Resumen Los conflictos jurisdiccionales entre los estamentos civil y eclesiástico no fueron la excepción, sino la norma en las islas Filipinas. El gobernador, don Manuel de León, nombró al tesorero, don Jerónimo de Herrera y Figueroa, capellán mayor de la capilla de Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación. Para el arzobispo de Manila, fray Juan López Galván (1672-1673), y su cabildo, dicho nombramiento, efectuado sin la autorización del ordinario, violaba la inmunidad eclesiástica de la jurisdicción civil. A partir de un estudio minucioso de la documentación existente en diversos archivos, así como de diversas fuentes impresas de los siglos XVII y XVIII, este artículo demuestra que la aplicación del Real Patronato en Filipinas no se llevó a cabo sin fuertes resistencias por parte de la autoridad diocesana. No solo supuso un difícil equilibrio entre los dos poderes, el civil y el eclesiástico, sino que trajo consigo un tipo de violencia, que en este caso fue ejercida contra los fueros y las jurisdicciones privilegiadas de la Iglesia al imponer a un capellán con independencia de la autoridad del ordinario metropolitano de Manila.

Abstract Jurisdictional conflicts between civil and ecclesiastical bodies were not the exception but the norm in the Philippine Islands. Governor Don Manuel de León appointed Treasurer Don Jerónimo de Herrera y Figueroa as Major Chaplain of the Chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación. For Archbishop Don Juan López Galván (1672-1673) and his chapter, this appointment, made without the authorization of the ordinary, violated ecclesiastical immunity from civil jurisdiction. Based on a meticulous study of the existing documentation in various archives, as well as various printed sources from the 17th and 18th centuries, this article shows that the application of Royal Patronage in the Philippines was not implemented without strong resistance from the diocesan authority. Not only did it involve a difficult balance between the two powers, civil and ecclesiastical, but it also brought with it a type of violence, which in this case was exercised against the privileged jurisdictions of the Church by imposing a chaplain independently of the authority of the metropolitan ordinary of Manila.

Resumo Os conflitos jurisdicionais entre o estamento civil e o eclesiástico não foram a exceção, mas a regra nas Filipinas. O governador D. Manuel de León nomeou o tesoureiro D. Jerónimo de Herrera y Figueroa capelão mor da capela de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação. Para o arcebispo de Manila, frei Juan López Galván (1672-1673), e seu capítulo, a referida nomeação, feita sem autorização do ordinário, violou a imunidade eclesiástica da jurisdição civil. Com base num estudo minucioso da documentação existente em vários arquivos, bem como em diversas fontes impressas dos séculos XVII e XVIII, o artigo demonstra que a aplicação do Real Patronato nas Filipinas não se realizou sem forte resistência da autoridade diocesana. Não apenas representou um difícil equilíbrio entre os dois poderes, o civil e o eclesiástico, mas trouxe consigo um tipo de violência que, neste caso, foi exercida contra os foros e as jurisdições privilegiadas da Igreja impondo um capelão independente da autoridade do ordinário metropolitano de Manila.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine and analyze the usability metrics of a free mobile learning app for ophthalmology in Brazil. Methods: Metric data from the management dashboard of the CBOQUIZ app were used. All users registered on the platform between March 2019 and June 30, 2021 were included. The number of questions answered, number of correct answers, number of questions answered and correct answers by subject area, and user performance by geographic region were analyzed. Results: There were 458 active users during the research period and 107,245 questions answered (average, 234.16 questions per user). Of the questions answered, 81,600 (75.5%) were correct and 2,645 were incorrect. The states in Brazil with the best performance were Espírito Santo, Paraiba, and Paraná. The subject area with the lowest hit rate was basic sciences (69.1%), within which embryology demonstrated the lowest hit rate (58.28%). The posterior segment had the highest number of questions answered, followed by miscellaneous topics and the anterior segment. Questions on strabismus were the least answered. Conclusion: The app was used consistently throughout the period studied, and participants adhered to this teaching modality. Performance asymmetry was observed across the Brazil states. The CBOQUIZ app can be used to homogenize ophthalmology teaching in the country. Purpose Methods 201 30 202 included analyzed Results 45 107245 107 245 107,24 average, average (average 23416 234 16 234.1 user. . user) 81600 81 600 81,60 75.5% 755 75 5 (75.5% 2645 2 645 2,64 incorrect Santo Paraiba Paraná 69.1%, 691 69.1% , 69 1 (69.1%) 58.28%. 5828 58.28% 58 28 (58.28%) Conclusion studied modality country 20 3 4 10724 10 24 107,2 2341 23 234. 8160 8 60 81,6 75.5 7 (75.5 264 64 2,6 69.1 6 (69.1% 582 58.28 (58.28% 1072 107, 816 81, 75. (75. 26 2, 69. (69.1 58.2 (58.28 (75 (69. 58. (58.2 (7 (69 (58. ( (6 (58 (5

Resumen Entre 1635 y 1641 el gobernador de Filipinas, Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera, y el arzobispo de Manila, fray Hernando Guerrero, mantuvieron un agrio enfrentamiento, con ramificaciones en la Real Audiencia, el cabildo eclesiástico y las órdenes religiosas, el cual finalmente tuvo dramáticas consecuencias para ambos. En este artículo se estudia la conflictividad política y eclesiástica a partir de las fuentes coetáneas e historiográficas que narran estos sucesos. Los resultados muestran la compleja naturaleza de las relaciones entre el poder civil y el eclesiástico en las Filipinas de mediados del siglo XVII y los conflictos jurisdiccionales que existían entre las instituciones coloniales en aquel periodo.

Abstract Between 1635 and 1641, the governor of the Philippines, don Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera, and the archbishop of Manila, fray Hernando Guerrero, had a sustained bitter confrontation, the ramifications of which reached within the Real Audiencia, the ecclesiastical council, and the religious orders, and would eventually have dramatic consequences for both. This paper analyses political and ecclesiastical contentiousness based on the contemporary and historiographical sources that narrate these events. The results display the complex nature of the relationships between the secular and ecclesiastical powers in mid-seventeenth-century Philippines, as well as the jurisdictional conflicts that existed between the colonial institutions of that period.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a governança composta como um conjunto de dimensões medidas por fatores de governança que influenciam as doações com restrições de doadores recebidas por Organizações Sem Fins Lucrativos (ONG) ambientais no Brasil, sob a perspectiva da teoria da agência. Os dados foram coletados predominantemente em documentos disponíveis na internet, e a amostra aleatória foi composta por 108 observações. Identificamos as dimensões de governança por meio da Análise de Correspondência Múltipla. A partir dessas dimensões, verificou-se, por meio de Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, se a governança afetou as doações. Observou-se que a governança afetou positivamente as doações e que as certificações públicas fornecidas às ONGs no Brasil não moderaram a relação entre governança e doações. Esses resultados mostram que a governança ajuda a ONG a ter acesso mais fácil ao mercado de doações e que as certificações públicas fornecidas à ONG não contribuem para o aumento das doações. Esses achados são importantes para os profissionais e também para enriquecer o debate sobre políticas públicas para o terceiro setor em ambientes pouco regulamentados. (ONG agência internet 10 observações Múltipla verificouse, verificouse verificou se, verificou-se Modeling Observouse Observou regulamentados 1

Abstract This article uses the agency theory perspective to analyze governance, composed of a set of dimensions and measured by governance factors that influence donations to Brazilian environmental Nonprofit Organizations (NPOs). Data were collected predominantly from the documents available on the Internet, and the random sample consisted of 108 observations. We identified governance dimensions through Multiple Correspondence Analysis. From these dimensions, we verified, through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, if governance affected donations. It was observed that governance positively affected donations and that public certifications provided to NPOs in Brazil did not moderate the relationship between governance and donations. These results showing that governance helps NPOs to have easier access to the donations market and that public certifications provided to NPOs do not contribute to increasing donations. These findings are important for practitioners and also to enrich the debate about public policies for the third sector in environments of low regulation. NPOs. . (NPOs) Internet 10 observations Analysis verified Modeling regulation (NPOs 1

Abstract The years of Fray Miguel García Serrano’s government at the head of the archbishopric of Manila (1620-1629) were arduous and difficult, having to face internal challenges, such as the promotion of the prebendaries and the succession in vacant sees, and external ones, mainly the visitations of the doctrinas or parishes, the question of the “alternative system” and the jurisdictional conflicts with the Royal Audiencia. It was not easy, despite the support of Governor Alonso Fajardo de Tenza (1618-24) and the fathers of the Society of Jesus. In this essay, I tackle the archbishop’s tenure from political and ecclesiastical microhistory, based primarily on primary sources and archival documents. The results show the complex nature of Church-State relations and the jurisdictional conflicts between colonial institutions in the Philippines in the 17th century.

Resumen Los años de gobierno de fray Miguel García Serrano al frente del arzobispado de Manila (1620-1629) fueron arduos y difíciles, teniendo que afrontar desafíos internos, como la promoción de los prebendados y la sucesión en sedes vacantes, y externos, principalmente las visitas a las doctrinas o parroquias, la cuestión del “breve de la alternativa” y los conflictos jurisdiccionales con la Real Audiencia. No le fue nada fácil, a pesar de contar con el apoyo del gobernador Alonso Fajardo de Tenza (1618-1624) y de los padres de la Compañía de Jesús. En este ensayo analizo su labor de gobierno, a partir del estudio de la microhistoria política y eclesiástica, basado fundamentalmente en fuentes primarias y documentos de archivo. Los resultados muestran la compleja naturaleza de las relaciones Iglesia-Estado y los conflictos jurisdiccionales existentes entre las instituciones coloniales, en Filipinas en el siglo XVII.

Resumen. La mayoría de los estudios sobre el padre jesuita Diego Luis de San Vitores (1627-1672) analizan su papel como fundador de la misión de las Islas Marianas. Sin embargo, poco se ha escrito sobre sus actividades en México y Filipinas, especialmente en lo que se refiere a los conflictos internos de la orden jesuita en México que dificultaron el proyecto misional en unas islas oceánicas de gran valor estratégico en Asia-Pacífico. Este artículo, basado mayormente en fuentes primarias y de archivo en Roma y México, analiza la recepción que tuvo el proyecto misional de San Vitores en las Filipinas y la Nueva España. Por un lado, el padre Miguel Solana (1668-1670), provincial de Manila, apoyado por el arzobispo de Manila, don Miguel de Poblete Casasola (1653-1667), vieron con buenos ojos la evangelizacion de las Marianas tras el abandono de los presidios de Ternate, Mindanao y Joló (1663). Por el otro, mientras que los procuradores y provinciales jesuitas de la Nueva España se mostraron reticentes a colaborar, la Congregación de San Francisco Javier, y en particular su procurador, el padre Joseph Vidal de Figueroa (1630-1703), defendió el proyecto misional de San Vitores con uñas y dientes. En resumen, el éxito final de la misión debe entenderse no solamente por el fervor y celo espiritual de su fundador, sino también por la necesidad de los provinciales de Filipinas de reivindicar el papel de la Compañía de Jesús como punta de lanza del catolicismo tridentino en las fronteras del imperio hispánico.

Abstract. The majority of studies on the Jesuit priest Diego Luis de San Vitores (1627-1672) analyze his role as the founder of the mission in the Mariana Islands. Nevertheless, little has been written on his activities in Mexico and the Philippines, especially in terms of the internal conflicts within the Jesuit order in Mexico, which represented obstacles to a mission project in an archipelago of great strategic value in Asia and the Pacific. This article, principally based on primary and archival sources from Rome and Mexico, analyzes the reception of San Vitores’s mission project in the Philippines and New Spain. On the one hand, Father Miguel Solana (1668-1670), provincial superior of Manila, with the support of Archbishop Miguel de Poblete Casasola (1653-1667), supported the evangelization of the Mariana Islands following the Spanish withdrawal from Ternate, Mindanao and Jolo (1663). While the procurators and provincial superiors of New Spain were reluctant to collaborate, the Congregation of Saint Francis Xavier, and particularly its procurator, Father Joseph Vidal de Figueroa (1630-1703), defended San Vitores’s mission project tooth and nail. The mission’s final success should not just be understood as being due to the fervor and spiritual zeal of its founder, but also due to the need of the provincial superiors of the Philippines to defend the role of the Company of Jesus as the vanguard of Tridentine Catholicism on the frontiers of the Spanish Empire.

This article analyzes governance composed as a set of dimensions measured by governance factors that influences donations with donor restrictions received by environmental Nonprofit Organizations (NPO) in Brazil, under the agency theory perspective. Data were collected through a survey, and the random sample of 108 observations. We identified governance dimensions through Multiple Correspondence Analysis. From these dimensions, it was verified, through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, if governance affected donations. It was observed that that governance positively affected donations and that public certifications provided to NPO in Brazil did not moderate the relationship between governance and donations. These results showing that governance helps NPO to have easier access to the donations market and that public certifications provided to NPO do not contribute to increasing donations. These findings are important for practitioners and also to enrich the debate about public policies for the third sector in low regulated environments.

Este artigo analisa a governança composta por um conjunto de dimensões medidas por dimensões de governança que influenciam as doações com restrições de doadores recebidas por Organizações Não Governamentais (ONG) ambientais no Brasil, sob a perspectiva da teoria da agência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um survey, sendo a amostra composta, de forma aleatória, por 108 observações. As dimensões de governança foram identificadas as por meio da Análise de Correspondência Múltipla. A partir dessas dimensões, verificou-se, por meio da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais de Mínimos Quadrados Parciais, se a governança afetou as doações. Observou-se que a governança afetou positivamente as doações e que as certificações públicas fornecidas às ONG no Brasil não moderaram a relação entre governança e doações. Esses resultados mostram que a governança ajuda as ONG a ter acesso mais fácil ao mercado de doações e que as certificações públicas fornecidas a ONG não contribuem para aumentar as doações. Esses achados são importantes para os profissionais e também para enriquecer o debate sobre políticas públicas para o terceiro setor em ambientes de baixa regulamentação.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the use of organic and inorganic minerals in Cobb500 broiler breeder diet and its effects on the performance. The birds were housed in an experimental house at Poultry Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria with 20 floor pens of 4.61m2 each. The experiment was conducted between 51st and 65th weeks of age of birds. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and five pen replicates with 22 hens and 2 roosters each. The treatments evaluated were: PI=100% mineral inorganic premix; PO= 100% mineral organic premix: PI+PO= 70% mineral inorganic premix + 30% mineral organic premix and PI+Zn= 100% mineral inorganic premix, except zinc mineral, that was 70% inorganic form and 30% organic form. The following parameters of performance and egg quality were evaluated: laying rate, body weight, egg, albumen and yolk weight, yolk color and specific gravity of eggs. These parameters were performed one day per week throughout the experimental period to evaluated egg quality. Under the conditions and time that the experiment was conducted, the use of organic minerals had no significant effect on the performance and egg quality parameters evaluated in the broiler breeders.

RESUMEN Las trágicas implicaciones económicas que ha traído la pandemia de la COVID-19 generan una excesiva judicialización de los contratos. Se trata de un efecto indirecto común de las crisis. Las necesarias medidas de restricción de circulación y la actividad económica, junto a la incertidumbre acerca del futuro y la ruptura del estado de confianza, forman suelo fértil para la judicialización de conflictos comerciales, en especial en relación con el mercado de crédito. En tal contexto, el artículo tiene el propósito de evidenciar las consecuencias negativas que advienen de la indebida y excesiva interferencia judicial, a lo largo de la ley, en la intangibilidad de los contratos y la protección de derechos de propiedad. Con cierta frecuencia, se han adoptado medidas judiciales excepcionales, desde la excusa de tratarse de un momento excepcional. Sin embargo, si bien estamos viviéndolo, medidas sin amparo legal jamás se pueden aceptar. En la investigación, se empleó el método inductivo tanto en la fase de investigación como en su informe. El método procedimental utilizado fue el monográfico y la técnica de investigación, la bibliográfica.

ABSTRACT The harmful economic reflexes that the Covid-19 pandemic brought with it, generated an excessive judicialization of contracts. It is a frequent indirect effect of crises. The necessary measures to restrict circulation and economic activity, together with uncertainty about the future and the breakdown of the state of confidence, formed a fertile ground for the judicialization of commercial conflicts, especially in relation to the credit market. In this context, this article aims to demonstrate the negative consequences that arise from undue and excessive judicial interference, outside the law, in the intangibility of contracts and in the protection of property rights. With reasonable frequency, exceptional judicial measures have been adopted, under the canopy of being exceptional times. However, although we are under exceptional circumstances, measures without legal basis can never be accepted. The methodology used in this research, both in the investigation phase and in the research report phase, was the inductive method. The procedural method used was the monographic and the research technique, the bibliographic.

RESUMO Os nefastos reflexos económicos que a pandemia da Covid-19 trouxe consigo geraram uma excessiva judicializagao dos contratos. É um efeito indireto frequente das crises. As necessárias medidas de restrigao de circulagao e da atividade económica, em conjunto com a incerteza sobre o futuro e a quebra do estado de confianga, formam um terreno fértil para a judicializagao de conflitos comerciais, principalmente com relagao ao mercado de crédito. Nesse panorama, o presente artigo objetiva demonstrar as consequencias negativas que advem da indevida e excessiva interferencia judicial, ao largo da lei, na intangibilidade dos contratos e na protegao de direitos de propriedade. Com razoável frequencia, medidas judiciais excepcionais vem sendo adotadas, sob o pálio de serem tempos excepcionais. No entanto, malgrado estejamos sob acontecimentos excepcionais, medidas sem embasamento legal jamais podem ser aceitas. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa, tanto na fase de investigagao quanto na do relatório da pesquisa, foi o método indutivo. O método procedimental utilizado foi o monográfico e a técnica de pesquisa, a bibliográfica.

Resumo As interações universidade-empresa-governo no Brasil refletem a orientação das políticas públicas e modelos adotados pelo Sistema Nacional de Inovação, nos quais a universidade passa a ser um importante ator social no desenvolvimento econômico. Considerando o papel da universidade e, consequentemente, a sua relação com o Estado e o mercado, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como ocorre a configuração de um modelo Hélice Tríplice na relação universidade-empresa-governo. O estudo, de natureza qualitativa, faz uso do método de estudo do caso de um programa internacional de cooperação educacional para a transferência de conhecimento. A coleta dos dados foi por meio de documentos, entrevistas em profundidade e analisados com uso da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram que a configuração da Hélice Tríplice é do tipo laissez-faire, no entanto, apresenta um desequilíbrio na participação dos atores envolvidos. O governo estadual teve uma participação coadjuvante e se limitou a regular e estabelecer a intermediação entre a universidade e a empresa de forma institucional, a empresa protagonizou a relação, se responsabilizando por grande parte das ações que deveriam ser assumidas pelos demais atores. A universidade buscou equilibrar suas finalidades sociais e econômicas implementando princípios da Universidade Empreendedora em sua estrutura e administrando obstáculos interculturais para articular outras parcerias. Entre as ações realizadas estão a criação de um programa de pesquisa e extensão e um curso de doutorado voltado à indústria naval. Isso demonstra que esse tipo de interação é capaz de promover, a longo prazo, a inovação, mesmo que de forma incremental.

Abstract The university-business-government interactions in Brazil reflect the orientation of public policies and models adopted by the National Innovation System, in which the university becomes an important social actor in economic development. When considering the university’s role and its relationship with the state and the market, this study analyzes how the configuration of a Triple Helix model occurs in the university-business-government relationship. The qualitative approach uses a case study of an international educational cooperation program for knowledge transfer. Data collection occurred through documents and in-depth interviews that were analyzed using content analysis. The results demonstrate that the configuration of the Triple Helix is laissez-faire. However, it presents an imbalance in the participation of the actors involved. The state government offered support and was limited to regulate and establish the intermediation between the university and the company in an institutional way. The company starred the relationship, taking responsibility for most of the actions that should have been taken by the other actors. The university sought to balance its social and economic purposes by implementing Entrepreneurial University principles in its structure and by managing intercultural obstacles to articulate other partnerships. Among the actions taken are the creation of a research and extension program and a doctoral course focused on the naval industry. This shows that this kind of interaction can promote promote innovation, although incrementally, in the long run.

Resumen Las interacciones universidad-empresa-gobierno en Brasil reflejan la orientación de las políticas públicas y los modelos adoptados por el Sistema Nacional de Innovación, en los que la universidad se convierte en un importante actor social en el desarrollo económico. Considerando el papel de la universidad y, en consecuencia, su relación con el Estado y el mercado, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar cómo se produce la configuración de un modelo de triple hélice en la relación universidad-empresa-gobierno. El estudio cualitativo utiliza el método de estudio de caso de un programa internacional de cooperación educativa para la transferencia de conocimiento. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de documentos y entrevistas en profundidad, que se examinaron mediante análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que la configuración de la triple hélice es del tipo laissez-faire, sin embargo, presenta un desequilibrio en la participación de los actores involucrados. El Gobierno estatal tuvo una participación secundaria y se limitó a regular y establecer la intermediación entre la universidad y la empresa de una manera institucional. La empresa protagonizó la relación al responsabilizarse de la mayoría de las acciones que deberían asumir los otros actores. La universidad buscó equilibrar sus propósitos sociales y económicos implementando los principios de la universidad empresarial en su estructura y manejando los obstáculos interculturales para articular otras asociaciones. Entre las acciones tomadas están la creación de un programa de investigación y extensión y un curso de doctorado enfocado en la industria naval. Esto muestra que este tipo de interacción es capaz de promover la innovación, aunque de forma incremental, a largo plazo.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of donors in the organization of governance practices of sponsored projects in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from an agency theory perspective. For this, the sponsored project was understood as a temporary organization. The study relied on data collected through document survey in contracts and call for tenders for project support, and on semi-structured interviews with executives from donor organizations in a Latin America country. The study found that the governance of NGOs is impacted by temporary governance derived from projects. In turn, the projects are circumvented by aspects of compliance and enforcement through pressure from donors, and transferring donor management processes to NGOs produces two shadows over NGOs: (a) there is a public organizations’ influence of laws, norms and actions of state decentralization that demands NGOs to organize themselves like the State; and, (b) on the corporate donors side, an organization aligned with business is required.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é explorar a apropriação que o movimento negro brasileiro faz dos conteúdos diaspóricos. Ao longo da história a diáspora negra produziu diferentes significados do que é ser negro, do que é o racismo e de como combatê-lo. Entre estas visões está o Atlântico Negro que se apresenta como uma macroestrutura capaz de influenciar a formação de diversos frames ao redor do mundo. Os frames são esquemas interpretativos, visões de mundo que servem de guia para ação dos movimentos sociais, formando microestruturas que representam os diagnósticos e prognósticos desenvolvidos durante suas atividades e propostas de luta, bem como na sua organização, formas de atuação e mobilização de recursos. Os resultados mostram que toda esta dinâmica está relacionada ao alinhamento do ativismo negro ao que se denomina de framing global, que é um processo de difusão transnacional formado durante os processos de adaptação local.

Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the appropriation that the Brazilian black movement makes of diasporic content. Throughout history the black diaspora has produced different interpretations of what it means to be black, of what racism is, and produced different ways to fight it. Among these visions is the Black Atlantic, which presents itself as a macrostructure capable of influencing the formation of several frames around the world. The frames are interpretative schemes, world views that serve as a guide for the action of social movements, forming microstructures that represent the diagnoses and prognoses developed during their activities and proposals for struggle, as well as in its organization, forms of action, and resource mobilization. The results show that all these dynamics are related to the alignment of black activism to what is called global framing, which is a process of transnational diffusion formed during local adaptation processes.

RESUMO O boro é um dos micronutrientes que mais limita a produtividade de grãos do sistema produtivo no Brasil. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de formas de aplicação e doses de boro na concentração deste nutriente na folha diagnose, palhada e grãos de trigo, componentes produtivos e produtividade de grãos, bem como o efeito residual de B no solo. O experimento foi realizado em Selvíria, MS, em sistema plantio direto em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, dispostas em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro doses de boro (0, 1, 2 e 4 kg ha-1) na forma de ácido bórico (B = 17%); e três formas de aplicação: a) na dessecação da palhada antecessora, juntamente com o herbicida; b) no momento da semeadura, no solo juntamente com a adubação de semeadura e c) via foliar, junto com a aplicação do herbicida pós-emergente. A aplicação de B ao solo no momento da semeadura na dose aproximada de 2 kg ha-1 propiciou o maior número de espiguetas por espiga e produtividade de grãos de trigo.

ABSTRACT Boron is one of the most limiting micronutrients in the grain production system in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application forms and doses of boron on the concentration of this nutrient in the leaves, straw, and grains of wheat, as well as the production components and grain yield. The residual effect of boron in the soil was also evaluated. An experiment was conducted in a no-tillage system in Oxisol with clay texture in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replicates arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme. Four doses of boron (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg ha-1) were applied with a boric acid source (B = 17%) and three application forms: a) during the desiccation of the predecessor straw with herbicide; b) at the time of sowing in soil along with formulated fertilization seeding, and c) via the leaves with the application of post-emergent herbicide. The application of boron to the soil at the time of sowing at an approximate dose of 2 kg ha-1 provides the highest number of spikelets per ear and wheat grain yield.

Abstract The lexicon plays a fundamental role in reading, but little is known about how it influences reading efficiency. Thus, this study seeks to identify which lexical factors in a lexical decision task are relevant in a semantic decision test. A total of 33 university students were recruited to perform a lexical decision task and a semantic decision task. The results revealed differences between the three types of words in the lexical decision task for all measures, but only in the regressive saccades for the semantic decision task. Ambiguous sentences triggered fewer regressions than sentences related to objects. The only lexical measure found to predict efficiency was average time on regular words, which predicted 24% of the efficiency. We discuss the implications of the use of a lexical decision task and the use of the inverse efficiency score as a semantic measure, and we discuss how the lexicon can predict semantic comprehension.