RESUMO Introdução Os profissionais de saúde estão expostos a um elevado número de fatores de risco psicossociais. Estes têm consequências a nível individual e organizacional. A psicologia da saúde ocupacional aplica princípios da psicologia na proteção e promoção da saúde e bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Neste âmbito, pode atuar a nível da organização, com intervenções que melhorem o ambiente de trabalho, e a nível individual, dotando os indivíduos de recursos para lidar com diferentes tipos de ambientes. Foi neste contexto que um serviço de saúde ocupacional de um centro hospitalar de Lisboa decidiu integrar na sua equipa um psicólogo. Objetivo Descrever uma amostra de profissionais de saúde referenciados à consulta de psicologia, com vista a gerar hipóteses quanto a características que possam constituir fatores de risco para carecer desse apoio. Metodologia Trata-se de um estudo descritivo em que a amostra corresponde ao grupo de trabalhadores referenciado à consulta de psicologia ao longo de sete meses. Foram avaliados os sintomas humor deprimido, pensamentos de morte, ansiedade e alterações do sono. Todos os dados provêm dos registos clínicos do psicólogo e do médico do trabalho, obtidos através de entrevista clínica, tendo sido previamente anonimizados. Resultados Foram acompanhados em consulta de psicologia 47 trabalhadores, correspondendo a 1% da população do centro hospitalar. O grupo profissional mais prevalente na amostra foram os assistentes operacionais. A maioria dos trabalhadores referia já ter um diagnóstico prévio de psicopatologia e 55% mantinham-se medicados. Apenas 15% dos trabalhadores identificavam o trabalho como fator determinante na sintomatologia. Discussão Verificou-se uma maior proporção do sexo feminino, em relação com a população global do centro hospitalar, um achado que poderá relacionar-se com um maior risco inerente às expectativas impostas pela sociedade relativamente ao papel da mulher como cuidadora e o acúmulo de funções na esfera social/familiar. Está ausente da amostra o grupo profissional “médicos”, hipoteticamente por uma menor afluência destes às consultas de medicina do trabalho ou eventual proteção conferida a níveis educacionais mais altos. Conclusões Ao contrário da evidência existente, nesta amostra de profissionais de saúde de um centro hospitalar de lisboa, o trabalho não foi o fator preponderante para o aparecimento de efeitos adversos na saúde e a determinar o seguimento em consulta de psicologia. No futuro, deve ser testada de forma mais robusta a relação entre género, nível educacional e grupo profissional e aumento do risco de psicopatologia.

ABSTRACT Introduction Healthcare workers are exposed to many psychosocial risk factors. These have consequences at an individual and organizational level. Occupational health psychology applies the principles of psychology to the protection and promotion of workers' health and well-being. Here, it can act at the organizational level, with interventions that improve the working environment, and at the individual level, providing individuals with resources to deal with different types of settings. It was in this context that the occupational health service of a Lisbon hospital center decided to incorporate a psychologist into its team. Objective To describe a sample of health professionals referred for a psychology consultation, looking to generate hypotheses about characteristics that may constitute risk factors for needing this support. Methodology This is a descriptive study in which the sample corresponds to the group of workers that was referred to psychology, over seven months. The following symptoms were assessed: depressed mood, thoughts of death, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. All the data came from the clinical records of the psychologist and the occupational medicine physician, obtained through a clinical interview, and were previously anonymized. Results A total of 47 workers were followed in psychology appointments, corresponding to 1% of the hospital's population. The most prevalent professional group in the sample was operational assistants. Most of the workers reported having a previous diagnosis of psychopathology and 55% were still medicated. Only 15% of the workers identified work as a determining factor in their symptoms. Discussion There was a higher proportion of women compared to the overall population of the hospital, a finding that could be related to a greater risk inherent in the expectations imposed by society regarding the role of women as caregivers and the accumulation of functions in the social/family sphere. The "doctors" professional group is absent from the sample, hypothetically due to their lower attendance at occupational medicine consultations or the possible protection afforded to higher levels of education. Conclusions Contrary to the existing evidence, in this sample of health professionals from a hospital center in Lisbon, work was not the preponderant factor for the appearance of adverse health effects and determining follow-up in psychology consultations. In the future, the relationship between gender, educational level and professional group and increased risk of psychopathology should be tested more robustly.

RESUMO Introdução: A neoplasia da próstata é a segunda mais comummente diagnosticada no sexo masculino, destacando-se como fatores de risco bem estabelecidos a idade avançada, a suscetibilidade familiar e étnica. Recentemente, a associação a fatores ambientais ou de estilo de vida tem vindo a ser investigada, abrindo a possibilidade à associação de fatores de risco ocupacionais com uma maior incidência desta patologia. Apesar de controverso por não significar necessariamente a existência de patologia maligna, o antigénio específico da próstata mantém-se como o pilar no rastreio desta doença. Descrição do caso: Trata-se do caso de um cirurgião de 60 anos, com 36 anos desta atividade profissional, realizando trabalho por turnos e trabalho noturno. No âmbito da vigilância da saúde realizada pela Saúde Ocupacional, é submetido a exames complementares de diagnóstico, detetando-se um aumento do antigénio específico da próstata, que culmina na realização de biópsia, confirmando o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma da próstata. Discussão/Conclusão: O trabalho por turnos e, particularmente, o trabalho noturno, tem vindo a ser investigado como possivelmente carcinogénico, estando, atualmente, classificado pela Agência Internacional para a Investigação em Cancro como “provavelmente carcinogénico para humanos”. Tendo em conta a crescente evidência relacionando fatores ocupacionais com esta e outras neoplasias, poderá fazer sentido incluir rastreios oncológicos nos protocolos de vigilância da saúde dos trabalhadores, em alguns setores. No caso apresentado, a inclusão da medição de antigénio específico da próstata nos exames complementares pedidos pela Saúde Ocupacional permitiu um diagnóstico atempado, com deteção e tratamento da doença numa fase precoce.

ABSCTRACT Introduction: Prostate neoplasia is the second most diagnosed cancer in men, having well established risk factors such as advanced age, familial and ethnic susceptibility. Recently, the association with environmental or lifestyle factors has been investigated, opening the possibility of certain occupational risk factors being associated with a higher incidence of this disease. Although controversial, as it does not necessarily imply a malignant etiology, prostate-specific antigen remains the mainstay in screening for this disease. Case report: This is the case of a 60-year-old surgeon with 36 years of professional history, including shift and night-work. As part of the health surveillance carried out by Occupational Medicine, he underwent complementary diagnostic tests and an increase in prostate-specific antigen was detected, culminating in a biopsy which ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. Discussion/Conclusion: Shift work, and particularly night work, has been investigated as a possible carcinogen and is currently classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as "probably carcinogenic to humans". Given the growing evidence linking certain occupational factors with this and other neoplasms, it may be sensible to include cancer screening in workers' health surveillance protocols, in some sectors. In the case presented, the inclusion of prostate-specific antigen measurement in the complementary tests requested by Occupational Medicine allowed for a timely diagnosis, with detection and treatment of the disease at an early stage.

RESUMO Introdução A exposição acidental a sangue e outros fluidos biológicos no local de trabalho implica um risco de transmissão de vários microrganismos. O vírus linfotrópico da célula T humana (HTLV) é um retrovírus, com quatro subtipos conhecidos, sendo os tipos 1 e 2 os mais estudados. É transmissível por via vertical, sexual e hematogénica. O subtipo 1 origina doença em humanos, podendo associar-se ao desenvolvimento de Leucemia/Linfoma de Células T do Adulto ou mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1. A transmissibilidade por via hematogénica torna este agente um potencial infetante de profissionais de saúde em contexto de acidente de trabalho com exposição a sangue e/ou outros fluidos biológicos e, apesar de não ser particularmente prevalente no continente europeu, o risco de exposição pode existir em contexto de trabalhadores que exerçam as suas funções em zonas endémicas ou ganhar relevância no contexto do aumento dos fluxos migratórios a nível global. Descrição do caso Trata-se do caso de um médico de 32 anos, sem antecedentes pessoais relevantes que, durante um estágio realizado numa unidade hospitalar distinta da sua habitual, sofreu uma picada acidental, com exposição a sangue, enquanto realizava um procedimento cirúrgico a uma doente infetada com HTLV-1/2. As restantes serologias virais da fonte (VHB, VHC, VIH) eram negativas sendo, no entanto, desconhecido o estado de saúde da doente à data, nomeadamente qualquer dado que pudesse fornecer informação sobre a carga viral. Adicionalmente, não foi feita identificação do subtipo de HTLV com que estaria infetada. Não existindo evidência da eficácia de esquemas de profilaxia após exposição, o trabalhador manteve-se em vigilância durante três meses, realizando teste serológico no final do período de seguimento, que se mostrou negativo. Discussão/Conclusão A transmissibilidade do HTLV por via hematogénica, quer por transfusões sanguíneas de dadores infetados, quer por partilha de seringas em utilizadores de drogas endovenosas, encontra-se bem documentada, pelo que é biologicamente plausível a ocorrência de transmissão por corte ou picada acidental no contexto ocupacional. No entanto, uma vez que a transmissão depende do contacto célula-a-célula, é necessário que exista uma transferência de volume suficiente de sangue ou fluidos biológicos infetados que permita a passagem de células da fonte para o acidentado. Seja por este motivo, ou pelas várias limitações nos escassos estudos publicados sobre este tema, no contexto ocupacional, a única revisão sistemática publicada concluiu não existir evidência que comprove de forma significativa a seroconversão após exposição. No caso clínico se apresenta, decidiu-se manter vigilância do trabalhador e realizar serologia aos três meses. Considerou-se que, ainda que não exista evidência nesse sentido, existindo a possibilidade de transmissão, e dada a gravidade dos efeitos no caso de se tratar do subtipo 1, é razoável realizar este seguimento, devendo os casos de seroconversão ser participados como doença profissional. Este seria ainda mais importante no caso de o acidente ter ocorrido em profissional de saúde do sexo feminino em idade fértil, uma vez que, existindo seroconversão surgiria a possibilidade de transmissão à sua descendência por via vertical, havendo indicação para evicção de amamentação/aleitamento materno.

ABSTRACT Introduction Accidental exposure to blood and other biological fluids in the workplace entails a risk of transmission to various microorganisms. The human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a retrovirus with four known subtypes, with type 1 and 2 being the most studied. It is transmitted vertically, sexually and hematogenous. Subtype 1 causes disease in humans and can be associated with the development of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Blood-borne transmission makes this agent a potential source of infection for healthcare workers in the context of work-related accidents with exposure to blood and other biological fluids. Although it is not particularly prevalent on the European continent, the risk of exposure may exist in the context of workers who carry out their work in endemic areas or gain relevance in the context of increased migratory flows at a global level. Case report This is the case of a 32-year-old doctor, with no relevant personal history, who, during an internship in a hospital unit other than his usual one, suffered an accidental puncture, with exposure to blood, while performing a surgical procedure on a patient infected with HTLV-1/2. The source's other viral serologies (HBV, HCV, HIV) were negative, but the patient's health condition at the time was unknown, specifically there was no data to inform on the viral load. Furthermore, the subtype of HTLV with which she was infected was not identified. As there is no evidence of the efficacy of post-exposure prophylaxis, the worker was kept under surveillance for three months, and a serological test was carried out at the end of the follow-up period, which was negative. Discussion/Conclusion Blood-borne transmission of HTLV, either by blood transfusions from infected donors or by the sharing of needles in intravenous drug users, is well documented, so it is biologically plausible for transmission to occur by accidental cut or through a puncture wound in the occupational environment. However, since transmission depends on cell-to-cell contact, there needs to be a sufficient volume of infected blood or biological fluids to allow cells to pass from the source to the victim. Both for this reason and because of the various limitations in the few studies available on this subject, focusing on the workplace, the only systematic review published concluded that there is no evidence to significantly prove seroconversion after exposure in this setting. In this clinical case, it was decided to keep the worker under surveillance and carry out a serology at three months post-exposure. It was considered that, although there is no scientific evidence to this effect, given the possibility of transmission and the seriousness of the effects in the case of HTLV-1, it is reasonable to carry out this follow-up as cases of seroconversion should be reported as an occupational disease. This would be even more important if the accident had occurred to a female healthcare worker of childbearing age, since seroconversion would raise the possibility of secondary transmission to her offspring, and there would be an indication to avoid breastfeeding.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Necrotizing periodontitis (NP) is an acute inflammatory disease that can appear suddenly and with fast destruction of periodontal tissues. The most relevant clinical findings are necrosis and ulcer at the interdental papilla, gingival bleeding, pain, bone destruction, and, in severe cases, bone sequestrum could occur. Although the primary etiological factor is the accumulation of bacterial biofilm, risk factors like systemic and/or psychological diseases could affect the host immune response playing an important role in the development of NP. Objective: Present the resolution of a PN case with a multidisciplinary and conservative approach. Case presentation: A 22-year-old female patient was referred to the Dental Clinics Center of the University of Talca (Talca, Chile) with apparent psychological stress and smoker. She reports intense and persistent pain in the anterior teeth with spontaneous bleeding and halitosis for 2 weeks.The treatment consisted of the evaluation of the systemic condition and the management of the acute phase, the etiological phase, and subsequent corrective phase for the surgical correction for the sequels. This case has 2 years follow-up with a rigorous periodontal maintenance regimen, re-evaluating the periodontal tissues, motivating, and reinforcing oral hygiene. Conclusions: This case report contributes to the diagnosis and therapeutic options that the professional has in front of the sequels that occur in cases of NP, which, although it is not a frequent pathology, can quickly worsen and increase tissue damage.

RESUMEN Introducción: La periodontitis necrotizante (NP) es una enfermedad inflamatoria aguda que puede aparecer de forma repentina y con rápida destrucción de los tejidos periodontales. Los hallazgos clínicos más relevantes son necrosis y úlcera en la papila interdental, sangrado gingival, dolor, destrucción ósea y, en casos severos, puede ocurrir secuestro óseo. Aunque el factor etiológico principal es la acumulación de biofilm bacteriano, los factores de riesgo como las enfermedades sistémicas y/o psicológicas podrían afectar la respuesta inmune del huésped y jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo de NP. Objetivo: Presentar la resolución de un caso de PN con un enfoque multidisciplinario y conservador. Presentación del caso: Paciente de sexo femenino de 22 años que fue remitida al Centro de Clínicas Odontológicas de la Universidad de Talca (Talca, Chile) con aparente estrés psicológico y fumadora. Refiere dolor intenso y persistente en los dientes anteriores con sangrado espontáneo y halitosis durante 2 semanas. El tratamiento consistió en la evaluación de la condición sistémica y el manejo de la fase aguda, la fase etiológica y posterior fase correctiva para la corrección quirúrgica de las secuelas. Este caso tiene 2 años de seguimiento con un riguroso régimen de mantenimiento periodontal, reevaluando los tejidos periodontales, motivando y reforzando la higiene bucal. Conclusiones: Este caso clínico contribuye al diagnóstico y opciones terapéuticas que tiene el profesional ante las secuelas que se presentan en los casos de PN, que, si bien no es una patología frecuente, puede avanzar rápidamente y aumentar el daño tisular.

RESUMO Introdução: O mesotelioma maligno é uma neoplasia das membranas serosas, cuja variante mais comum afeta a pleura, estando amplamente evidenciada a sua associação à exposição ao amianto. Em Portugal, a utilização/comercialização de amianto e produtos que o contenham foi proibida no início do século XXI. Apesar disto, até ao presente, continua a existir em vários contextos, o que, aliado ao longo período de latência até ao surgimento das primeiras manifestações de doença, tem mantido a relevância do estudo desta associação etiológica e da história natural das patologias associadas. Caso clínico: Neste artigo apresentamos o caso de um indivíduo de 80 anos, com asbestose pulmonar de etiologia ocupacional, conhecida e acompanhada em consulta de Pneumologia, que desenvolveu sintomatologia de enfartamento abdominal e vómitos, no contexto de mesotelioma peritoneal. Discussão/Conclusão: Apresenta-se uma resumida revisão sobre os aspetos clínicos do mesotelioma maligno peritoneal, destacando-se a importância do reconhecimento da história profissional para um diagnóstico atempado. Neste aspeto, enfatiza-se o papel da Saúde Ocupacional não só pela vigilância dos trabalhadores expostos, como pela monitorização dos postos de trabalho, identificando e endereçando as situações de risco, procurando minimizá-lo ao máximo, sob uma perspetiva salutogénica e preventiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Malignant mesothelioma is a neoplasm of the serous membranes whose most common variant affects the pleura, and its association with exposure to asbestos is amply evidenced. In Portugal, the utilization/commercialization of asbestos and its related products was forbidden in the early 21st century. Despite this, to this day, asbestos still exist in many contexts, which in combination with its long latency period until presentation with the first signs of disease, has kept the study of this etiologic association and the natural history of the resulting illnesses relevant. Case-study: In this article we present the case of an eighty-year-old male, with known occupational pulmonary asbestosis, usually followed in Pneumology consultation, that developed early satiety and vomiting, in the context of a peritoneal mesothelioma. Discussion/Conclusion: We present a resumed revision on the clinical aspects of the malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the patient’s previous professional history for an early diagnosis. In this aspect, we emphasize Occupational Health’s role, not only in the surveillance of exposed workers, but also in monitoring the workplaces, identifying and addressing risk situations, trying to minimize it as much as possible, under a salutogenic and preventive perspective.

ABSTRACT Binge-eating disorder (BED) is linked to several psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders. Approximately 50-60% of BED patients are resistant to the traditional treatments available, and thus, strategies supporting the treatment of BED are needed, such as physical activity (PA). It seems to be an interesting strategy to reduce BED and anxiety symptoms. Thus, since PA has a role in reducing BED episodes and improving anxiety symptoms, then more research is needed to clarify the role of PA on BED, as correlations between anxiety-BED and anxiety-PA are established. Therefore, our aim is to examine the relationship between PA and anxiety in patients with BED. Thirty two patients we submitted to psychological and PA questionnaires. A Pearson's correlation coefficient and a multiple linear regression analysis were performed to relate eating disorder behaviour, anxiety and PA. The correlation coefficients between the dimensions of BED and anxiety were almost all significant (except restriction), positive and moderate (p<0.001). Thus, the higher the eating disorder values, the higher the anxiety levels (p<0.01). In conclusion, our findings support that PA correlates with anxiety in patients with BED, suggesting that PA may decrease symptoms, such as the appetite, weight and body shape concerns.

RESUMO O transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCE) está ligado a vários transtornos psiquiátricos, como os transtornos de ansiedade. Aproximadamente 50-60% dos pacientes com TCAP são resistentes aos tratamentos tradicionais disponíveis e, portanto, são necessárias estratégias de apoio ao tratamento, como a atividade física (AF). Parece ser uma estratégia interessante para reduzir os sintomas da TCAP e da ansiedade. Assim, como a AF tem um papel na redução de episódios de TCAP e melhora dos sintomas de ansiedade, são necessárias mais pesquisas para esclarecer o papel da AF na TCAP, à medida que são estabelecidas correlações entre ansiedade-TCLE e ansiedade-PA. Portanto, nosso objetivo é examinar a relação entre AF e ansiedade em pacientes com TCAP. Trinta e dois pacientes foram submetidos a questionários psicológicos e de AF. Um coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e uma análise de regressão linear múltipla foram realizadas para relacionar comportamento de transtorno alimentar, ansiedade e AF. Os coeficientes de correlação entre as dimensões do TCAP e ansiedade foram quase todos significativos (exceto restrição), positivos e moderados (p <0,001). Assim, quanto maiores os valores do transtorno alimentar, maiores os níveis de ansiedade (p <0,01). Em conclusão, nossos achados sustentam que a AF se correlaciona com a ansiedade em pacientes com TCAP, sugerindo que a AF pode diminuir os sintomas, como preocupações com apetite, peso e forma corporal.

RESUMEN El trastorno de compulsión alimentar periódico (TCAP) está vinculado a varios trastornos psiquiátricos, como los de ansiedad. Aproximadamente el 50-60% de los pacientes con TCAP son resistentes a los tratamientos tradicionales disponibles y, por lo tanto, se necesitan estrategias que apoyen el tratamiento de TCAP, como la actividad física (AF). La práctica de AF parece ser una estrategia interesante para reducir TCAP y síntomas de ansiedad. Por lo tanto, dado que la AF tiene un papel en la reducción de los episodios de TCAP y en la mejora de los síntomas de ansiedad, entonces se necesita más investigación para aclarar el rol moderador de la AF en la TCAP, ya que se establecen correlaciones entre ansiedad-TCAP y ansiedad-AF. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre AF y ansiedad en pacientes con TCAP. Treinta y dos pacientes fueron sometidos a cuestionarios psicológicos y de AF. Se realizaron un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para relacionar el comportamiento del TCAP, la ansiedad y la AF. Los coeficientes de correlación entre las dimensiones del TCAP y ansiedad fueron casi todos significativos (excepto restricción), positivos y moderados (p <0.001). Por lo tanto, cuanto más altos sean los valores del TCAP, mayores serán los niveles de ansiedad (p <0.01). En conclusión, nuestros hallazgos respaldan que la PA se correlaciona con la ansiedad en pacientes con BED, lo que sugiere que la PA puede disminuir los síntomas, como las preocupaciones sobre el apetito, el peso y la forma del cuerpo.

The purpose of this work was to present an experimental murine model as an alternative to the bovine one, to evaluate the efficacy of experimental vaccines against Tritrichomonas foetus. The vaccines employed consisted of inactivated protozoa with different formulations: (A) with oil adjuvant, (B) aqueous vaccine, (C) aqueous vaccine with dimethyl sulphoside. Seventy female BALB/c mice were used and distributed in 7 experimental groups; each group received 2 doses of vaccine, two groups received a vaginal booster at the time of the second dose. Fifteen days after the second dose, all animals were challenged by vaginal instillation with T. fetus. Blood samples and vaginal mucus were taken until day 30 post infection. The immune response was evaluated by ELISA and the vaginal infection assessed by vaginal mucus culture in the TYM medium. The greatest immune response was related to a lower number of infected animals post challenge and a rapid elimination of the protozoa of the reproductive tract. These results allow us to present an alternative experimental model and inexpensive to evaluate power test of current commercial vaccines and new developments of immunogens against bovine trichomonosis

El objetivo del trabajo fué presentar un modelo experimental alternativo al bovino, para evaluar la eficacia de vacunas experimentales contra Tritrichomonas foetus. Las vacunas ensayadas se formularon con protozoários inactivados y diferentes adyuvantes: (A) con adyuvante oleoso, (B) vacuna acuosa, (C) vacuna acuosa con dimetilsulfósido. Se utilizaron 70 ratones hembras BALB/c distribuídos en 7 lotes experimentales; cada lote recibió 2 dosis de vacuna, dos lotes recibieron un booster vaginal al momento de la segunda dosis. Quince días posteriores a la segunda dosis, todos los animales fueron desafiados via vaginal con T. foetus. Muestras de sangre y mucus vaginal fueron tomadas hasta el día 30 pos infección. La respuesta inmune fue evaluada mediante un test de ELISA y la infección vaginal por cultivo de mucus vaginal en médio TYM. La mayor respuesta inmune se relacionó con un menor número de animales infectados pos desafío y una rápida eliminación de los protozoarios del tracto reproductor. Estos resultados nos permiten presentar un modelo alternativo y económico para evaluar las pruebas de potencia de las actuales vacunas comerciales y los nuevos desarrollos de inmunógenos contra la trichomonosis bovina.

Increasing values of inbreeding can reduce fertility, health and productivity of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to estimate the inbreeding coefficient of the population of registered Argentine Holstein dairy cattle with genealogical records in the Argentine Holstein Breeders Association database. The population comprised 422563 animals with known ancestors, from Argentine origin, and born between 1990 and 2009 corresponding to the genealogy of females from Offspring Registration (grade) and Pedigree Registration listed in the National Official Milk Control System with genetic values for the characteristics milk kg, fat kg, protein kg. Inbreeding coefficients were obtained by implementing a modified recursive algorithm which considers the consanguinity of unknown parents. The average inbreeding for the 422563 animals was 3.38%. The trend of inbreeding coefficient by year of birth of the animals for the entire population was 0.13%. When analyzing the average inbreeding according to type of animal registration, it was observed that the value for the females from Pedigree Registry (n = 22174) was 4%, and 3.3% the estimated for the 394239 females from the Offsprings Registry. With regard to males (n = 6150, Pedigree Registry) the estimated average inbreeding coefficient was 3.9%. The average inbreeding for the Argentine Holstein female population was lower than that observed in Holstein populations from countries with a dairy activity of relevance. However, due to the positive trend it is suggested to consider strategies to control its growth and maintain genetic variability in the traits of economic importance.

Valores crecientes de consanguinidad pueden reducir la fertilidad, salud y productividad de los bovinos lecheros. El objetivo fue estimar el coeficiente de consanguinidad de la población de bovinos Holando Argentino con registro genealógico en la base de datos de la Asociación Criadores de Holando Argentino. La población en estudio comprendió 422.563 animales con ancestros conocidos, origen argentino y nacidos entre los años 1990 y 2009, referente a la genealogía de hembras de Registro de Crías (grado) y Registro de Pedigrí del Sistema Nacional de Control Lechero Oficial. Los coeficientes de consanguinidad fueron obtenidos mediante la implementación de un algoritmo recursivo modificado que considera la consanguinidad de padres desconocidos. La consanguinidad promedio para los 422.563 animales fue 3,38%. La tendencia del coeficiente de consanguinidad, por año de nacimiento de los animales, para la población fue 0,13%. Se observó que el valor para las hembras de Registro de Pedigrí (n=22.174) fue del 4%; el estimado para las 394.239 hembras del Registro de Crías fue del 3,3%. En los 6.150 machos el coeficiente de consanguinidad promedio calculado fue de 3,9%. La consanguinidad promedio para las hembras de la población Holando Argentino fue menor a la observada en poblaciones Holstein de otros países con lechería de relevancia. Sin embargo, debido a su tendencia positiva se sugiere considerar estrategias para controlar su incremento y así mantener una variación genética adecuada en las características de importancia económica.

Abstract In the paper, we present numerical results on characterization of transmitting properties of wideband filters based on linear and nonlinear photonic crystals confined with the waveguide. Novel characteristics of the PhC filters such as density of modes maps and transmission maps are computed, and their efficiency is analyzed. Presented characteristics can be used as an auxiliary optimization tools to reduce optical losses when designing high-efficient optical interconnects.

Abstract: Even though money allows individuals to acquire numerous goods and potentially gain access to a better quality of life, the empirical evidence from subjective analyses of wellbeing shows that that, as popular wisdom warns, money does not buy happiness. This study stems from the hypothesis that measurements based exclusively on income are not the best approximation to measure the wellbeing that people experience. To evaluate this hypothesis, information from households interviewed in four rural communities located in the states of Jalisco and Michoacán are used. The research is centered on evaluating the wellbeing of individuals in conditions of poverty. For this purpose, two approaches were compared: income poverty and subjective wellbeing. Results show that the classification of income poverty is quite different than the one obtained using indicators of subjective wellbeing. The results show that if income were to be used as the sole guide for public policy, then important information about the wellbeing that individuals experience would be omitted. Within this context, the approach of subjective wellbeing is a good complement to the traditional measurements of wellbeing.

Resumen: Aun cuando el dinero permite a los individuos adquirir numerosos bienes y potencialmente acceder a una mejor calidad de vida, la evidencia empírica proveniente de los análisis de bienestar subjetivo muestra que, como lo advierte la sabiduría popular, el dinero no compra la felicidad. El presente trabajo parte de la hipótesis de que las medidas basadas exclusivamente en el ingreso no son la mejor aproximación para medir el bienestar que las personas experimentan. Para evaluar esta hipótesis se utiliza información de hogares entrevistados en cuatro comunidades rurales ubicadas en los estados de Jalisco y Michoacán. La investigación se centra en evaluar el bienestar de los individuos en condiciones de pobreza. Para ello se contrastaron dos enfoques: pobreza de ingreso y bienestar subjetivo. Los resultados muestran que la clasificación de pobreza de ingreso es muy distinta de la que se obtiene utilizando indicadores de bienestar subjetivo. Los resultados muestran que si se utilizara al ingreso como única guía de política pública se estaría omitiendo información importante acerca del bienestar que los individuos experimentan. En este contexto, el enfoque de bienestar subjetivo es un buen complemento a las medidas de bienestar tradicionales.

Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de dinoflagelados tóxicos epifitos en aguas costeras de la isla de San Andrés, Caribe colombiano, se analizaron las praderas de pastos marinos de los sectores norte y oriente de la isla. Se encontraron siete especies toxinogénicas de dinoflagelados pertenecientes a los géneros Prorocentrum y Ostreopsis. Las densidades celulares fueron bajas comparadas con estudios en otros sitios del Caribe, con rangos entre 0 y 836 cel./peso seco. Las especies encontradas son conocidas por producir toxinas que causan diarrea (PSP) y Ciguatera, intoxicaciones que ya han sido documentadas en la isla.

In order to determine the occurrence of epiphytic toxic dinoflagellates in the coastal waters of San Andrés Island, Caribbean Colombia, we analyzed the seagrass beds on the northern and eastern sides of the island. We found seven species of toxicogenic dinoflagellates, belonging to the genera Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis. The cell densities were generally low if compared with previous studies in other Caribbean sites, ranging from 0 to 836 cells/dry weight. The species encountered are known to produce toxins causing the Diarrehic Shellfish Poisoning and Ciguatera, poisonings which have been documented in the island

We describe the use of the 14C-AMS technique to study the influence of upwelling waters to the local biological production, at Arraial do Cabo, Brazil. Results on delta14C from seaweed tissues incubated into three different types of water mass show the association of primary production with the upwelling waters. We also discuss the importance of high- precision 14C-AMS measurements for this kind of study, and the properly application of isotopic fractionation corrections on radiocarbon results.

A specific case of a four-order non-collinear light scattering in anisotropic media is presented. Compared to our previous studies, an innovation lies in the fact that now we consider passing just the quartet of incident light waves through a single crystal that is perturbed by a coherent stream of acoustic phonons. The exact and closed analytical model for describing this strongly nonlinear phenomenon is developed. In fact, a specially designed regime of a four-order light scattering, when transitions of four input light beams into four output light modes are allowed and electronically controlled, is examined. The feasibility of applying such an effect to perform an all-optical switching is analyzed. An opportunity for arranging the digital 4-bit register is revealed and algorithmically analyzed.

Se presenta el caso específico de la dispersión de la luz no-colineal de cuarto orden en un medio anisotrópico. Comparado con nuestros previos estudios, la innovación yace en la consideración de hacer pasar cuatro haces incidentes de ondas de luz a través de un cristal el cuál es perturbado por una columna de fonones acústicos coherentes. La solución analítica y exacta al modelo que describen este fenómeno fuertemente no lineal es desarrollada. De hecho, se examina el régimen especialmente diseñado de la dispersión de la luz de cuarto orden, cuando las transiciones de cuatro ondas de luz de entrada hacia cuatro haces de luz de salida son permitidas y electrónicamente controladas. Se describe también la posibilidad de aplicar tal efecto para desarrollar el proceso de un interruptor todo-óptico. Se presenta la posibilidad de implementar un registro digital de 4 bits la cuál es analizada algorítmicamente.

Micrurus spixii venom was studied after fractionation by Sephadex G-100 SF gel filtration chromatography. Several enzymatic activities and biological effects were investigated in whole venom and fractions. The venom was resolved in four peaks in a range of about 73.2-10.7 kDa molecular weight. Alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase activities were found in peak I, and procoagulant activity was seen in peak II. Phospholipase A2, hemorrhagic, and proteolytic activities were detected in peak III. A second procoagulant factor and proteinase were present in peak IV. Thrombin-like enzyme and direct hemolytic activities were not found in any assayed samples.

One of the best known crustacean hormones is the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH). However, the mechanisms involved in hormone release in these animals are poorly understood, and thus constitute the central objective of the present study. Different groups of crustaceans belonging to diverse taxa (Chasmagnathus granulata, a grapsid crab and Orconectes limosus, an astacid) were injected with serotonin, fluoxetine, or a mixture of both, and glycemic values (C. granulata and O. limosus) and CHH levels (O. limosus) were determined after 2 h in either submerged animals or animals exposed to atmospheric air. Both serotonin and fluoxetine caused significant hyperglycemia (P<0.05) after injection into the blood sinus of the two species, an effect enhanced after exposure to atmospheric air. In C. granulata blood glucose increased from 6.1 to 43.3 and 11.4 mg/100 ml in submerged animals and from 5.7 to 55.2 and 22.5 mg/100 ml in air-exposed animals after treatment with serotonin and fluoxetine, respectively. In O. limosus the increases were from 1.2 to 59.7 and 135.2 mg/100 ml in submerged animals and from 2.5 to 200.3 and 193.6 mg/100 ml in air-exposed animals after treatment with serotonin and fluoxetine, respectively. Serotonin and fluoxetine also caused a significant increase in the circulating levels of CHH in O. limosus, from 11.9 to 43 and 45.7 fmol/ml in submerged animals and from 13.2 to 32.6 and 45.7 fmol/ml in air-exposed animals, respectively, thus confirming their action as neuroregulators in these invertebrates.