Resumo O artigo objetiva avaliar a área da etnoecologia dentro dos financiamentos de projetos e eventos apoiado pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) com vista a discutir a importância da área para a conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade e as oportunidades para avançar esta área do conhecimento, O artigo traz uma retrospectiva dos 76 projetos e 21 eventos organizados na área de Etnoecologia, que receberam apoio da FAPESP nos últimos 60 anos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados da FAPESP considerando as palavras-chave: Etnoecologia, Etnobiologia, Etnociência, Etnoictiologia, Etnotaxonomia, Antropologia Ecológica, Etnobotânica, Etnozoologia, Etnofarmacologia, Conhecimento Tradicional, Conhecimento Ecológico Tradicional, Conhecimento Indígena, Etnografia, Ecologia Humana e Etnoarqueologia. A maior parte dos projetos foram desenvolvidos na modalidade Auxílio à Pesquisa (88%), sendo a década de destaque a de 2000–2009 (44,7%). Nenhum projeto foi localizado nas duas primeiras décadas, e apenas 8 fizeram parte do Programa Biota. As principais áreas de submissão foram as Ciências Biológicas (46% dos projetos e 47% dos eventos) e as Ciências Humanas (38% dos projetos). As perguntas de pesquisa e métodos dos projetos desenvolvidos ao longo das quatro últimas décadas foram analisados de forma crítica e comparativa. Diante dos dados levantados, um aumento de projetos etnoecológicos apoiados pelo programa Biota e na modalidade Temático pode contribuir para um avanço desta área do conhecimento e para cruzar o percurso da interdisciplinaridade à transdisciplinaridade.

Abstract This paper aims to assess the area of ethnoecology within funding provided by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) to projects and events in order to discuss the importance of this area for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the opportunity to advance this area of knowledge, The paper presents a retrospective analysis of the 75 projects and 21 events organized in the area of ethnoecology that received support from FAPESP in the last 60 years. For this purpose, a search was performed in the FAPESP databases using the keywords Ethnoecology, Ethnobiology, Ethnoscience, Ethnoichthyology, Ethnotaxonomy, Ecological Anthropology, Ethnobotany, Ethnozoology, Ethnopharmacology, Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnography, Human Ecology and Ethnoarcheology. Research Support modality accounted for most of the projects (88%), with 45.3% of funding occurring in the decade of 2000–2009. No project was supported in the first two decades and only eight were part of the BIOTA Program. The main areas of submission were Biological Sciences (46.7% of projects and 47.6% of events) and Humanities (38.7% of projects). The research questions and methods of the projects developed over the last four decades were analyzed critically and comparatively. Given the data collected, an increase of ethnocecological projects supported by the BIOTA Program and through the thematic modality may contribute to advance this area of knowledge and to cross the path from inter to transdisciplinar science.

Resumo Em 1962, Richard Evans Schultes define a Etnobotânica como “...o estudo das relações que existem entre povos de uma sociedade primitiva e seu ambiente vegetal”. A Etnofarmacologia, como uma subárea da Etnobotânica, vem recebendo diversos conceitos ao longo do tempo. A partir dos anos 80, começa a ficar implícito nestes conceitos a necessidade de validação dos conhecimentos tradicionais/populares pelos estudos farmacológicos e fitoquímicos. De acordo com essas ideias e conceitos, plantas ou animais identificados durante o trabalho de campo deveriam ser investigados por essas ciências para provar ou refutar seu uso “empírico”, só resultando em um estudo etnofarmacológico se fossem submetidas às metodologias da “ciência acadêmica laboratorial”. A trajetória histórica desses conceitos nos faz pensar que a etnofarmacologia só é ciência se testada e comprovada, não enxergando ou reconhecendo o conhecimento das outras culturas, como uma ciência em si. Nesse contexto, apresentamos alguns exemplos práticos da medicina tradicional, com a esperança de trazer uma reflexão conceitual, holística, prática e ética sobre o tema.

Abstract In 1962, Richard Evans Schultes defined ethnobotany as “the study of the relationships which exist between people of the primitive society and their plant environment”. Ethnopharmacology, considered a sub-discipline of ethnobotany, has been conceptualized in different ways over time. Since the 80’s, implicit in these different concepts was the need for the validation of traditional/popular knowledge through pharmacological and phytochemical studies. According to these ideas, plants or animals identified during fieldwork should be investigated by these sciences in order to prove or disprove their “empirical” use, only resulting in an ethnopharmacological study if they passed through the methodologies of “academic laboratory science”. The historical trajectory of these concepts leads us to think that ethnopharmacology is a science only if tested and proven, without considering or recognizing the knowledge of other cultures as a science in itself. We present here some examples from traditional medicine hoping to bring a conceptual, holistic, practical and ethical reflection on the theme.

Resumo: Introdução: Após a aprovação da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares e da Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos em 2006, a Secretaria Municipal do Verde e do Meio Ambiente de São Paulo iniciou o curso “Plantas Medicinais” que posteriormente foi ampliado para curso “Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterapia”, com o propósito de capacitar profissionais de saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto das edições de 2014 e 2015 do curso “Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterapia” nas práticas profissionais. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quali-quantitativa. No processo quantitativo (fase I), enviou-se um questionário via e-mail para profissionais de saúde egressos do curso, divididos em sete categorias: biomédico, cirurgião-dentista, enfermeiro, farmacêutico, fisioterapeuta, médico e nutricionista. Do total de 165 questionários, 114 foram respondidos (69,1%). No processo qualitativo e quantitativo (fase II), realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, presenciais e individuais visando obter informações detalhadas da prática fitoterápica. Entrevistaram-se 73 profissionais de saúde a fim de comparar as práticas deles antes e depois da capacitação. Resultados: O curso impactou positivamente a aceitação e a aplicação da fitoterapia pelos profissionais de saúde, com um aumento significativo (p < 0,001) na ampliação de atividades relacionadas à fitoterapia (rodas de “chás”, “hortas medicinais” e capacitação). Houve ainda impacto na aplicação de produtos à base de plantas como Matricaria chamomilla (camomila), Maytenus ilicifolia (espinheira-santa) e Valeriana officinalis (valeriana). Verificou-se também aumento no conhecimento dos riscos da fitoterapia, embora sem o respectivo aumento na notificação de reações adversas. O estudo confirmou a importância da inclusão dos cursos em “Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterapia” na graduação e na pós-graduação, bem como da capacitação técnica e educação permanente para profissionais de saúde do SUS. Conclusão: O impacto positivo na quase totalidade dos aspectos avaliados, como o aumento do conhecimento e a prescrição de fitoterápicos, confirma a importância de tais cursos. Os resultados sugerem que a capacitação promoveu impacto positivo na prática fitoterápica dos profissionais da rede pública de saúde de São Paulo.

Abstract: Introduction: Following the introduction in 2006 of the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices, and The National Policy on Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines, the Municipal Secretariat for the Environment of the City Hall of Sao Paulo initiated the Medicinal Plants Course, later expanded to The Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines Course for the training of health professionals. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the 2014 and 2015 edition of the course “Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines” on health professional practices. Methods: An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted with a qualitative-quantitative approach. The quantitative process (Phase I) consisted of a questionnaire being emailed to health professionals who were involved in the course, divided into seven categories: biomedical professional, dental surgeon, nurse, pharmacist, physiotherapist, physician and nutritionist; and, out of 165 questionnaires, 114 responses were received (69.1%). The Qualitative and Quantitative process (Phase II), comprised semi-structured, in-person individual interviews to obtain detailed information on Phytotherapy practices, with 73 health professionals being interviewed, before and after the training, comparing their practices afterwards. Results: The course had a positive impact on the acceptance and application of Phytotherapy by health professionals with a significant increase (p<0.001) in the expansion of activities related to Phytotherapy (herbal tea “meetings”, medicinal herb gardens and capacity training), regarding the use of herbal products, such as Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Maytenus ilicifolia (espinheira-santa), Valeriana officinalis (valeriana). An increase in the knowledge of Phytotherapy risks was also observed, although there was no increase in the reporting of adverse reactions. The study confirmed the importance of the inclusion of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines Courses as part of undergraduate and postgraduate school, as well as the technical training and continuing education for SUS health professionals. Conclusion: The positive impact found out in almost all evaluated aspects, such as the increase in the knowledge and in the prescription of herbal medicines, confirms the importance of such courses. The results suggest the training promoted a positive impact on the Phytotherapy practice of the Public Health System professionals in São Paulo.

Abstract Petiveria alliacea L., Phytolaccaceae, a plant used in Afro-Brazilian religious smoke rituals is reported to have "harmonic properties" (anxiolytic effect) by ethnobotanical survey. In the present work, we analyzed the chemical composition of volatiles produced by leaves of P. alliacea, using headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and its potential anxiolytic and toxic effects in smoke-exposed rats. Locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior were allocated into groups, according to substance administration: acute (locomotor activity) or chronic (anxiety-like behavior) burning charcoal or to smoke from P. alliacea. Inflammatory cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage and morphometric analysis in airway were assessed. Animals exposed to P. alliacea smoke had no locomotor activity or elevated plus maze open arm exploration impairment, while lungs had lower number of macrophages in bronchoalveolar fluid and an increased number of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in the peribronchovascular region. Chemical analysis of plant material allowed the identification of dimethylsulfide (18.7%), diethylsulfide (33.4%) and nerolidol (25.8%) as main volatile compounds. Taken together, prolonged exposure to P. alliacea smoke does not induce anxiolytic effects, but histological analyses indicate a possible pulmonary inflammatory response.

ABSTRACT This research contributes to the study of substances present in homemade remedies used by the riverine communities of the Amazon, which are the result of insect–mineral–vegetable oil-interaction. The results of the analyses show the main components (inorganic and organic components) of the “caba-leão” wasps nests (Sceliphron sp., Sphecidae) used by “caboclos” as a topical medication to treat mumps and earaches. The ethnopharmacological data collection consisted of samples of wasps nests and soil, as a source of inorganic elements, from the Jaú and Unini Rivers, in the River Negro basin, Amazon, Brazil. The samples were qualitatively analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (organic and inorganic composition) as well as by X-ray diffraction (to identify minerals). Quantitative chemical analyses for ten major common elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence. The inorganic components are formed by minerals (quartz, kaolinite, illite and gibbsite), identified by X-ray diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy, which are common in the soil of the region. The analyses by X-ray fluorescence indicate that the most common oxides are SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 within minerals. This research contributed to the study of substances found in homemade remedies used by the riverine communities of the Amazon, which are the result of insect–mineral–vegetable oil-interaction.

Abstract Metal droplets generated by an impinging jet, play an important role in metal refining processes, mainly in oxygen steelmaking, where the droplets are ejected into the slag phase. Since the available interfacial area of droplets is very high in this process, the generated droplets enhance the rates of heat transfer and chemical reactions. Therefore, knowledge of the metal droplet generation rate, size distribution and residence time in the slag are of industrial relevance. In this work, the isothermal, transient flow of an incompressible air jet impinging onto an air/water interface at room temperature has been simulated to obtain a better understanding of the droplet ejection phenomenon. The interface was tracked throughout time using the volume of fluid (VOF) technique. The governing equations formulated for mass and momentum conservation and the k-e turbulence model are solved in the axisymmetric computational domain using the commercial code FLUENT. The droplet ejection rates calculated with computational fluid dynamics model are compared to experimental data reported in literature, showing partial agreement, being the incompressibility assumption the probable reason for the deviation observed, which was as far pronounced as the great jet velocity. Nevertheless, the model presented shows itself as a relatively good starting point for the construction of more complex ones (with less simplifying assumptions) which should be able to offer a means to increase the understanding of the droplet ejection phenomena.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare the plant food diet of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) inhabiting Intervales State Park in São Paulo, Brazil, with medicinal plant species used by humans in the surrounding areas of the park. The diet of a group of woolly spider monkeys living in an Atlantic forest area was recorded during 43 months of fieldwork. Fifty-three species (87 food items) were recorded. Plant specimens were collected and identified at the University of São Paulo and the Botanical Institute of São Paulo State. Using semi-structured interviews, ethnomedicinal data were also collected from four preselected respondents regarding the human therapeutic value of these plants. The study showed that 24.5% (13/53) of these species are used by residents around the park for medicinal purposes. Of these thirteen, seven species also have validated pharmacological properties, and three are utilized by local residents for similar medicinal purposes. Overlap in the plant food/medicinal diet of woolly spider monkey populations elsewhere were also noted, suggesting potential overlap in their medicinal value for humans and primates. The similarities between the ingestion of plants by primates and their medicinal use by humans provide a bio-rational for the search of bioactive plants in the primate diet. Further detailed investigation of their pharmacological and phytochemical value is warranted.

Abstract Although the use of exudates in traditional medicine has been commonly observed during ethnopharmacological surveys, few records have been made concerning the scientific merits of these products. The aim of this study was to document ethnopharmacological data and to classify exudates used as medicine by the "caboclos" river-dwellers from the Unini River of Amazonas, Brazil, on chemical analyses basis. Using an ethnographic approach, indicated plants and their respective exudates were collected, identified and incorporated into herbarium of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. To classify these exudates, plant material was extracted using methanol, and obtained extracts were analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and mass spectrometry aiming identification of main compounds. Fifteen exudates were indicated by "caboclos" river-dwellers as home remedies; among their therapeutic uses, inflammatory processes, culture-bound syndromes and respiratory diseases are most prominent. Based on their solubility and chemicals classes, fifteen exudates were classified into: latex (7), resins (5), sap (1), gum (1), oleoresin (1); and eleven of them have not been mentioned on pharmacological literature until this moment. The obtained results may contribute to chemical/pharmacological application of exudates from these species, several of which have been classically used in Brazilian folk medicine.

Objetivo.Evaluar factores de riesgo para el estrés en estudiantes de pregrado de enfermería en la práctica clínica de una universidad pública de la región nordeste de Brasil. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal con 116 estudiantes del 5º al 9º período. Se utilizó el cuestionario KEZKAK validado al portugués. Se consideró que se había estrés cuando la puntación era igual o superior a 2. Resultados. Los estudiantes con estrés relacionado con la práctica clínica estaban en el grupo de 18 a 22 años (2.82 ± 0.98), eran mujeres (2.81 ± 0.96), estaban casados (2.80 ± 0.97) y trabajaban (2.74 ± 0.94). Los factores más predisponentes fueron: la falta de competencia (2.99 ± 0.88), la impotencia y la incertidumbre (2.98 ± 0.85) y que el paciente busque una relación íntima (2.93 ± 1.01). Los estudiantes del sexto período fueron los más vulnerables al estrés (2.85 ± 0.96). Conclusión. El estudio mostró cuáles eran los principales factores de riesgo para el estrés en estudiantes de enfermería en la práctica clínica. Esta información puede ser empleada para el desarrollo de estrategias que busquen la reducción de estrés en los estudiantes de enfermería en la práctica clínica y así contribuir la promoción de la salud mental.

Objective.To assess the risk factors for stress in undergraduate students of nursing in clinical practice in a public university in the Northeast region of Brazil. Methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study with 116 students from the fifth to the ninth period. The bilingual KEZKAK questionnaire, validated for Portuguese, was used. Stress was considered to be present when the score was equal or superior to 2. Results. The students with stress in clinical practice were 18 to 22 years old (2.82 ± 0.98), women (2.81 ± 0.96), married (2.80 ± 0.97), and who were permanent contracted employees (2.74 ± 0.94). The factors which were most associated with stress were: Lack of competence (2.99 ± 0.88); Impotence and uncertainty (2.98 ± 0.85); and Patients seeking a closer relationship (2.93 ± 1.01). The students of the sixth period were the most vulnerable to stress (2.85±0.96). Conclusion. The studies showed the main risk factors for stress among students of nursing in their clinical practice. These results could be used in the development of strategies seeking to reduce stress in this context as well as to contribute to promoting mental health.

Objetivo.Avaliar os fatores de risco para o estresse em estudantes de graduação de enfermagem em prática clínica em uma universidade pública da região nordeste do Brasil. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal, com 116 acadêmicos, del 5º ao 9º período. Empregou-se o questionário bilíngue KEZKAK validado para o portugués. Considerou-se estresse quando a pontuação fosse igual ou superior a 2. Resultados. Os estudantes com estresse na prática clínica encontraram-se no grupo de18 a 22 anos (2.82 ± 0.98), mulheres (2.81 ± 0.96), casados (2.80 ± 0.97), e que possuíam vínculo empregatício (2.74 ± 0.94). Os fatores mais condicionantes para estresse foram: Falta de competência (M=2.99, DP=0.88); Impotência e incerteza (M=2.98, DP=0.85); O paciente busca uma relação íntima (M=2.93, DP=1.01). Os académicos do sexto período foram os mais vulneráveis para o estresse (2.85±0.96).. Conclusão. O estudo mostrou os principais fatores de risco para o estresse entre alunos de enfermagem na sua prática clínica. Estes resultados podem ser utiizados no desenvolvimento de estrategias que busquem a redução do estresse nesse contexto, bem como contribuir para a promoção da saúde mental.

RESUMO Objetivo: construir e validar um instrumento para avaliação do uso de tecnologias leves, pela equipe de enfermagem, em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudo metodológico no qual o instrumento foi elaborado utilizando o método psicométrico para construção com base na categorização das tecnologias em saúde de Merhy e Franco, da Política Nacional de Humanização, utilizando-se a taxonomia Nursing Intervention Classification para categorizar os domínios do instrumento. Utilizou-se o Percentual de Concordância e o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) para validação. Resultados: o resultado da aplicação do Percentual de Concordância entre os juízes foi superior ao recomendado de 80%, havendo destaque na avaliação da pertinência ao tema proposto, apresentando um percentual de concordância de 99%. Conclusão: o instrumento foi validado com quatro domínios (Vínculo, Autonomia, Acolhimento e Gestão) e dezenove itens que avaliam o uso das tecnologias leves em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: to construct and validate a tool to assess the use of light technologies by the nursing team at Intensive Care Units. Method: methodological study in which the tool was elaborated by means of the psychometric method for construction based on the categorization of health technologies by Merhy and Franco, from the National Humanization Policy, using the Nursing Intervention Classification taxonomy to categorize the domains of the tool. Agreement Percentages and Content Validity Indices were used for the purpose of validation. Results: The result of the application of the Interrater Agreement Percentage exceeded the recommended level of 80%, highlighting the relevance for the proposed theme in the assessment, with an agreement rate of 99%. Conclusion: the tool was validated with four domains (Bond, Autonomy, Welcoming and Management) and nineteen items that assess the use of light technologies at Intensive Care Units.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir y validar un instrumento para evaluación del uso de tecnologías leves, por el equipo de enfermería, en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudio metodológico en el cual el instrumento fue elaborado utilizando el método psicométrico para construcción con base en la categorización de las tecnologías en salud de Merhy y Franco, de la Política Nacional de Humanización, la que utilizó la taxonomía Nursing Intervention Classification para categorizar los dominios del instrumento. Para la validación se utilizó el Porcentaje de Concordancia y el Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC). Resultados: el resultado de la aplicación del Porcentaje de Concordancia entre los jueces fue superior al recomendado de 80%, destacándose la evaluación de la pertinencia al tema propuesto, presentando un porcentaje de concordancia de 99%. Conclusión: el instrumento fue validado en cuatro dominios (Vínculo, Autonomía, Acogimiento y Administración) y con diecinueve ítems que evalúan el uso de las tecnologías leves en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva.

<title>Resumo:</title><p>A toxoplasmose é uma enfermidade parasitária que afeta o desempenho reprodutivo de pequenos ruminantes. Apesar de o ciclo de vida do <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>ser bem conhecido desde 1960, alguns aspectos relacionados com a infecção permanecem obscuros. Este estudo objetivou determinar os efeitos da infecção experimental por <italic>T. gondii</italic> e a influência sobre parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos, parasitêmicos e seminais de machos da espécie caprina. Nove animais foram selecionados e distribuídos em três grupos: GI (n=3) – grupo controle (placebo) oralmente inoculados com solução salina; GII (n=3) – subcutaneamente inoculados com 1 x 10⁶ taquizoítos de <italic>T. gondii;</italic> e GIII (n=3) – oralmente inoculados com 2 x 10⁵ oocistos de <italic>T. gondii</italic>. Posteriormente, foram realizados exames clínicos, testes sorológicos, hemogramas, determinação de parasitemia e avaliação seminal. Em ambos os grupos infectados com o parasita, a maior titulação sorológica observada foi 4096, confirmando a ocorrência da infecção. Entretanto, não foram observadas alterações clínicas (exceto por hipertermia no 5º DPI em um dos animais - GIII) ou nos parâmetros hematológicos. Apesar de ocorrer diferença estatística significativa (P <0,05) na porcentagem de patologias e concentração espermática em algumas datas entre os animais controle e infectados, essas alterações não foram associadas ao parasitismo, mas a fatores ambientais e de manejo dos animais.</p>

<title>Abstract:</title><p>Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that affects reproductive performance in small ruminants. Although the <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> life cycle is well understood since 1960s, several aspects related to its infection remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of <italic>T. gondii</italic>experimental infection, and the influence on clinical, hematological, parasitemia and seminal parameters in male goats. Nine animals were selected and distributed in three groups: GI (n=3) – control group (placebo) orally inoculated with saline solution; GII (n=3) – subcutaneously inoculated with 1 x 106 tachyzoites of <italic>T. gondii</italic>; and GIII (n=3) – orally inoculated with 2 x 10⁵ oocysts of <italic>T. gondii</italic>. After that, clinical exams, serological tests, hemograms, parasitemia determination and semen evaluation were performed. Reciprocal serological titers had highest values of 4096 in both groups of goats infected with <italic>T. gondii,</italic>confirming the experimental infections. However, we could not observe clinical changes (except for mild hyperthermia on the 5^th DAI in one of the animals - GIII) or in hematimetric parameters. Although there were some statistically significant changes (P <0.05) on the percentages of pathology and sperm concentrations in some of the dates between the infected and control animals, these changes were not associated with toxoplasmic infection. Infection was associated with animal handling methods and environmental factors.</p>

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios de avaliação das exigências de isoleucina digestível para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade utilizando-se diferentes modelos de regressão (quadrático, exponencial e de retas segmentadas ou Linear Response Plateau) e em caso de significância estatística, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5 % de probabilidade. Foram utilizados 1.920 frangos de corte machos com 22 dias de idade, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (seis níveis de isoleucina digestível: 0,6118; 0,6655; 0,7192; 0,7729; 0,8265 e 0,8802%) e oito repetições de 40 aves. Utilizou-se como padrão o nível de 0,7192% de isoleucina digestível. O nível de isoleucina digestível recomendado para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade é 0,7729%, correspondente à relação isoleucina:lisina digestível de 72%.

Current experiment established different criteria to evaluate the requirements of digestible isoleucine for 22- and 42-day-old broilers by different regression models (quadratic, exponential and Linear Response Plateau) and, in the case of statistical significance, the comparison of means by Duncan's test at 5% probability. A total of 1,920 Cobb 500 male broilers were used in an entirely randomized experimental design, with 6 treatments (6 digestible isoleucine levels: 0.6118; 0.6655; 0.7192; 0.7729; 0.8265 and 0.8802%) and 8 replications, with 40 broilers each. Data on performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Level 0.7192% of digestible isoleucine was considered standard. The digestible isoleucine level recommended for 22- and 42-day-old broilers is 0.7729%, corresponding to a digestible isoleucine:lysine ratio of 72%.

Este estudo avaliou as características estruturais e moleculares da lesão de cárie artificial em dentina produzidas por diferentes modelos artificiais (LCA) comparados à lesão de cárie natural (LCN). Cento e vinte e quatro blocos de dentina oclusal hígida e 47 blocos cariados foram obtidos e a dureza superficial foi analisada (SH1). Eles foram divididos em grupos de acordo com os modelos de LCA: GB: Biológico; GQ: Químico; GIS: In situ; GCN: lesão de cárie natural (controle). Blocos dos grupos 1, 2 e 3 foram submetidos à produção da lesão de cárie. Blocos de dente contendo LCA e LCN foram submetidos à análise de dureza superficial (SH2), análise FT-Raman e µEDXRF. Em seguida, todos os blocos foram seccionados longitudinalmente e uma das metades foi submetida à análise da dureza transversal (CSH) e outra à análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Dados da SH1 e SH2 foram submetidos ao teste t (não-pareado e pareado, respectivamente). Dados do CSH e MEV foram submetidos à ANOVA a um fator e teste Tukey e ANOVA a um fator e teste t, respectivamente (p<0,05). Dados do FT-raman/µEDXRF foram submetidos a ANOVA a um fator e teste de Dunnett para múltiplas comparações (p<0,05). GB e GCN apresentaram os menores valores de SH2 que foram significativamente diferentes de GC e GIS. Quanto a CSH, GB e GCN mostraram nenhuma diferença significativa entre eles. SEM mostrou profundidade de lesão de cárie semelhante para GB e GCN, sendo significativamente maior que para GC e GIS. µEDXRF mostrou valores similares de cálcio e fosfato para GB e GCN, enquanto os valores do GCN foram significativamente diferentes em relação ao GIS. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os grupos em relação aos valores de fosfato, carbonato e ligações CH. Para o colágeno tipo I, os valores do GC foram significativamente diferentes em comparação aos outros grupos. Pode-se concluir que a cárie artificial produzida pelo GB foi o mais próximo da LCN.

This study evaluated structural and molecular issues of dentin caries-like lesions produced by different artificial models (ACL) compared with natural caries lesions (NCL). One hundred twenty-four sound occlusal dentin blocks and 47 carious blocks were obtained and surface hardness was analyzed (SH1). They were assigned to groups according to ACL: GB: Biological; GC: Chemical; GIS: In situ; GNC: natural caries (control). Blocks from groups 1, 2 and 3 were submitted to caries lesion induction. NCL and ACL blocks were submitted to surface hardness (SH 2), FT-Raman and µEDXRF analysis. All blocks were longitudinally sectioned and one of the halves was submitted to cross-sectional hardness (CSH) and the other to SEM analysis. SH1 and SH2 data were submitted to t test (unpaired and paired, respectively), CSH and SEM data to two-way and one-way ANOVA respectively, and Tukey and t tests, respectively (p<0.05). Data from FT-Raman/µEDXRF were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Dunnett multiple-comparisons test (a=0.05). GB and GNC showed lowest SH2 values that were significantly different from GC and GIS. Regarding CSH, GB and GNC showed no significant difference between them. SEM showed similar caries lesion depth for GB and GNC, being significantly higher than for GC and GIS. µEDXRF showed similar values of calcium and phosphate for GB and GNC; GNC values were significantly different from GIS. No significant difference was found among the groups concerning phosphate, carbonate and CH bonds values. For collagen type I, GC values were significantly different compared to other groups. It may be concluded that caries-like lesions produced by GB were the closest model to NCL.

O ensaio experimental objetivou avaliação do efeito de diferentes níveis de cálcio (Ca) nas rações de pré-postura e postura sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram alojadas 256 frangas da linhagem Hisex Brown com 16 semanas de idade em galpão convencional de postura. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 (4 níveis de cálcio - 0,8; 1,3; 1,8 e 2,3% na pré-postura e 2 níveis de cálcio - 2,5 e 3,5% na postura), totalizando oito tratamentos com quatro repetições de oito aves por unidade experimental. Iniciou-se com a ração de pré-postura às 16 semanas de idade das aves, sendo que a mesma foi fornecida até as aves atingiram 18 semanas de idade, quando então, iniciou-se com a ração de postura. Foram avaliadas durante quatro ciclos de 28 dias as seguintes variáveis: produção e peso dos ovos, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, massa de ovos e qualidade da casca dos ovos. Através dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que um bom desempenho foi obtido com 0,8% de cálcio na fase de pré-postura. Na fase de postura o nível de 3,5% de cálcio promoveu maior peso de ovo e melhor qualidade de casca.

The experiment evaluated the effect of different calcium (Ca) levels in pre-laying and laying diets on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Two hundred and fifty-six 16-week-old Brown Hisex pullets were housed in a conventional shed. The experiment had a completely randomized design with 4 x 2 factorial arrangement (four calcium levels - 0.8, 1.3, 1.8 and 2.3% in pre-laying phase; two calcium levels - 2.5 and 3.5% in laying phase), totaling eight treatments with four repetitions of eight birds per experimental unit. The experiment started with 16-week-old hens receiving pre-laying diets provided until they were 18 weeks old. At this period, the laying diets started. Four 28-day cycles were evaluated for the following variables: production and egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion, mass of eggs and eggshell quality. Results show that a good performance was obtained with 0.8% calcium level in the pre-laying phase, whereas in the laying phase the 3.5% calcium level provided greater weight egg and better eggshell quality.

Because of the growing concerns regarding fluoride ingestion by young children and dental fluorosis, it is necessary to develop new dentifrices. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentifrices with calcium citrate (Cacit) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel demineralization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enamel blocks (n=70), previously selected through surface hardness analysis, were submitted to daily treatment with dentifrices diluted in artificial saliva and to a pH-cycling model. The fluoride concentration in dentifrices was 0, 250, 450, 550, 1,000 and 1,100 µg F/g. CrestTM was used as a positive control (1,100 mg F/g). Cacit (0.25%) and TMP (0.25%) were added to dentifrices with 450 and 1,000 µg F/g. Surface hardness was measured again and integrated loss of subsurface hardness and fluoride concentration in enamel were calculated. Parametric and correlation tests were used to determine difference (p<0.05) and dose-response relationship between treatments. RESULTS: The addition of Cacit and TMP did not provide a higher fluoride concentration in enamel, however it reduced (p<0.05) mineral loss when compared to other dentifrices; the dentifrice with Cacit and TMP and a low fluoride concentration presented similar results when compared to a dentifrice with 1,100 mg F/g (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dentifrices with 450 and 1,000 µg F/g, Cacit and TMP were as effective as a gold standard one.