000). The population treated in this hospital is similar to that reported in the literature. The intervention has to be multifactorial and we must focus on risk factors to avoid a fall in older adults, in order to have a better lifestyle and reduce the risk of fracture and its consequences.

Abstract Differential gene expression analysis and clustering techniques have been current tools to study the relation between a gene and biological processes. Since a group of genes may show co-expression under certain conditions, biclustering techniques have been used to find sets of genes sharing similar expression patterns. We present an analysis of the performance of the BIMAX: Binary Inclusion-MAXimal sequential biclustering algorithm. Its performance is evaluated using synthetic datasets. Finally, we propose a strategy of parallelization for optimizing the performance of the BIMAX using parallel programming techniques.

The mosquito Culex pipiens s.s. L. occurs as two bioforms that differ in physiology and behaviour affecting virus transmission cycles. To assess the occurrence of Cx. pipiens bioforms in the southernmost limit of its distribution, specimens were collected aboveground in southern Buenos Aires Province and east Patagonia, Argentina. Ten larvae and 25 adults were individually processed and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of Ace-2 and CQ11 loci. Culex quinquefasciatus Say (one larva, two adults), Cx. pipiens f. molestus (one larva, one adult) and one adult of hybrid origin were identified in Buenos Aires Province; only Cx. pipiens f. molestus was recorded in Patagonia (eight larvae, 21 adults). The potential absence of bioform pipiens and its implications in arbovirus enzootic cycles is discussed.

The geographic distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) in South America has been expanding during the last decades. Herein we present two new distribution records that extend its southern limits towards localities with extremer environmental conditions than reported to date. San Antonio Oeste constitutes the southernmost finding for the continent (40º44’S), whereas Tandil is the infested locality with the coldest mean annual temperature in Argentina (14.17ºC). The projection of a previous distribution model for Ae. aegypti predicts these two cities as positive and suggests several other localities with suitable conditions for vector proliferation beyond its assumed distribution limits.

Given their medical and veterinary relevance, the members of the Pipiens Assemblage are a worldwide target of ecological research. The distribution of Culex pipiens s.s. and Cx. quinquefasciatus converge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where hybrids have been detected. Each member of the assemblage exhibits a distinct eco-physiological behaviour that can affect its efficiency in pathogen transmission. Our aim was to identify the environmental drivers for the spatio-temporal distribution of each member, focusing on latitudinal and urbanisation gradients. Immatures of mosquitoes were surveyed in artificial containers found within 11 public cemeteries, raised up to the adult stage and identified by their male genitalia. The distribution of each member was associated with the environment in a Generalized Linear Model. The variable accounting for most of the heterogeneity was latitude; Cx. quinquefasciatus was collected more frequently at northern cemeteries, whereas Cx. pipiens and hybrids were more likely at the southern extreme. The urbanisation gradient was also associated with the occurrence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and hybrids at the high and low end, respectively. Other relevant variables were cemetery total area, the proportion with graves and the presence of plastic flowers in the containers. The spatial distribution of the members of the Pipiens Assemblage within the sympatric region in South America is driven by environmental features. The information presented herein provides essential baseline data for surveillance programs and control activities.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o peso percentual das unidades de aprendizagem de psicologia da atividade física na estrutura curricular para a formação profissional inicial e de pós-graduação nos currículos de Educação Física versus Psicologia, em universidades mexicanas. De caráter descritivo e transversal, e tendo como universo 144 currículos de Psicologia e 68 de Educação Física, o estudo mostrou que nos Programas de pós-graduação em Psicologia o peso percentual é um pouco maior (16.36) que nos Programas de Pós-graduação em Educação Física (14.33). Entretanto, ao considerarmos graduação e pós-graduação conjuntamente, o peso percentual das unidades de aprendizagem é três vezes superior nas disicplinas de Educação Física (3.13) em relação às de Psicologia (0.93).

The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of Learning Units in Psychology of Physical Activity in the curriculum structure for the training of the degree (undergraduate) and graduate curricula in Physical Education versus Psychology offered in universities in Mexico. This study was descriptive and cross-sectional, it had an universe of 144 programs of study in Psychology and 68 in Physical Education. We found that percentage in graduate programs of Psychology is slightly higher (16.36) than Graduate programs of Physical Education (14.33). But by combining Undergraduate and Graduate, the percentage of Learning Units in the disciplines of Physical Education (3.13) triples the percentaje weight in Psychology (0.93).These results allow the conclusion that, as the axis of training curriculum, Psychology of Physical Activity and Sport has a greater presence in Physical Education than in Psychology, which means the need interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary of our object of study; the connection and interconnection of the Psychology and the study of Physical Activity and Sport. A problem found during this study which needs to be faced was the nomenclature of the different training programs from both the curriculum plans of study and the learning units, which can lead to national and international agreements on names, levels, load time and professional competences (or targets) to provide this type of analysis, but especially to facilitate academic exchange programs of students and teachers.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la presencia curricular de las unidades de aprendizaje de Psicología de la Actividad Física en los planes de estudio de las licenciaturas (pregrado) y posgrado de Educación Física versus Psicología en las universidades que se ofertan en la República Mexicana. Estudio descriptivo y transversal que tuvo de universo 144 programas de estudio de psicología y 68 de educación física; encontrando que en los Posgrados de Psicología el peso porcentual es un poco mayor (16.36) que en los Posgrados de Educación Física (14. 33). Pero al unir pregrado y posgrado se triplica el peso porcentual de las unidades de aprendizaje en las disciplinas de Educación Física (3.13) a diferencia que en psicología (0.93). Estos resultados permiten concluir que, como eje de formación curricular, la psicología de la actividad física y del deporte tiene mayor presencia en Educación Física que en Psicología, lo que significa la necesidad interdisciplinar y transdisicplinar de nuestro objeto de estudio; la unión e interconexión de la psicología y la actividad física y el deporte. Un problema y necesidad enfrentada fue la distinta nomenclatura de los programas de formación curricular tanto de los planes de estudio como de la unidad de aprendizaje, que pueden llevar a la necesidad nacional e internacional de acordar nombres, niveles, carga horaria y competencias (u objetivos) profesionales que pueden facilitar este tipo de análisis, pero sobretodo que faciliten el intercambio académico de estudiantes y profesores.

Insect defoliations have detrimental impacts on timber production in commercial tree plantations. The effect of intensity and timing of defoliation on the growth of two commercial salicaceae was assessed at plantations located in the Delta of the Paraná River, Argentina. Experimental trees were randomly selected from two 1-year-old plantations of the most common clones planted in forestry production, Populus alba 'Villafranca' ("I-58/57") and Salix babylonica x Salix alba ("A-250/33"). We used a pre-post design to evaluate the effect of five intensities of manual defoliation (i.e. 100 %, 75 %, 50 %, 25 %, and 0 % as control) applied in four different times during the growing season (i.e. October, November, December and January) on tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). Results indicated that manual defoliation negatively affected the growth of the studied poplar and willow clones in both height and diameter, and that the magnitude of the effect depended on the intensity and timing of defoliation. Willows were only affected by defoliation conducted during the spring (October and November); complete defoliation caused the highest reduction in growth (46 % reduction in height and 62 % in DBH compared to the control). Manual defoliation of poplars had a significant effect on growth at any time during the spring-summer; trees subjected to 100 % defoliation showed the highest growth reductions (up to 76 % in height and 88 % in DBH compared to control). This study indicated that commercial poplars were less tolerant to defoliation than willows.

Las defoliaciones causadas por insectos tienen impactos perjudiciales sobre la producción de madera en plantaciones comerciales de árboles. El efecto de la intensidad de defoliación sobre el crecimiento en altura y diámetro de dos salicáceas de uso comercial fue evaluado en plantaciones del Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Los árboles experimentales fueron elegidos al azar de plantaciones de un año de edad de clones comúnmente utilizados en la producción forestal, Populus alba 'Villafranca' ("I-58/57") y Salix babylonica x Salix alba ("A-250/33"). Mediante un diseño antes-después fue evaluado el efecto de cinco intensidades de defoliación manual (100 %, 75 %, 50 %, 25 %, y 0 % como control) aplicadas en cuatro épocas de la estación de crecimiento (octubre, noviembre, diciembre y enero) sobre la altura y el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) de los árboles. Según los resultados, la defoliación manual afectó negativamente el crecimiento de los clones estudiados, en diámetro y altura; la magnitud del efecto dependió de la intensidad y del momento de la defoliación. Salix sp. solo fue afectado por defoliaciones de primavera (octubre y noviembre); la defoliación completa causó las mayores reducciones en el crecimiento (46 % en altura y 62 % en DAP). La defoliación en Populus sp. afectó el crecimiento en cualquier momento de primavera-verano; los árboles completamente defoliados mostraron las mayores reducciones en el crecimiento (hasta 76 % en altura y 88 % en DAP). Este estudio indica que Populus sp. de uso comercial fue menos tolerante a la defoliación que Salix sp.

Nematus oligospilus Förster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a willow sawfly native to the Northern Hemisphere which became a serious defoliator in willow plantations (Salix spp.) of the Southern Hemisphere after being introduced in the early 1980´s. Studies on host preferences provide useful information for the development of pest management strategies where the willow sawfly may produce tree damage and economic loss. Feeding preferences of N. oligospilus larvae were evaluated in laboratory trials by simultaneously offering leaves from four willow tree clones commonly used in commercial plantations in Argentina (Salix babylonica var sacramenta Hortus, Salix nigra Marsch., S. babylonica L. x Salix alba L. 131-27 and Salix matsudana Koidz. x S. alba L. 13-44). Larvae of N. oligospilus fed on leaves from the four clones. However, insects consumed a significantly higher proportion of S. babylonica var sacramenta leaves than of leaves from the other clones. Results indicate that all clones used in the trials were palatable to the insect, and that S. babylonica var sacramenta is the preferred host for larval herbivory.

Nematus oligospilus Förster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), o la avispa sierra de los sauces, es nativa del Hemisferio Norte y se ha convertido en un serio defoliador en plantaciones de sauces (Salix spp.) del Hemisferio Sur, después de su introducción a principios de 1980. Los estudios sobre las preferencias de hospedador aportan información útil para el desarrollo de estrategias, donde la avispa sierra puede producir daño a los árboles y pérdidas económicas. Se evaluó la preferencia alimentaria de las larvas de N. oligospilus, mediante ensayos de laboratorio; se ofrecieron en forma simultánea hojas de cuatro clones de sauce, usados comúnmente en plantaciones comerciales en Argentina (Salix babylonica var sacramenta Hortus, Salix nigra Marsch., S. babylonica L. x Salix alba L. 131-27 and Salix matsudana Koidz. x S. alba L. 13-44). Las larvas de N. oligospilus se alimentaron de las hojas de los cuatro clones. Sin embargo, consumieron una proporción significativamente mayor de las hojas de S. babylonica var sacramenta. Estos resultados indican que todos los clones utilizados en los ensayos fueron palatables para el insecto y que S. babylonica var sacramenta es el hospedador preferido para la herbivoría de las larvas.

Used vehicle tires are a source of mosquito vectors and a means of their introduction and expansion. With the aim of assessing the effects of urbanisation on the main mosquito vectors in temperate Argentina, the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens L. were studied in used tires from highly urbanised cities to low-urbanised small towns in Buenos Aires. Immatures of both species accounted for 96% of the 9,722 individuals collected; the total individuals collected represented seven species. The percentage of water-filled tires containing mosquitoes [container index (CI)] was 33% and the percentage of infested sites [site index (SI)] was 65.2%. These indexes decreased significantly from low to high urbanisation levels for both mosquito species. The relative abundance (RA) of Ae. aegypti immatures was slightly higher toward large cities, but showed no difference for Cx. pipiens. The CI of shaded tires was significantly higher than the CI of exposed tires for both mosquito species. There was no difference in RA values between shaded and sunlit tires. The CI and the SI were highest during the summer across the urbanisation levels, except for Cx. pipiens, which continued to increase during the autumn in small towns. Results related to urbanisation gradient, sunlit exposure and seasonality are discussed.

The knowledge about tire-breeding mosquitoes is truly scarce in Argentina. The objective of this study was to characterize a population of immatures of Culex eduardoi Casal & Garcia, from a pile of abandoned tires located in a suburban forest of Buenos Aires Province. Between November 2009 and May 2010, mosquito larvae were monthly collected in 27 abandoned tires within a woody area of the Parque Provincial Pereyra Iraola. A total of 1009 third and fourth instar larvae of Cx. eduardoi were collected, and the overall container index (CI) was 66.3% (106/160). Culex eduardoi was collected every month but the CI differed significantly (x²(6) = 15.11; p < 0.05), reaching maximum values in November and December (76 and 92.5% respectively). In spring, the relative abundance of larvae was also the highest, and the mean number of larvae collected per habitat was 9.5 (min. 3.5 in March; max.15.1 in November). Other mosquito species such as Cx. pipiens Linneo and Toxorhynchites theobaldi Dyar & Knab were also found in the studied containers. The present findings contribute with novel knowledge on culicids of tires in Argentina.

El conocimiento sobre la fauna de mosquitos que se cría en cubiertas de auto es realmente escaso en Argentina. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar una población de inmaduros de Culex eduardoi Casal & Garcia en una acumulación de cubiertas abandonadas en un bosque suburbano de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Entre noviembre 2009 y mayo 2010, se recolectaron mensualmente larvas de mosquitos en 27 cubiertas de auto abandonadas en un sector boscoso del Parque Provincial Pereyra Iraola. Se recolectaron en total 1.009 larvas del tercer y cuarto estadio de Cx. eduardoi, y el índice de contenedores (IC) global fue 66,3% (106/160). Culex eduardoi estuvo presente durante todos los meses, aunque el IC difirió significativamente (x²(6) = 15,11; p < 0,05), alcanzando valores máximos en noviembre y diciembre (76 y 92,5% respectivamente). En primavera, la abundancia relativa de larvas también fue máxima y el número medio de las recolectadas por criadero fue de 9,5 (mín. 3,5 en marzo; máx.15,1 en noviembre). Otras especies halladas en los contenedores estudiados fueron Cx. pipiens L. y Toxorhynchites theobaldi Dyar & Knab. Los presentes hallazgos aportan nuevos conocimientos sobre los culícidos de cubiertas en Argentina.