ABSTRACT Background: We report the presence of Triatoma longipennis for the first time in two localities in Hidalgo, Mexico. Methods: This study was conducted at Tecozautla municipality, Hidalgo. Collection was performed in April 2022. Results: We collected eight triatomines from Guadalupe: two fourth-instar nymphs, three fifth-instar nymphs, one female, and two males. In San Miguel Caltepantla, a female was collected inside a dwelling. One sample tested positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. Conclusions: These findings suggest the need to investigate the dynamics of this species with respect to the inhabitants of the study area. Background Hidalgo Mexico Methods municipality 2022 Results Guadalupe fourthinstar fourth instar nymphs fifthinstar fifth males Caltepantla dwelling cruzi Conclusions area 202 20 2

Abstract Background: Chagas disease is considered important and presents intense inflammatory and fibrotic processes induced by the perpetuation of the parasite in the affected tissues and organs. Therefore, it is necessary to inquire about the host defense and attack mechanisms to have a more detailed knowledge about Chagas disease. Micro-RNAs are found in blood, tissues and extracellular vesicles. These small regulators of gene expression are involved in physiological and pathological processes in both mammals and parasites. Several microRNAs have deregulated expression in chagasic heart disease, although little is known about their extracellular expression. Our main objective was to evaluate the involvement of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 in several samples from mice infected with the TcI Ninoa strain from the acute and indeterminate phases. We also explored a potential functional association of the selected microRNAs using STRING software. This software identified 23 pathways associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In addition, eleven genes were identified through bioinformatics analysis, and we found that SMAD family member 5 was downregulated in both phases. This gene serves as a mediator in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Thus, forty female mice of the CD1 strain were distributed into 4 groups and the expression levels of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 were measured in samples of heart tissue, total plasma and plasma extracellular vesicles by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overexpression of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 was observed in heart and plasma in both phases. Moreover, in extracellular vesicles miR-21 and miR-146a were also overexpressed in the acute phase, whereas in the indeterminate chronic phase we found only miR-146a up-regulated. Conclusions: The expression of inflammatory microRNAs miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 were up-regulated in each of the samples from acutely and chronically infected mice. The relevant finding was that miR-146a was up-regulated in each sample in both phases; therefore, this miRNA could be a possible candidate biomarker in Chagas disease.

ABSTRACT Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis , the human botfly, is frequent in the Americas, however, scarce morphological and molecular information exist regarding this dipteran. We describe three cases in urban areas of Mexico were D. hominis is not endemic. Morphological and genetic identification were performed using the cytochrome oxidase I as a molecular marker. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene is useful for inferring the genetic divergence of D. hominis .

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is a neglected public health problem in Mexico; however, detailed studies to determine the seroprevalence in some states have not been performed. METHODS: A total 1,504 human serum from thirteen communities in Estado de Mexico, were analyzed with three diagnostics techniques. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence was 9.1%, with high prevalence among people aged 51-60 years, while people aged 0-29 years were seronegative against T. cruzi. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated the seroprevalence of T. cruzi in the North of the Estado de Mexico, an area considered as non-endemic; however, epidemiological conditions necessary for natural transmission were found.

Abstract: Demographics, health condition, socio-economic status and life-styles related to life-cycle background determine mortality of the population 50 and over. A regression survival model on longitudinal variables allows estimates on the age at death. Findings show that socio-economic status largely explains survival even after controlling for demographic and health variables. Initial socio-economic status is steady and differences throughout the life-cycle are kept. The stability of the effect from income and education is not due to selective survival after age 50 but to a selection previous to that age.

Resumen: El objetivo es evaluar a partir de información longitudinal y un modelo de regresión cómo antecedentes demográficos, socioeconómicos, de salud y los hábitos de toda la vida afectan la supervivencia de población de 50 años o más de edad. Hay determinantes socioeconómicos de la edad a la muerte que explican en gran medida la supervivencia de las personas en edades avanzadas, aun controlando por variables demográficas y de salud. Se esperaba que las diferencias entre los distintos niveles educativos o de ingreso se incrementaran al avanzar la edad. La posición social inicial determinada por el ingreso y la escolaridad se muestra estable y se conservan las diferencias a lo largo de las edades. No se trata de supervivencia selectiva después de los 50 años, sino que la selectividad es anterior.