Abstract The horn fly Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan hematophagous ectoparasite of great importance in livestock. In Mexico, H. irritans is distributed across the country, and is found during the whole year. The fluctuation of H. irritans population is related with climate conditions. Despite its wide distribution, the effects on animal health, and its negative impact on meat and milk production, little data exists on its infestation and epidemiology is limited. This paper is a review on the current situation of H. irritans in cattle in Mexico, its economic impact, control methods, perspectives, and research opportunities.

Resumen La mosca de los cuernos Haematobia irritans es un ectoparásito hematófago cosmopolita de gran importancia en la ganadería. En México, H. irritans se distribuye por todo el país y se encuentra durante todo el año. La fluctuación de la población de H. irritans está relacionada con las condiciones climáticas. A pesar de su amplia distribución, los efectos sobre la salud animal y su impacto negativo en la producción de carne y leche, existen pocos datos sobre su infestación y su epidemiología es limitada. Este trabajo es una revisión sobre la situación actual de H. irritans en bovinos en México, su impacto económico, métodos de control, perspectivas y oportunidades de investigación.

Abstract The contamination of soils by hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem both due to the persistence of this pollution and by its effects on even the most pristine areas of the planet. Hydrocarbon decontamination techniques entail a high cost, imply in many cases their off-site treatment, and entail environmental risks. In contrast, the use of microbiological techniques through the addition of microbial consortia with the capacity to degrade these contaminants, are alternatives for soil biorecovery that are gathering growing interest in the construction of biopiles or ecopiles. However, for an effective application of these biotechnological techniques, it is necessary to guarantee an effectiveness in the action of these microbial consortia, whose persistence in soil is generally low. In this work, the stabilization of a microbial consortium specialized in the degradation of hydrocarbons and isolated from the own soil, has been studied through its immobilization on two classes biochars obtained form apricot stones at pyrolysis temperatures of 450° and 650°C, respectively, as well as the increase of its efficiency rate through the addition of rhamnolipids. The introduced microbial consortium achieved a degradation of 17% of the highest molecular weight hydrocarbons, an efficiency that was increased with the application of biochar and rhamnolipids up to 25% of their initial content.

Resumen La contaminación de suelos por hidrocarburos es un grave problema ambiental tanto por su persistencia como por su afección hasta las zonas más prístinas del planeta. Las técnicas de descontaminación de hidrocarburos suponen un elevado coste, implican en muchos de los casos su tratamiento exsitu y conllevan también riesgos ambientales. En contraposición, el empleo de técnicas microbiológicas mediante la adición de consorcios microbianos con capacidad para degradar estos contaminantes, son alternativas de biorrecuperación de suelos, que mediante la construcción de biopilas o ecopilas están reuniendo un creciente interés. Sin embargo, para una eficaz aplicación de estas técnicas biotecnológicas, es necesario garantizar una efectividad en la acción de estos consorcios microbianos, cuya persistencia en el suelo es generalmente baja. En este trabajo se ha buscado la estabilización de un consorcio microbiano especializado en la degradación de hidrocarburos y aislado del propio suelo contaminado, mediante su inmovilización sobre dos tipos de biochars obtenidos a partir de huesos de albaricoque con temperaturas de pirólisis de 450° y 650°C, respectivamente, así como el incremento de su eficacia mediante la adición de ramnolípidos. El consorcio microbiano introducido consiguió una tasa de degradación del 17% de los hidrocarburos de mayor peso molecular, eficiencia que se incrementó con la aplicación de biochar o ramnolípidos hasta el 25% de su contenido inicial.

Abstract Objective: To compare the spending on foods of poor nutritional quality (ABCN for its acronym in Spanish) of Sonora and national households according to their income decile. Methodology: Based on the ENIGH 2016-2018 and by means of the ANOVA statistical technique of a single factor, we try to determine the differences in household spending between the different socioeconomic deciles. For the selection of foods of low nutritional quality, the criteria proposed by Darmon and Drewnosky (2008), and the energy contribution of foods by Ledwike et al (2006) were used. Results: Significant differences were found that show that households with low deciles spend more on ABCN than high deciles. Sonora has a high consumption of foods such as cookies and snacks. While spending on soft drinks is homogeneous in all socioeconomic deciles. Limitations: The ENIGH only allows the study of spending on energy products; it does not allow conclusions to be drawn on how many kilocalories the population consumes. Conclusions: Spending on food of low nutritional quality is significant among low-income households and is consistent with the results found by Darmon and Drewnosky in other European countries.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar el gasto en alimentos de baja calidad nutricional (ABCN), de los hogares de Sonora y a nivel nacional de acuerdo con su decil de ingreso. Metodología: Con base en la llamada Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH 2016-2018) y mediante la técnica estadística ANOVA de un solo factor, se busca determinar las diferencias del gasto de los hogares entre los distintos deciles socioeconómicos. Para la selección de alimentos de baja calidad nutricional se utilizaron los criterios propuestos por Darmon y Drewnosky (2008), y el aporte energético de los alimentos de Ledwike et al (2006). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas que muestran que los hogares con deciles bajos gastan más en ABCN que los deciles altos. Sonora tiene un consumo alto en alimentos como galletas y botanas. En tanto el gasto en refrescos es homogéneo en todos los deciles socioeconómicos. Limitaciones: La ENIGH solo permite estudiar el gasto en productos energéticos, no permite establecer conclusiones sobre cuantas kilocalorías consume la población. Conclusiones: El gasto en alimentos de baja calidad nutricional es significativo entre los hogares de bajos ingresos y se adecua a los resultados encontrados por Darmon y Drewnosky en otros países europeos.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una aproximación al desarrollo en Colombia a través del análisis de la Ley 1735 de 2014, conocida también como la Ley de Inclusión Financiera. La metodología es de orden cualitativo y la técnica usada fue la revisión documental, especialmente de fuentes primarias, como el cuerpo de la ley y su exposición de motivos. La importancia de este trabajo radica en que la inclusión de todos los agentes económicos en el sector financiero es un elemento vital para el desarrollo económico de un país, de acuerdo con la literatura especializada. El principal objetivo de este artículo es analizar el contenido de la Ley de Inclusión Financiera en Colombia. Se encontraron disposiciones normativas de similar espíritu en Latinoamérica (Perú y Uruguay). Como hallazgo central, puede indicarse que la Ley 1735 de 2014 no trata sobre inclusión financiera en el sentido amplio del término, pues versa mayoritariamente sobre la regulación de un nuevo tipo de agente económico llamado sociedades especializadas en depósitos y pagos electrónicos (SEDPE).

Abstract This paper brings an approximation to Colombia’s development process through the analysis of Law nº 1735 of 2014, which is known as “Law of Financial Inclusion”. Methodologically, this work follows a qualitative approach, applying the techniques of documental research and the review of primary sources, such as the Act 1735/14 and its statement of reasons. This study is relevant because economic literature has shown that financial inclusion is vital to development processes. Therefore, the main objective of this research paper is to analyze the content of the Financial Inclusion Law of Colombia. Findings show that there are some similar legislative initiatives in the Latin America region (Peru and Uruguay). The main conclusion is that the Act 1735/2014 is not just about financial inclusion process, since this seems as an exclusive rule about a new economic player in Colombia whose name is Specialist Electronic Payment and Deposit Companies.

Resumen Antecedentes: La radioterapia holocraneal (WBRT) y la radiocirugía estereotáctica (SRS) son dos modalidades de tratamiento comúnmente empleados para el tratamiento de las metástasis cerebrales (BMs). Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es analizar de forma retrospectiva el control local y la supervivencia de los pacientes con BMs de cáncer de mama (BC) tratados mediante radiocirugía empleando arcoterapia volumétrica modulada (VMAT-RS). Métodos: Se analizaron 18 pacientes con 41 BMs de BC tratados mediante VMAT-RS. Se clasificaron según el subtipo molecular de BC y el GPA (Graded Prognostic Assessment) modificado de cáncer de mama. Los pacientes presentaron de 1-4 BMs, las cuales fueron tratadas con 5 arcos VMAT no coplanares. Se analizó la distribución espacial de las BMs, la influencia del status del receptor en la localización de las lesiones y la supervivencia evaluada mediante el modelo de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: La mediana del tiempo de supervivencia (MST) fue de 19.7 meses. Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el MST según el índice de Karnofsky (p= 0.02) y el status de HER2 (p= 0.004), siendo más prolongado en las pacientes HER2+. Por último, nuestros resultados mostraron que el cerebelo es el lugar predominante de las BMs de cáncer de mama, y también sugirieron que las BMs HER2+ presentaban una predilección por algunas estructuras de la circulación posterior, como el cerebelo, el tronco cerebral y los lóbulos occipitales (p= 0.048). Conclusiones: VMAT-RS es una técnica con una supervivencia global comparable a otras técnicas de radiocirugía. La situación basal en el momento del tratamiento, el GPA modificado de cáncer de mama así como los subtipos moleculares de cáncer de mama, son factores que influyen de forma significativa en la supervivencia de los pacientes.

Abstract Background: Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) are two treatment modalities commonly utilized to treat brain metastases (BMs). Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyse retrospectively the local control and survival of patients with BMs of breast cancer (BC) treated via radiosurgery using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT-RS). Methods: 18 patients with 41 BMs of BC and treated by VMAT-RS were studied. They were classified according to the molecular subtype of BC and the modified breast graded prognostic assessment -GPA- index. Patients presented 1-4 BMs, which were treated with 5 non-coplanar VMAT arcs. The spatial distribution of BMs, the influence of receptor status on the location of the lesions and survival assessed via the Kaplan-Meier model were analyzed. Results: The median survival time (MST) was 19.7 months. Statistically significant differences were determined in the MST according to the Karnofsky performance status (p= 0.02) and the HER2 status (p= 0.004), being more prolonged in the HER2+ patients. Finally, our results showed that the cerebellum is the predominant site of breast cancer BMs, and also suggested that HER2+BMs had a predilection for some structures of the posterior circulation, such as the cerebellum, brainstem and occipital lobes (p= 0.048). Conclusions: The VMAT-RS is a technique with an overall survival comparable to other radiosurgery techniques. The baseline situation at the time of treatment, the modified breast-GPA and the molecular subtypes, are factors that significantly influence patient survival.

Abstract: The objective of the research was to analyze how educational management is related to perceived job satisfaction in the teaching staff of the República de Chile educational institution in the city of Lima. The methodology was quantitative with a descriptive correlational scope and the study sample consisted of 90 teachers from the institution. Survey-type questionnaires were used as data collection instruments that were validated by means of expert juries, determining reliability with statistical criteria. The results of the descriptive, correlational and hypothesis testing analyzes have corroborated the relationship that exists between educational management and job satisfaction, in the context of teacher training.

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar como la gestión educativa se relaciona con la satisfacción laboral percibida en el personal docente de la institución educativa República de Chile de la ciudad de Lima. La metodología fue de tipo cuantitativo de alcance descriptivo correlacional, la muestra de estudio a 90 docentes de la institución. Se utilizó como instrumentos de recolección de datos cuestionarios tipo encuesta que fueron validadas por medio de jurados expertos determinando la confiabilidad con criterios estadísticos. Los resultados de los análisis vertidos de manera descriptiva, correlacional y prueba de hipótesis han corroborado la relación que existe entre la gestión educativa y la satisfacción laboral, en un contexto de la formación docente.

Abstract Play and playful elements have been part of human history since time immemorial, almost always being present in educational processes. Given that gamification increases motivation and attitude towards learning, improves spatial cognition, visual attention and problem solving, implies satisfactory consequences in the commitment, fosters retention capacity and optimizes the academic results of the students, it is convenient to offer pedagogical update on this topic to the different educational agents. The purpose of this research is to know the training in gamification of a group of professionals of a Foundation for people with intellectual disabilities, before and after conducting a specific workshop on said methodology, analyzing possible significant differences and size of the effect between pretest and posttest, depending on some situational variables. In addition, it is intended to obtain professional profiles, taking into account these variables and the training level in gamification, before and after the development of the workshop. After the study, a quantitative increase was observed in the teachers' responses, between the pretest and the posttest, with the differences between the two applications of the questionnaire being significant and the size of these differences far exceeding the critical value established by Cohen.

Resumen El juego y los elementos lúdicos forman parte de la historia de la humanidad desde tiempos inmemoriales, estando casi siempre presentes en los procesos educativos. Dado que la gamificación incrementa la motivación y actitud hacia el aprendizaje, mejora la cognición espacial, la atención visual y la resolución de problemas, implica consecuencias satisfactorias en el compromiso, fomenta la capacidad de retención y optimiza los resultados académicos del alumnado, resulta conveniente ofrecer actualización pedagógica en este tema a los distintos agentes educativos. El propósito de esta investigación es conocer la formación en gamificación de un grupo de profesionales de una Fundación para personas con discapacidad intelectual, antes y después de realizar un taller específico sobre dicha metodología, analizando posibles diferencias significativas y tamaño del efecto entre pretest y postest, en función de algunas variables situacionales. Además, se pretende obtener perfiles profesionales, atendiendo a dichas variables y al nivel formativo en gamificación, antes y después del desarrollo del taller. Tras el estudio, se observa un aumento cuantitativo en las respuestas de los docentes, entre el pretest y el postest, siendo las diferencias entre sendas aplicaciones del cuestionario significativas y superando con creces el tamaño de estas diferencias el valor crítico establecido por Cohen.

Resumo O jogo e os elementos lúdicos fazem parte da história da humanidade desde tempos imemoriais, estando quase sempre presentes nos processos educativos. Dado que a gamificação melhora a motivação e a atitude perante a aprendizagem, melhora a cognição espacial, a atenção visual e a resolução de problemas, implica consequências satisfatórias no engajamento, promove a capacidade de retenção e otimiza os resultados académicos dos alunos, é conveniente oferecer atualização pedagógica sobre este assunto aos diferentes agentes educacionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é conhecer a formação em gamificação de um grupo de profissionais de uma Fundação para pessoas com deficiência intelectual, antes e após a realização de um workshop específico sobre a referida metodologia, analisando possíveis diferenças significativas e tamanho de efeito entre pré e pós-teste, dependendo de algumas variáveis situacionais. Além disso, pretende-se obter perfis profissionais, tendo em conta essas variáveis e o nível de formação em gamificação, antes e depois do workshop. Após o estudo, observou-se um aumento quantitativo nas respostas dos professores entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste, sendo as diferenças entre as duas aplicações do questionário significativas, e o valor crítico estabelecido por Cohen superando em muito o tamanho destas diferenças.

Aim: To describe the design and creation of a high-fidelity thoracic trauma surgery simulation model incorporating 3D printing technology using a cadaveric human torso as a model. Materials and Method: This is a descriptive study that aims to illustrate the creation process of a thoracic trauma surgery simulation model throughout the incorporation of prototypes and dynamic iteration technologies. Results: A high-fidelity reusable thoracic trauma surgery simulation model was created from the digitalization of a cadaveric torso using a computed tomography scan. Throughout digital reconstruction tools, the subcutaneous, muscular, and skeletal structures were modeled from images obtained before and after an anterolateral thoracotomy. Using 3D printing and synthetic materials, a high-fidelity thoracic cavity was built so that perfused and ventilated porcine heart and lungs could be placed. A thoracotomy patch for the anterolateral thoracotomy was designed in a reusable and low-cost fashion. This simulation model is suitable for high fidelity training in the surgical management of cardiopulmonary traumatic injuries. Conclusion: The described methodology allowed the creation of a simulation model for training and assessment of surgical skills in thoracic trauma. The main components of the simulation model are made from reusable materials, broadening access to low-cost, high fidelity training.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar la elaboración de un simulador de trauma torácico de alta fidelidad elaborado mediante modelamiento e impresión 3D a partir de un torso humano cadavérico. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo del desarrollo de un simulador de trauma torácico utilizando metodología centrada en el prototipado y la iteración basada en testeos. Resultados: Se elaboró un simulador reutilizable mediante la digitalización de un torso cadavérico utilizando tomografía computada. Se realizó una reconstrucción digital del torso diseñando los planos subcutáneos, muscular y óseo en base a las imágenes del paciente pre y postoracotomía anterolateral. Utilizando impresión 3D y materiales sintéticos, se elaboró la caja torácica para luego instalar un corazón y pulmón porcino ventilado y perfundido. Los parches de la toracotomía son reemplazables y de bajo costo. En conjunto, este simulador permite el entrenamiento en manejo de lesiones traumáticas cardiacas y pulmonares de alta fidelidad. Conclusión: La metodología presentada permite la creación de un modelo para el entrenamiento y evaluación de habilidades quirúrgicas en trauma torácico. Los elementos principales del simulador son reutilizables y permiten mantener bajos los costos del entrenamiento.

RESUMO Racional: Trauma é uma das principais causas de morte no mundo e cuidados cirúrgicos adequados são críticos para determinar a mortalidade. No Chile, morte associada a trauma é a primeira causa de mortalidade na população entre 20 e 59 anos. Para lidar com esses pacientes complexos, são necessárias habilidades cirúrgicas precisas para esses procedimentos. Autoconfiança de cirurgiões recentemente graduados na Residência em Cirurgia Geral para práticas de procedimentos de trauma no nosso país não tem sido reportada. Objetivo: Descrever nível de autoconfiança para lidar com procedimentos de trauma em cirurgiões recentemente graduados na residência de cirurgia geral. Método: Estudo transversal. Foi desenhada e aplicada uma enquete em 2015, 2016 e 2017 a cirurgiões recentemente graduados para pesquisar sobre autoconfiança e habilidades cirúrgicas para lidar com cenários de trauma. Foram avaliados 18 procedimentos cirúrgicos de trauma (incluindo procedimentos cervicais, torácicos, abdominais e vasculares) usando a 5-grade Likert Scale. O número total de procedimentos feitos durante a residência foi avaliado. Resultados: Foram incluídos 88 cirurgiões recentemente graduados. O nível de competência foi reportado como alto em procedimentos como trauma intestinal, onde 98% sentiu-se competente ou muito competente em sua reparação. Por outro lado, em traumas complexos como dano vascular maior, até 76% reportaram não se sentirem competentes. A autoconfiança nos procedimentos esteve diretamente associada com o número de procedimentos realizados. Conclusões: Cirurgiões recentemente graduados na residência de cirurgia geral reportam níveis altos de confiança para lidar com traumas de complexidade baixa e média, mas um nível menor de confiança para tratar casos de complexidade alta.

ABSTRACT Background: Trauma is one of the leading causes of death in the world and proper surgical care is critical to impact mortality. In Chile, trauma associated death ranks first as mortality cause in population between 20 and 59 years old. Appropriate surgical skills are required to deal with these complex patients. Self-confidence to practice trauma procedures after the General Surgery Residency have not been reported in our country. Aim: Describe the level of self-confidence to deal with trauma procedures of surgeons who recently graduated from a General Surgery Residency. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study. We designed and applied a survey in 2015, 2016 and 2017 to recently graduated surgeons, to inquire about self-confidence of surgical skills to deal with trauma scenarios. Eighteen trauma surgery procedures (including cervical, thoracic, abdominal and vascular procedures) were evaluated using a 5-grade Likert scale. The number of procedures performed during the residency was also queried. Results: Eighty-eight recently graduated surgeons from 11 different training programs in Chile were included. The report of competencies was high in procedures such as intestinal injuries, were 98% felt competent or very competent in their repair. On the other hand, in complex traumas such as major vessel injury, up to 76% reported not being competent. Self-confidence on procedures was directly associated with the number of procedures performed during residency. Conclusions: Recently graduated surgeons from General Surgery Programs report high levels of confidence to deal with low and intermediate complexity traumas, but a lower level of confidence to treat high complexity cases.

Resumen Introducción. El vólvulo cecal en el embarazo es una patología infrecuente a nivel mundial, con un espectro clínico variado y limitación en estudios diagnósticos, lo que puede resultar en un desenlace ominoso. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una gestante en segundo trimestre del embarazo quien presenta abdomen agudo secundario a vólvulo cecal y sufrimiento fetal. La paciente fue llevada a cesárea de urgencia, donde además se practicó cecectomía y anastomosis íleo transversa, con mortalidad fetal. Discusión. El vólvulo cecal forma parte de los diagnósticos diferenciales en caso de abdomen agudo durante el embarazo. Tiene un pronóstico reservado, en donde pueden presentarse desenlaces maternos y perinatales adversos, con mortalidad maternofetal.

Abstract Introduction. Cecal volvulus in pregnancy is an uncommon pathology worldwide, with a varied clinical spectrum and limitation in diagnostic studies, which can result in an ominous outcome. Clinical case. We present the case of a pregnant woman in the second trimester of pregnancy who presents with an acute abdomen secondary to caecal volvulus and fetal distress. The patient was taken to emergency caesarean section, where a cecectomy and transverse ileus anastomosis were also performed, with fetal mortality. Conclusion. Cecal volvulus is part of the differential diagnoses in acute abdomen during pregnancy. It has a reserved prognosis, where adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes can occur, including maternal-fetal mortality.

Abstract Background: Malignant hyperthermia syndrome is a hereditary pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle characterized by hypermetabolic state related to the exposure of volatile anesthetic gases or depolarizing muscle relaxants. It is an infrequent entity that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, with a very low incidence in pediatrics (1 in 10,000-15,000 anesthetic procedures). Case report: We report a case of malignant hyperthermia related to exposure to sevoflurane during adenoidectomy surgery in a 6-year-old female. The patient presented with tachycardia, hypercapnia, and hyperthermia, requiring two successive doses of dantrolene sodium administration, with an adequate response to the treatment. Conclusions: Malignant hyperthermia syndrome is a rare condition in pediatric patients that should be detected in early stages since it is essential to initiate the treatment as soon as possible.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de hipertermia maligna es un trastorno farmacogenético del músculo esquelético de carácter hereditario, que se caracteriza por un estado hipermetabólico relacionado con la exposición a anestésicos inhalatorios o relajantes musculares despolarizantes. Se trata de una afección infrecuente en individuos genéticamente predispuestos, con una incidencia muy baja en pediatría (1 de cada 10,000-15,000 procedimientos anestésicos). Caso clínico: Se presenta un caso de hipertermia maligna relacionado con la exposición a sevoflurano durante una cirugía de adenoidectomía en un paciente de sexo femenino de 6 años de edad. La paciente presentó taquicardia, hipercapnia e hipertermia, que precisaron la administración de dos dosis sucesivas de dantroleno sódico. La evolución posterior fue buena. Conclusiones: El síndrome de hipertermia maligna es un cuadro poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Se debe sospechar de forma precoz, ya que es fundamental su detección temprana para iniciar el tratamiento.

Aim: To determine the associated factors with mortality of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study and included patients older than 18 years hospitalized with the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Those patients with a positive rapid serological test on admission, but no respiratory symptoms nor compatible images were excluded. We collected the data from clinical records. Results: A total of 813 adults were included, 544 (66.9%) with confirmed COVID-19. The mean age was 61.2 years (SD: 15.0) and 575 (70.5%) were male. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (34.1%) and obesity (25.9%). The most frequent symptoms on admission were dyspnea (82.2%) and cough (53.9%). A total of 114 (14.0%) patients who received mechanical ventilation, 38 (4.7%) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and 377 (46.4%) died. The requirement for ventilatory support, greater lung involvement, comorbidities, and inflammatory markers were associated with mortality. It was found that for every 10 - year increase in age, the risk of dying increased by 32% (RR: 1.32 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.38). Those who required admission to the ICU and mechanical ventilation had 1.39 (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.69) and 1.97 (95% CI: 1.69 to 2.29) times the risk of dying compared to those who did not. Conclusion:  We found a high mortality rate in hospitalized patients associated with greater age, more elevated inflammatory markers, and more severe respiratory compromise.

Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad de los pacientes adultos hospitalizados con COVID-19 en un hospital de referencia de la seguridad social. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados con el diagnostico de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y se excluyó a quienes ingresaron asintomáticos respiratorios, con prueba rápida serológica positiva al ingreso y sin imágenes compatibles. Los datos se recolectaron a partir de la historia clínica. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 813 adultos, 544 (66.9%) tuvieron COVID-19 confirmado. La media de la edad fue de 61.2 años (DE: 15.0) y 575 (70.5%) fueron de sexo masculino. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (34.1%) y obesidad (25.9%). Los síntomas más frecuentes al ingreso fueron disnea (82.2%) y tos (53.9%). Un total de 114 (14.0%) pacientes recibieron ventilación mecánica, 38 (4.7%) ingresaron a UCI y 377 (46.4%) fallecieron. El requerimiento de soporte ventilatorio, el mayor compromiso pulmonar, las comorbilidades y los marcadores inflamatorios se asociaron a la mortalidad. Se halló que por cada 10 años que aumenta la edad, el riesgo de morir se incrementa en 32% (RR: 1.32 IC95%: 1.25 a 1.38). Aquellos que requirieron ingreso a UCI y ventilación mecánica tuvieron 1.39 (IC95%: 1.13 a 1.69) y 1.97 (IC95%: 1.69 a 2.29) veces el riesgo de morir, respectivamente. Conclusión. La mortalidad encontrada en nuestro estudio fue alta y estuvo asociada a la edad,  marcadores inflamatorios y compromiso respiratorio. 

El presente estudio, a partir de la opinión de los estudiantes de las diferentes titulaciones del ámbito de la Educación, valora el empleo de una metodología docente gamificada con Kahoot en la enseñanza universitaria, donde el smartphone se convierte en un recurso educativo. Para ello, se lleva a cabo una investigación no experimental de carácter descriptivo, aplicando un cuestionario electrónico a una muestra de 241 estudiantes de Educación Primaria (69), Educación Infantil (78), Pedagogía (73) y Educación Social (29). Los resultados obtenidos muestran como los alumnos valoran positivamente el empleo de Kahoot, sobre todo como herramienta de autoevaluación. Además evidencian que les satisface su uso formativo y que, como futuros docentes, la emplearían. Sin embargo, a pesar de que reconocen que la metodología gamificada aumenta su motivación por la materia, no están convencidos de que sea más efectiva que otras metodologías tradicionales.

The present study, based on the opinion of the students of the different degrees in the field of Education, evaluates the use of a teaching methodology gamified with Kahoot in higher education, where the smartphone becomes an educational resource. To this end, a non-experimental research of a descriptive nature is carried out, applying an electronic questionnaire to a sample of 241 students in Primary Education degree (69), Pre-school Education degree (78), Pedagogy degree (73) and Social Education degree (29). The results obtained show how the student’s value positively the use of Kahoot, above all as a self-evaluation tool. They also show that they are satisfied with its educational use and that, as future teachers, they would use it. However, although they recognize that the gamma methodology increases their motivation for the subject, they are not convinced that it is more effective than other traditional methodologies.

ABSTRACT The Jatropha curcas species is a perennial plant and easy to manage, being cultivated in many countries because of its high content in oil and the lowest cost of production. This study had as objective to evaluate the injuries caused by the Pachycoris torridus in J. curcas seedlings. Thirty-four days after the planting, 30 J. curcas seedlings were covered with screens and submitted to herbivory of five bugs of the same sex. Morphological and physiological evaluations were conducted 65 days after planting. Seventy-three days after planting, 24 seedlings were submitted to herbivory, using the same methodology as the previous experiment with a quantitative differential of 10 bugs and a batch of 6 plants without insects (control). Evaluations were done 104 days after planting. Male adults (n = 5) of the P. torridus species caused a reduction in the growth and biomass increase in J. curcas seedlings 34 days after planting. After 30 days of herbivores, however the same injuries were not observed in seedlings with 73 days after planting. The injuries (34 days after planting) were considered mild and there was a decrease in the growth and in the biomass accumulation. Upon reaching 73 days after planting, the seedlings became more resistant to the attack of this pest, in such a way that as submitting them to twice the number of insects (n = 10), they did not negatively responded to the herbivory. Finally, the young seedlings were more susceptible to attack, even with low levels of infestation. The pest control should be done when there are signs of infestation at this stage.