RESUMO: Leporinus friderici é um peixe neotropical migratório com elevada importância ecológica e econômica no Brasil. Os marcadores microssatélites são conhecidos por sua importância em estudos genéticos populacionais, programas de manejo e conservação, no entanto, não existem marcadores disponíveis para esta espécie. Neste estudo, sete locos microssatélites, previamente desenvolvidos para Megaleporinus obtusidens foram amplificados com sucesso em L. friderici. Dentre esses loci, cinco apresentaram variabilidade genética moderada a alta, com quatro a sete alelos por loci e heterozigosidades esperadas variando de ≥ 0,574 a 1.000. Esses marcadores representam uma ferramenta valiosa para futuros manejos e estudos ecológicos envolvendo esta espécie e este grupo de peixes neotropicais.

ABSTRACT: Leporinus friderici is a migratory neotropical fish with elevated ecological and economic importance in Brazil. Microsatellite markers are highly important in population genetic studies, management, and conservation programs; however, no markers are available for this species. In this study, seven microsatellite loci, previously developed for Megaleporinus obtusidens, were successfully cross-amplified in L. friderici. Among these loci, five presented moderate to high genetic variability levels, with four to seven alleles per loci and expected heterozygosities varying from ≥ 0.574 to 1.000. These markers represent a valuable tool for the future management and ecological studies involving this species and group of neotropical fishes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to impute the genetic makeup of individual fishes of Serrasalmidae family on the basis of body weight and morphometric measurements. Eighty-three juveniles, belonging to the genetic groups Pacu, Pirapitinga, Tambaqui, Tambacu, Tambatinga, Patinga, Paqui and Piraqui, were separated into 16 water tanks in a recirculation system, with two tanks per genetic group, where they remained until they reached 495 days of age. They were then weighed and analyzed according to the following morphometric parameters: Standard Length (SL), Head Length (HL), Body Height (BH), and Body Width (BW). The identity of each fish was confirmed with two SNPs and two mitochondrial markers. Two analyses were performed: one for the validating the imputation and another for imputing a genetic composition of animals considered to be advanced hybrids (post F1). In both analyses, we used linear mixed models with a mixture of normal distributions to impute the genetic makeup of the fish based on phenotype. We applied the mixed models method, whereby the environmental effects were estimated by the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (EBLUE) and genetic effects are considered random, obtaining the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP) from the general (GCA) and the specific (SCA) combining ability effects. The results showed that validation of the genetic makeup imputation based on body weight can be used because of the strong correlation between the observed and imputed genotype. The fish classified as advanced hybrids had a genetic composition with a high probability of belonging to known genotypes and there was consistency in genotype imputation according to the different characteristics used.

Híbridos envolvendo as espécies Pseudoplatystoma corruscans vs.Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum são amplamente comercializados por apresentarem maior docilidade e precocidade quando comparados aos parentais. Neste trabalho objetivou-se identificar, por meio de técnicas moleculares, a existência de surubins híbridos em rios do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum e 'Surubim' híbrido foram identificados utilizando as técnicas de PCR multiplex e PCR-RFLP dos genes nucleares RAG2, GLOBINA, EF1α, 18S rRNA e mitocondrial 16S rRNA. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de híbridos F1 em rios e a ocorrência da introgressão genética, evidenciada pelos híbridos Pós-F1. Além disso, foram observadas discrepâncias entre a identificação morfológica e genética, demonstrando a eficácia da utilização de diversos marcadores moleculares para identificação correta destes híbridos. Torna-se evidente a necessidade da implantação de projetos de manejo e conservação, a fim de manter a integridade genética de populações de espécies nativas em rios do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, que encontram-se ameaçadas pela hibridação.

Hybrids of the species Pseudoplatystoma corruscansvs.Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum are extensively traded because they are more docile and precocious compared to their parents. This study aimed to identify the occurrence of hybrid 'Surubim' in rivers of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, applying molecular techniques. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and hybrid 'Surubim' were detected using multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP in RAG2, GLOBIN, EF1α, 18S rRNA nuclear genes, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. The results revealed the presence of F1 hybrids in rivers and the occurrence of genetic introgression, evidenced by the Post-F1 hybrids. Furthermore, discrepancies between the morphological and genetic identification were observed, demonstrating the effectiveness of using different molecular markers for the correct identification of these hybrids. The necessity of implementation of management and conservation projects to maintain the genetic integrity of native species populations threatened by hybridization in the rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul State is evident.

The cytogenetic characteristics of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and their F1, F2 and backcross hybrids were assessed by using chromosome banding techniques. The diploid number of 56 chromosomes was constant in all species and lineages, with a karyotypic formula containing 20 metacentric, 12 submetacentric, 12 subtelocentric and 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were identified in two subtelocentric chromosomes in the parents and hybrids, with partial nucleolar dominance in F1 and F2 specimens. Heterochromatic blocks were detected in the terminal and centromeric regions of some chromosomes in all individuals. For parental and hybrid lineages, 18S ribosomal clusters corresponding to NORs and 5S ribosomal genes were identified in distinct pairs of chromosomes. The striking conservation in the chromosomal macrostructure of the parental species may account for the fertility of their F1 hybrids. Similarly, the lack of marked alterations in the chromosomal structure of the F1 hybrids could account for the maintenance of these features in post-F1 lineages.