Abstract Objective: To estimate the direct costs of treating excess body weight in children and adolescents attending a public children’s hospital. Methods: This study analyzed the costs of the disease within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) for 2,221 patients with excess body weight using a microcosting approach. The costs included operational expenses, consultations, and laboratory and imaging tests obtained from medical records for the period from 2009 to 2019. Healthcare expenses were obtained from the Table of Procedures, Medications, Orthoses/Prostheses, and Special Materials of SUS and from the hospital’s finance department. Results: Medical consultations accounted for 50.6% (R$703,503.00) of the total cost (R $1,388,449.40) of treatment over the period investigated. The cost of treating excess body weight was 11.8 times higher for children aged 5–18 years compared to children aged 2–5 years over the same period. Additionally, the cost of treating obesity was approximately 4.0 and 6.3 times higher than the cost of treating overweight children aged 2–5 and 5–18 years, respectively. Conclusion: The average annual cost of treating excess body weight was R$138,845.00. Weight status and age influenced the cost of treating this disease, with higher costs being observed for individuals with obesity and children over 5 years of age. Additionally, the important deficit in reimbursement by SUS and the small number of other health professionals highlight the need for restructuring this treatment model to ensure its effectiveness, including a substantial increase in government investment. Objective childrens s hospital Methods (SUS 2221 2 221 2,22 approach 200 2019 Procedures Medications OrthosesProstheses Orthoses Prostheses Orthoses/Prostheses hospitals department Results 506 50 6 50.6 R$703,503.00 R70350300 R 703 503 00 (R$703,503.00 $1,388,449.40 138844940 1 388 449 40 investigated 118 11 8 11. 518 18 5–1 25 2– Additionally 4 0 4. 63 3 6. respectively Conclusion R13884500 138 845 R$138,845.00 effectiveness investment 222 22 2,2 20 201 50. R$703,503.0 R7035030 70 (R$703,503.0 $1,388,449.4 13884494 38 44 51 5– R1388450 13 84 R$138,845.0 2, R$703,503. R703503 7 (R$703,503. $1,388,449. 1388449 R138845 R$138,845. R$703,503 R70350 (R$703,503 $1,388,449 138844 R13884 R$138,845 R$703,50 R7035 (R$703,50 $1,388,44 13884 R1388 R$138,84 R$703,5 R703 (R$703,5 $1,388,4 1388 R138 R$138,8 R$703, R70 (R$703, $1,388, R13 R$138, R$703 R7 (R$703 $1,388 R1 R$138 R$70 (R$70 $1,38 R$13 R$7 (R$7 $1,3 R$1 R$ (R$ $1, $1 $

Abstract Physical activity comprises four domains (leisure, transportation, domestic, and work activities) that may be differently associated with oral health. The aim of this study was to assess the association between each physical activity domain and oral health conditions in Brazilian adults. A total of 38,539 participants in the 2019 Brazilian Health Survey aged 30 years or older were analyzed. The outcomes were self-perceived oral health (dichotomous) and self-reported number of missing teeth (counts). The presence, frequency, and time of activity in each domain and their combination were analyzed as main exposures. Odds ratios (OR) and mean ratios (MR) were estimated by fitting multivariable models. Higher leisure time physical activity was the only domain associated with better self-perception of oral health (OR = 1.32; 95%CI 1.26–1.38) and lower tooth loss (MR=0.88; 95%CI 0.86–0.90). Higher levels of work, transportation, and household activities were significantly associated with worse self-perception of oral health, while higher levels of work– and transportation–related physical activities were also associated with greater tooth loss. When the total recommended weekly physical activity time was analyzed, no significant associations were found. Sensitivity analysis suggested that this pattern persists in potential periodontitis–related cases, such as when selecting older age or excluding individuals with no tooth loss. In conclusion, leisure physical activity was the only domain with the potential of reflecting the benefits of physical activity on oral health. The inclusion of other domains can confound this association. leisure, (leisure transportation domestic adults 38539 38 539 38,53 201 3 selfperceived self perceived dichotomous (dichotomous selfreported reported counts. counts . (counts) presence frequency exposures OR MR (MR models selfperception perception 1.32 132 1 32 95CI CI 95 1.26–1.38 126138 26 MR=0.88 MR088 0 88 (MR=0.88 0.86–0.90. 086090 0.86–0.90 86 90 0.86–0.90) transportationrelated related found periodontitisrelated periodontitis cases conclusion 3853 53 38,5 20 (counts 1.3 13 9 1.26–1.3 12613 2 MR=0.8 MR08 8 (MR=0.8 08609 0.86–0.9 385 5 38, 1. 1.26–1. 1261 MR=0. MR0 (MR=0. 0860 0.86–0. 1.26–1 126 MR=0 (MR=0 086 0.86–0 1.26– 12 MR= (MR= 08 0.86– 1.26 0.86 1.2 0.8 0.

Este artigo analisa - com base na revisão da literatura existente e por meio da análise de dados secundários, realizando uma análise histórica desde a Colonização Portuguesa - as etapas de desenvolvimento da Região Amazônica e sua associação com a prática do desmatamento, destacando as políticas públicas que fomentaram o desenvolvimento da região e o atual avanço de sistemas produtivos orientados pelo estímulo econômico. Demonstra-se que o desenvolvimento populacional e econômico da Amazônia, citados como as principais causas do desmatamento e estimulados, em boa parte, por políticas econômicas, é um processo desuniforme no tempo e no espaço, gerando o desmatamento desigual entre os estados que compõem essa região e dentro de cada estado.

Basing on the literature review and on published dataset and following the time chronology of the events since the Portuguese colonization, this paper analyzes the stages of Amazonian region development and its impacts on deforestation, highlighting the policies addressing to foster the Amazon's development and the current stage of economic activities. The population growth and the economic activities, pointed out as the main causes of the Amazonian deforestation and stimulated by economic policies, have been unequally developed inside the Amazonian region, generating the unequal deforestation process among the Amazonian states and inside each state.

Este artigo analisa, empiricamente, a relação entre o desmatamento da floresta amazônica e o bem-estar da população local, mensurando os impactos de uma redução da área desmatada sobre o bem-estar. Utilizou-se o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) como indicador de bem-estar. Para isso, com base nos dados em nível municipal do Censo Agropecuário de 1995 foi estimada, para cada estado, uma função de produção Cobb-Douglas com três fatores de produção: terra, capital e trabalho. Com a função de produção e por meio do método de programação não linear (condições de Kuhn-Tucker), verificou-se a dimensão do impacto sobre o PIB agropecuário e do agronegócio quando há uma restrição na utilização do fator terra de modo a cumprir a legislação florestal vigente. Com base nos novos valores para o PIB, calculou-se o índice de renda que, combinado com os índices de educação e longevidade, produziram um novo IDH-M para alguns estados da Amazônia. Os resultados apontam que há alterações pequenas no IDH-M, apesar de serem bastante expressivas no nível de renda, quando se adotam restrições para a utilização da terra.

This paper analyses the empirical relationship between Amazonian rainforest deforestation and local population welfare, measuring the impact on welfare if the deforestation area has to be reduced. The Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) was used to measure welfare. Using 1995 Agriculture Census dataset, a Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated considering three production inputs: capital, land and labor. Applying a nonlinear programming method (Kuhn-Tucker conditions) on the results generated by the production function, the impacts of land constraints on agriculture and agribusiness incomes could be calculated, generating a new value of income for each Amazonian state. Combining new values of income with education and health indexes, a new MHDI was estimated for some Amazonian states. Results point out MHDI would have small reductions, despite significant reductions in some states income, if some restrains would be established on arable land use.

O desmatamento da floresta amazônica é um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pelo Brasil. A literatura aponta inúmeras causas ou fatores para o desmatamento, e muitos deles são, direta ou indiretamente, derivados de gastos realizados pelo governo federal. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar empiricamente, através de um modelo econométrico de dados em painel, como os gastos do governo influenciam o desmatamento na região amazônica ou mesmo o atenuam. O Pará é utilizado como estudo de caso por apresentar o maior grau de desmatamento dentre todos os estados amazônicos.

The deforestation of the Amazon forest is one of the most important environmental problems faced by the Brazilian government. The economic literature points to numerous factors responsible for deforestation, and many of these are, directly or indirectly, derived from federal spending. This article analyzes, through a panel data econometric model, how federal spending can influence, or mitigate, Amazonian deforestation. The state of Pará is used as a case study, as it presents the highest degree of deforestation among all Amazonian states.