ABSTRACT The ethnobotanical literature lacks joint analyses of the factors that may influence the differential use of medicinal plants. This study intends to fill that void by evaluating the local criteria for the differential use of medicinal plants in a rural community in Northeastern Brazil. We chose two health problems (influenza and constipation) characterized as diseases by local (emic) classification to address the following hypotheses: (1) the most important medicinal plants are easier to acquire; (2) the most important medicinal plants are perceived as being more efficient; and (3) the most important medicinal plants taste better (greater palatability). The plants mentioned in interviews were ranked according to the perception of their use (dependent variable), the difficulty of their acquisition, their taste and their efficiency (independent variables). The perceived efficiency explained the use of medicinal plants for both diseases, while taste explained the use only for constipation. The final models for ‘influenza’ contained only efficiency, while those for ‘constipation’ contained all three variables. These findings indicate that medicinal categories many not be homogeneous and that different targets may be influenced by different variables.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as galhas de três espécies do gênero Copaifera (C. sabulicola, C. luetzelburgii e C. depilis) que ocorrem em simpatria no Cerrado do Estado da Bahia. Um total de 23 morfotipos de galhas foi encontrado, sendo 9 morfotipos em C. sabulicola, 7 em C. luetzelburgii e 7 em C. depilis As galhas predominaram nas folhas e caules e os morfotipos com coloração marrom e verde foram os mais abundantes. Em relação à época do ano, do total de 35.511 folíolos analisados, 16.322 foram coletados no período seco e 19.189 no chuvoso. Na estação seca foram observados 1.635 folíolos com galhas, sendo que a maior proporção de folíolos galhados foi observada em C. luetzelburgii (16.31%). Já em relação à estação chuvosa, há diferença estatística na incidência de folíolos com galhas entre C. sabulicola e C. depilis, estas duas espécies são afetadas diferentemente durante a estação chuvosa. De forma geral, a maioria dos morfotipos foi mais abundante na estação seca. Os galhadores de 18 morfotipos não foram determinados, porque as galhas coletadas apresentavam parasitóides ou estavam vazias. Os cecidomiídeos foram os responsáveis pela indução de cinco morfotipos. Os invertebrados associados às galhas pertencentes às ordens Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Acari. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo apontam que as três espécies de Copaifera possuem um número expressivo de galhas, porém menor que o relatado na literatura para C. langsdorffii, a qual é considerada uma super hospedeira.

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize galls of three species of the Copaifera genus (C. sabulicola, C. luetzelburgii and C. depilis), which occur sympatrically in a Cerrado area from Bahia state. A total of 23 gall morphotypes were found, 9 morphotypes on C. sabulicola, 7 on C. luetzelburgii and 7 on C. depilis. Galls predominated on leaves and stems. The most abundant colours found among galls were brown and green. Regarding the period of the year, from 35,511 leaflets analysed, 16,322 were collected in the dry season and 19,189 in the rainy season. In the dry season, 1,635 leaflets having galls were observed, and the highest proportion was observed on C. luetzelburgii (16.31%). In relation to the rainy season, there is statistical difference in the incidence of leaflets with galls between C. sabulicola and C. depilis, these two species are affected differently during the rainy season. In general, most of the gall morphotypes were more abundant in the dry season. The gallers of 18 morphotypes cannot be determined, because the gall samples were collected occupied by parasitoids or without dwellers. Cecidomyiids induced galls in five morphotypes. Associated invertebrates belonging to the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Acari were found among all gall morphotypes. The results obtained here indicate that the three species of Copaifera have an expressive number of galls, but lower than reported in the literature for C. langsdorffii, which is considered a super host.

CONTEXTO: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma doença altamente prevalente. O seu tratamento é dividido em modificações de estilo de vida, tratamento médico e cirúrgico. A cirurgia laparoscópica é o tratamento padrãoouro. Nas últimas décadas houve uma extensa pesquisa sobre procedimentos menos agressivos do que a laparoscopia e com melhores resultados estéticos. A minilaparoscopia vem "reemergindo" como método seguro, eficaz e com excelentes resultados estéticos em pacientes selecionados, tratados para DRGE. É apresentada uma série de 27 pacientes tratados para a DRGE por minilaparoscopia. MÉTODOS: Entre outubro de 2009 e julho de 2011, o total de 27 pacientes foi submetido a fundoplicatura por videominilaparoscopia. Foram utilizados um trocarte de 10 mm, um telescópio de 30 graus e quatro trocarteres de 3 mm nas posições regulares. Os passos cirúrgicos são feitos sem modificações, de maneira habitual. Fita cardíaca, agulhas de sutura e, eventualmente, saco extrator e gaze são colocados e retirados através do portal umbilical. Com esses ajustes técnicos, podese realizar o procedimento de forma segura e eficaz, semelhantemente à técnica laparoscópica padrão. CONCLUSÃO: Hiatoplastia associada à fundoplicatura laparoscópica, utilizandose de instrumentos minilaparoscópicos é método seguro, viável e eficaz. Se comparado a outros "novos acessos", tem resultado estético espetacular. Pode ser realizado com apenas pequenos ajustes técnicos, por qualquer cirurgião experiente em laparoscopia e é perfeitamente adaptável a nossa realidade financeira.

CONTEXT: Gastroesophageal reflux diasease (GERD) is a highly prevalent disease. Treatment is divided into lifestyle modifications, medical and surgical treatment. Surgical laparoscopy is the gold standard treatment. In the last decade, there were an extensive research on procedures, less aggressive than laparoscopy and with better esthetic results. Minilaparoscopy is "reemerging" as a safe, effective and with excellent cosmetic results in selected patients treated for gastroesophageal reflux diasease. We present a serie of 27 patients treated for GERD by minilaparoscopic laparoscopy. MATERIAL: Between October 2009July 2011 a total of 27 patients underwent fundoplication by minilaparoscopy. It is used one 10mm trocar, a telescope of 30 degrees and four 3 mm trocars at regular positions. Regular surgical steps are done with no modifications. Cardiac tape, suture needles, and eventually extracting bag, gauze, are placed and taked out through the umbilical port. With these technical adjustments, we can perform the procedure safely and effectively, similarly to standard laparoscopic technique. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients, 22 were female and 5 male. The average body mass index was 25.5 kg/m². Hiatal hernias were small (<3 cm) in 24 patients. Mean operative time was 60 minutes. In all cases the hiatoplasty was performed with simple or 'x' stiches of 2.0 Ethibond. There was no need for conversion to standard laparoscopy or open surgery. The length of hospital stay was less than or equal to 24 hours in all patients. In this series of patients there were no postoperative complications. We did not observe any complication of the surgical wound. There were no evidence of recurrence of symptoms or endoscopic changes. CONCLUSION: Hiatoplasty associated with fundoplication using minilaparoscopic instruments is safe, feasible and effective. If compared to other "new access", has a spectacular esthetic results. Can be done with only minor technical adjustments, for any experienced laparoscopic surgeon, and is perfectly adaptable to our financial reality.