Abstract Here we present a three-year survey of amphibian and reptile species registered in the Vale Natural Reserve (VNR), located in the north of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. The VNR, along with the Sooretama Biological Reserve (SBR) and other surrounding areas, form a forest block that constitutes one of the largest remnants of continuous forest in the Atlantic Forest biome. We systematically sampled the herpetofauna community from 2015 to 2018, using the method of active search method in 27 plots of RAPELD distributed in the different types of vegetation present in the area. We recorded 39 species of amphibians belonging to the order Anura, distributed in seven families and 40 species of reptiles belonging to 20 families distributed in three orders: Crocodylia, Testudines and Squamata. The supplementation the samplings with those records from occasional encounters was important for the survey of the region’s herpetofauna, mainly for reptiles. We added four species (two lizards, one amphisbaenid and one snake) to the known list for the VNR-SBR forest block: Micrablepharus maximiliani, Strobilurus torquatus, Amphisbaena alba and Tantilla sp. We demonstrated that VNR contains a high species richness of amphibians and reptiles, with a high number of anurans being endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome. The present species inventory provided the most current approximation of known the richness and composition of species of the existing herpetofauna at Vale Natural Reserve, since the period of the gathering of records is quite recent (2015-2018). Also, it brings the knowledge of some community parameters as species richness and composition not only for the whole area of the Vale Natural Reserve, but also for its different vegetation types, with no inclusion of environments outside this reserve. Furthermore, the presence of threatened species, the addition of four species to the current list, and the potential for new species to occur, reinforce the role of VNR as an important area for the protection of amphibian and reptile biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest.

Resumo O Brasil é considerado um dos países com maior diversidade de mamíferos do mundo. No entanto, ainda existem muitas lacunas no conhecimento da ecologia das espécies de mamíferos e, por estarem ameaçadas por atividades antrópicas, torna-se cada vez mais necessário reunir informações que contribuam para sua conservação. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) analisando riqueza e abundância em duas principais fitofisionomias (i.e., Floresta Ombrófila e Campos de Altitude). Nossa hipótese foi de que a heterogeneidade ambiental exerce influência na comunidade de mamíferos. Instalamos 30 armadilhas fotográficas associadas a parcelas de areia nas duas principais fitofisionomias. Produzimos uma curva de rarefação para verificar se o esforço amostral foi suficiente para caracterizar a comunidade. Os dados obtidos de composição e abundância foram ordenados pelo Escalonamento Multidimensional Não Métrico (NMDS) e avaliamos a relação entre a estação (estações seca e chuvosa) e tipos de vegetação na riqueza de espécies de mamíferos com uma análise de variância bidirecional (ANOVA de duas vias). Registramos 34 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte nativos e uma espécie exótica (Canis lupus familiaris). A composição e abundância das espécies diferiram entre as fitofisionomias. A floresta ombrófila apresentou maior riqueza de espécies em relação aos Campos de Altitude, o que demonstra que a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte pode ser influenciada pela complexidade ambiental. Com este estudo, foi possível demonstrar que no PNC ocorre uma rica comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, além de ser abrigo de diversas espécies endêmicas e/ou ameaçadas de extinção da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract Brazil is considerate one of the countries with the highest diversity of mammals in the world. However, there are still many gaps in the knowledge of the ecology of mammalian species and because they are threatened by anthropic activities, it becomes increasingly necessary to gather information that contributes to their conservation. We characterized the medium and large-sized mammals in the Caparaó National Park (CNP), by analyzing species richness and frequency of records (hereafter abundance) in the two main vegetation types (i.e., Ombrophilous Forest and High Elevation Grasslands) found in the park. We carried out active searches and installed camera traps associated with sand-plots in 30 sampling sites. We performed rarefaction curves to verify that the sampling effort was sufficient to characterize species richness of the CNP, and we ordered the data obtained for species composition and abundance using a Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling and assessed the relationship between the season (dry and rainy seasons) and vegetation types on mammalian species richness with a two-way analysis of variance. We recorded 34 native species of medium and large mammals and one exotic species (Canis lupus familiaris). Species composition and abundance differed between vegetation types. The Ombrophilous Forest presented higher species richness than the High Elevation Grasslands, which demonstrates that the medium and large mammalian community may be influenced by the environmental complexity. The CNP holds a rich community of medium and large mammals, with many endemic and endangered species of the Atlantic Forest.

Abstract The lack of information on the occurrence of species in a region limits the understanding of the composition and structure of the local community and, consequently, restricts the proposition of effective measures for species conservation. In this study, we researched the reptiles in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve (DBBR), Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. We analyzed the parameters of the local community, such as richness, composition, and abundance of species. We conducted samplings from August 2017 to January 2019, through active search. We performed the samplings in nine standard plots of 250 meters in length. All individuals located in the plots or occasionally on the trails were registered. To evaluate sample effort to characterize the reptile community, we performed an accumulation curve of species, and to update the DBBR reptile list, we used as secondary data specimens deposited in collections and previously published studies. Considering primary and secondary data, we recorded 38 species, one chelonia, 13 lizards, and 24 snakes. Our study showed a richness of 15 additional species to the previous list of reptiles, increasing by about 40% the known richness to the area. We concluded that the DBBR holds a high richness of reptile species, representing 12% of the richness of reptiles of the Atlantic Forest and with a considerable number of endemic species in this biome. This suggests that the DBBR is an important forest fragment constituting a reservoir of the biodiversity of the reptiles of the Atlantic Forest.

ABSTRACT Different spatial and temporal factors can influence the species richness and abundance of leaf anurans that are fundamental for the ecosystem functioning, as they act as predators and integrate the trophic chain as prey of other animals. There are relatively few studies that aimed to understand the spatio-temporal variation and the influence of environmental factors on leaf litter communities. We studied parameters of the anuran community living in the forest leaf litter in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve (DBBR), Espírito Santo, Brazil. We sought to understand the extent to which richness, abundance, biomass and density varied between two locations with different stages of preservation (primary and secondary forest). In addition, we tested the effect of temperature and local humidity on abundance. We conducted the samplings monthly from October 2017 to September 2018, establishing 98 4 x 4 m plots (16 m2 each) demarcated on the DBBR forest leaf litter. We measured temperature (°C) and relative air humidity (%), and each plot was carefully surveyed by four observers. We tested for differences in anuran density between the two sampled locations and estimated the effects of environmental variables in the community. We recorded 102 individuals of anurans from 11 species belonging to eight families. The DBBR anuran community parameters significantly differed between the two studied locations, with the highest values of anuran richness and abundance occurring in the area covered by primary forest, probably due to differences in the preservation of each area. However, temperature and humidity did not affect the abundance of anurans in the sampled areas. Our results provide the first information about spatial variation and influence of environmental factors, directed to the community of leaf litter anurans in DBBR, and represents the second study on this group of anurans in the state of Espírito Santo.

Abstract Data on the structure of lizard communities in the different biomes and ecosystems of Brazil are still limited. In this study, we related the species richness, abundance and the spatial occurrence of lizards to the structure of the vegetation found on the coast of the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, to determine whether habitat influences the structure of lizard communities. We conducted fieldwork in 2012, 2013 and 2014, collecting data in standardized samples. We analyze whether variables of vegetation structure influenced species richness and abundance, using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). We recorded 12 lizard species from eight families. In general, species richness and abundance were similar among sites. Locally, we recorded the highest species richness in shrubby vegetation, open Clusia vegetation, and the restinga forest zone. Bromeliads explained the occurrence of teiids, although there was no systematic relationship between species richness and vegetation structure. Our results provide important insights into the characteristics of the lizard communities found on sandy coastal plains and contribute to the conservation of these species in these ecosystems.

ABSTRACT Presented is the first information on the ecological and reproductive aspects of the treefrog, Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, living in ombrophilous forest areas of the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. We recorded the species’ daily activity and over the course of a year, population density during the year, microhabitat usage, diet, and some reproductive features (quantity, diameter and mean mass of oocytes, mean reproductive effort of female). Field sampling was conducted monthly from June 2015 to July 2016. Searches for treefrogs were systematic, using visual encounter surveys along 14 plots RAPELD long term research modules established in the forest. For each captured individual, we recorded the hour, microhabitat used, and perch height. The diet of the population was ascertained based on 15 individuals collected outside the study plot areas. Treefrogs used seven different types of microhabitats in the forest but the preferred microhabitats were tree-trunks and lianas. The amount of accumulated rainfall and air temperature interacted to explain the number of A. brunoi individuals active throughout the year. The reproductive strategy for females of this comparatively large arboreal frog in the ombrophilous forest is to produce clutches with a large number (900.8 ± 358.1) of relatively small-sized eggs. We conclude that in the ombrophious forest of the Vale Natural Reserve, A. brunoi is a nocturnal arboreal treefrog active throughout the year but activity increases during the wet season as a result of increased precipitation. In the forest, treefrogs tend to perch mainly on tree-trunks and lianas about 1 m above ground, where it feeds preferably on relatively large bodied arthropod prey. When living in the ombrophilous forest of the Atlantic rainforest, A. brunoi may change some features of its ecology (e.g. marked difference in the use of bromeliads) compared to when living in restinga habitats.