Abstract The Chilean Society of Infectology, through its Neonatal Infections Committee in conjunction with the Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, propose a document for the Diagnosis and Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy and Newborn. This guideline suggests the management of mother and child infection, its diagnostic and therapeutic options. Considers the global and Latin American epidemiology, with recommendations for clinical and laboratory evaluation, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches according to the clinical situation, analyzes prevention measures and establishes a national proposal for monitoring this disease.

Resumen La Sociedad Chilena de Infectología, a través de su Comité de Infecciones Neonatales, en conjunto con la Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología, proponen un documento de diagnóstico y manejo de la infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) en la mujer embarazada y el recién nacido. Esta guía aborda el manejo de la infección en el binomio, su enfrentamiento diagnóstico y terapéutico, orientado al equipo de salud que atiende a mujeres embarazadas y recién nacidos con infección por CMV en Chile. Considera la situación epidemiológica global y latinoamericana, con recomendaciones para la evaluación clínica y de laboratorio; establece criterios de diagnóstico, propone enfoques terapéuticos de acuerdo a la situación clínica, analiza las medidas de prevención y establece una propuesta nacional para el seguimiento de esta enfermedad. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en entregar, de forma práctica, y con la mayor evidencia posible, las recomendaciones para el manejo del binomio con infección por CMV.

Abstract The Chilean Society of Infectology, through its Neonatal Infections Committee in conjunction with the Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, propose a document for the Diagnosis and Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnant Woman and Newborn Infant. This guideline suggests the management of mother and child infection, its diagnostic and therapeutic options. Considers the global and Latin American epidemiology, with recommendations for clinical and laboratory evaluation; diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches according to the clinical situation, analyzes prevention measures and establishes a national proposal for monitoring this disease.

Resumen La Sociedad Chilena de Infectología, a través de su Comité de Infecciones Neonatales, en conjunto con la Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología, proponen un documento de diagnóstico y manejo de la Infección por Citomegalovirus en la Mujer Embarazada y el Recién Nacido. Esta guía aborda el manejo de la infección en el binomio, su enfrentamiento diagnóstico y terapéutico, orientado al equipo de salud que atiende a mujeres embarazadas y recién nacidos con infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) en Chile. Considera la situación epidemiológica global y latinoamericana, con recomendaciones para la evaluación clínica y de laboratorio; establece criterios de diagnóstico, propone enfoques terapéuticos de acuerdo a la situación clínica, analiza las medidas de prevención y establece una propuesta nacional para el seguimiento de esta enfermedad. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en entregar, de forma práctica, y con la mayor evidencia posible, las recomendaciones para el manejo del binomio con infección por CMV.

Resumen El propósito del presente artículo es analizar de forma exploratoria la dinámica de la migración interna del departamento de Nariño, Colombia, en el período intercensal 1993-2005. El método empleado es el análisis secundario de estadísticas demográficas, como las que presentan las matrices de migración de toda la vida y de migración reciente que ha producido el Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (Celade) de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (Cepal), a través del sistema de migración interna en América Latina y el Caribe (MIALC). Los resultados muestran que en Nariño las inmigraciones y las emigraciones, tanto las de toda la vida como las recientes, tienen como origen y como destino departamentos cercanos, como Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Putumayo; también se muestra que una parte importante de estos movimientos la explican las migraciones desde y hacia Bogotá. Además, se ratificó que las migraciones de toda la vida son más voluminosas y acumulativas que las migraciones recientes, como ya lo han anunciado algunas investigaciones.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of internal migration in Nariño, Colombia, in the intercensal period 1993-2005. The method used is the secondary analysis of demographic statistics, such as those presented by the matrices of lifelong migration and recent migration that has produced the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Center (Celade) of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), through the MIALC database (Internal Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean). The results show that in Nariño immigrations and emigrations, both lifelong and recent ones, have as origin and as destination nearby provinces such as Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Putumayo; they also show that an important part of these movements is explained by the migrations to and from Bogotá. In addition, it was confirmed that lifelong migrations are more voluminous and cumulative than recent migrations, as several investigations have already announced.

Resumo O propósito do presente artigo é analisar de forma exploratória a dinâmica da migração interna do Estado de Nariño (Colômbia), no período intercensitário1993-2005. O método usado é a análise secundária de estatísticas demográficas, particularmente, as matrizes de migração de toda a vida e de migração recente, produzidas pelo Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (Celade), da CEPAL, a través do sistema de migração interna na América Latina e o Caribe (MIALC). Evidencia-se que em Nariño as imigrações e as emigrações, têm como origem e destino, estados próximos, como Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Putumayo. Também se confirma que uma parte importante destes movimentos migratórios desde e para Bogotá. Além disso, constata-se resultados de outras pesquisas: as migrações de toda a vida são mais volumosas e acumulativas que as migrações recentes.

Abstract: Myopathies secondary to collagen VI mutations (COLVI-M) are the most frequent in the northern hemisphere, affecting the adult and pediatric population. There are no data on its prevalence in Latin America. They are characterized by a great clinical variability, from severe phenotypes, such as Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), to intermediate and mild ones such as Bethlem myopathy (BM). Its onset is also variable and extends from the neonatal period to adulthood. Given the presence of joint hypermobility, the differential diagnosis should be made with various connective tissue diseases. The classical diagnostic algorithm in many patients has been insufficient to guide the genetic study in an adequate way, and from this the muscular magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as a very useful tool for a better diagnostic approach of this and other muscular pathologies. This ob jective of this review is to study the forms of presentation, clinical characteristics, specific diagnostic study, differential diagnosis and management of one of the most frequent hereditary muscular patho logies, with emphasis on the contribution of muscle magnetic resonance imaging.

Resumen: Las miopatías secundarias a mutaciones en el colágeno VI (M-COLVI) son las más frecuentes en el hemisferio norte, afectando población adulta y pediátrica. No existen datos de su prevalencia en Latinoamérica. Se caracterizan por presentar una gran variabilidad clínica, desde fenotipos severos, como la distrofia muscular congénita de Ullrich (DMCU), a intermedios y leves como la Miopatía de Bethlem (MB). Su inicio también es variable y se extiende desde el período de recién nacido hasta la vida adulta. Dada la presencia de hiperlaxitud articular, el diagnóstico diferencial se debe realizar con diversas enfermedades del tejido conectivo. El algoritmo diagnóstico clásico en muchos pacientes ha sido insuficiente para orientar el estudio genético de forma adecuada, y a partir de esto la resonancia magnética muscular ha emergido como una herramienta de gran utilidad para una mejor aproxima ción diagnóstica de ésta y otras patologías musculares. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo examinar las formas de presentación, características clínicas, estudio diagnóstico específico, diagnóstico dife rencial y manejo de una de las patologías musculares herediatarias más frecuentes, con énfasis en el aporte de la resonancia magnética muscular.

Abstract. Spinal dysraphism is an important indication for foetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), considering the evaluation of potential candidates for intrauterine surgery. Foetal MRI has proved to be superior to 2D and 3D ultrasound for the posterior fossa, brain stem, corpus callosum, and cortical development abnormalities. The description and level of spinal injury, hydrocephalus, magnitude of cerebellum herniation, and associated injuries, are valuable information, which is useful for the preoperative assessment, as well as for the comparison with postnatal studies.

Resumen. Las disrafias espinales son una indicación importante de resonancia magnética fetal (RMF), considerando la evaluación de posibles candidatos para cirugía intrauterina. La RMF ha demostrado ser superior a la ultrasonografía 3D y 2D para la evaluación de la fosa posterior, el tronco cerebral, el cuerpo calloso, y las anormalidades del desarrollo de la corteza cerebral. La descripción y el nivel del daño espinal, el grado de hidrocefalia, la magnitud de la herniación del cerebelo, y la presencia de lesiones asociadas son variables importantes, útiles para la planificación preoperatoria y la comparación con estudios posnatales.

Abstract. Muscle MRI has emerged as a valuable tool in the diagnosis of neuromuscular-disorders. The Dixon fat-water separation technique allows objective intra-muscular fat quantification. There are few reports concerning measurement standardisation with Dixon technique. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability in fat quantification using Dixon's technique in a cohort of patients with congenital myopathies, by analysing intra-segment, intra-muscle, and inter-muscle variability of 60 muscles in each patient. Whole body MRI was performed on 31 patients, 23 with congenital myopathies and 8 healthy controls, aged between 10 months and 35 years old, from January 2014 to June 2016. The mean fat-fraction in healthy patients was around 5%, with less than 2% intra-muscle variability. An intra-muscle variability between 3.1-7.8% was estimated in patients with congenital myopathies. It may be concluded that there is high intra- and inter-muscle fat-fraction variability among patients with congenital myopathies, and this is an observation that should be incorporated in the analysis of fat replacement.

Resumen. La resonancia magnética muscular ha emergido como una valiosa herramienta de apoyo diagnóstico en enfermedades neuromusculares. La técnica de Dixon permite objetivar la fracción grasa muscular, pero no existe consenso sobre la estandarización de estas mediciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad en la determinación de fracción grasa utilizando la técnica de Dixon, estudiando la variabilidad intrasegmentaria, intramuscular e intermuscular en 60 músculos por paciente. Se realizó RM de cuerpo completo a 31 pacientes: 23 con miopatía congénita y 8 controles, entre 10 meses y 35 años de edad, desde enero del 2014 a junio del 2016. En pacientes sanos se estimó una fracción grasa promedio cercana al 5%, con una variabilidad intramuscular inferior al 2%. En pacientes con miopatías congénitas existe una variabilidad entre el 3,1-7,8%. El estudio permite concluir que existe una alta variabilidad intra e intermuscular en pacientes miopáticos, que no se observa en pacientes sanos.

Propolis is a non-toxic natural substance with multiple pharmacological properties including anticancer, antioxidant, fungicidal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory among others. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical and botanical characterization of Chilean propolis samples and to evaluate their biological activity against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Twenty propolis samples were obtained from beekeeping producers from the central and southern regions of Chile. The botanical profile was determined by palynological analysis. Total phenolic contents were determined using colorimetric assays. Reverse phase HPLC and HPLC-MS were used to determine the chemical composition. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined on S. mutans and S. sobrinus. All propolis samples were dominated by structures from native plant species. The characterization by HPLC/MS, evidenced the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, rutine, pinocembrin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, that have already been described in these propolis with conventional HPLC. Although all propolis samples inhibited the mutans streptococci growth, it was observed a wide spectrum of action (MIC 0.90 to 8.22 µgmL-1). Given that results it becomes increasingly evident the need of standardization procedures, where we combine both the determination of botanical and the chemical characterization of the extracts. Research conducted to date, describes a promising effectiveness of propolis in the prevention of caries and other diseases of the oral cavity, making it necessary to develop studies to identify and understand the therapeutic targets or mechanisms of molecular action of the various compounds present on them.

El presente artículo busca explorar las actitudes, creencias y prácticas religiosas de los trabajadores de la ciudad de Pasto en el año 2009. La estrategia metodológica empleada para recolectar la información cuantitativa relativa a la exploración del fenómeno considerado, es la revisión y clasificación secundaria de estadísticas sociales. Los datos analizados e interpretados en este artículo más que revelarnos un panorama actualizado de las características de la religiosidad local a partir de la información suministrada por los trabajadores que participaron en el estudio, plantea nuevos interrogantes y preguntas que invitan a seguir abriendo los caminos del conocimiento

This article explores the attitudes, beliefs and religious practices of workers in the city of Pasto in 2009. The methodological strategy used to collect quantitative information on the exploration of the phenomenon considered is the review and classification secondary of social statistics. The data analyzed and interpreted in this article more than reveal an updated overview of the characteristics of the local religiosity from the information provided by the workers who participated in the study, raises new questions and questions that invite you to continue to open the paths of knowledge

Este artigo analisa as atitudes, crenças e práticas religiosas dos trabalhadores na cidade de Pasto, em 2009. A estratégia metodológica utilizada para coletar a informação quantitativa referida à exploração do fenômeno é a revisão e classificação secundária de estatísticas sociais. Os dados analisados e interpretados neste artigo não só revelam um panorama atualizado das características da religião local, a partir de informações fornecidas por trabalhadores que participaram do estudo, mas também fornecem novas questões que subsidiam outros caminhos do conhecimento

El interés de esta investigación es evidenciar la secularización de la conciencia que vienen experimentando los habitantes de los municipios más urbanizados de la zona andina de Nariño, a través del análisis del grado de confianza en dos instituciones que representan dimensiones sociales que históricamente han asumido un debate ideológico y cultural: religión y ciencia. El método empleado es la revisión, organización y clasificación de estadísticas sociales. El análisis de la comparación de la confiabilidad de las dos instituciones, aporta elementos para avanzar en la definición y discusión de objetos analíticos relacionados con el cambio social en la dimensión local y regional.

The aim of this research is to demonstrate the secularization of consciousness, which is experienced by the people of the most urbanized municipalities in the Andean region of Nariño, by analyzing the degree of confidence in two institutions that historically have assumed an important ideological and cultural debate: religion and science. The method employed by the author is review, organization, and classification of social statistics. A comparative analysis of the confidence in two institutions provides the means to advance in the direction of defining and discussing the analytical objects related to the local and regional dimensions of social change.

O artigo busca pôr em evidência a secularização da consciência que vêm experimentando os habitantes dos municípios mais urbanizados da região andina de Nariño (Colômbia), efetuando uma análise do grau de confiança em duas instituições que representam dimensões sociais que historicamente têm desenvolvido um debate ideológico e cultural: religião e ciência. O método utilizado é a revisão, organização e classificação de estatísticas sociais. A análise comparada da confiança nas duas instituições mencionadas fornece elementos para avançar na definição e discussão sobre objetos analíticos relacionados com as mudanças sociais nos âmbitos local e regional.

IP3 increase and de novo synthesis of scoparone are produced in the hypersensitive response (HR) of lemon seedlings against the fungus Alternaria alternata. To elucidate whether a G-protein and/or a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) are involved in signal transduction leading to the production of such a defensive response, we studied the HR in this plant system after treatment with G-protein activators alone and PTK inhibitors in the presence of fungal conidia. No changes in the level of IP3 were detected in response to the treatment with the G-protein activators cholera toxin or mastoparan, although the HR was observed in response to these compounds as determined by the scoparone synthesis. On the contrary, the PTK inhibitors lavendustin A and 2,5-dihidroxy methyl cinnamate (DHMC) not only prevented the IP3 changes observed in response to the fungal inoculation of lemon seedlings but also blocked the development of the HR. These results suggest that the IP3 changes observed in response to A. alternata require a PTK activity and are the result of a G-protein independent Phospholipase C activity, even though the activation of a G-protein can also lead to the development of a HR. Therefore, it appears that more than one signaling pathway may be activated for the development of HR in lemon seedlings: one involving a G-protein and the other involving a PTK-dependent PLC.

In addition to phytoalexin synthesis, the defense response of intact Citrus limon seedlings against Alternaria alternata involves both constitutive and induced enzyme activities such as chitinases (Ch) and ß-1,3-glucanases (Glu). A. alternata conidial germination was prevented by protein extracts from inoculated lemon seedlings, but also by extracts from mock-inoculated specimens. On the other hand, degradation of mycelia was accomplished only by protein extracts from inoculated seedlings. The presence of six Ch isoenzymes and of four Glu isoenzymes was detected in protein extracts from mock-inoculated seedlings. As a result of fungal inoculation, the isoenzyme pattern of Ch and Glu changed, making possible the detection of a new Ch isoenzyme and of three new Glu. Also, some constitutive Ch and Glu increased their enzyme activity, and those Ch that increased their activy also showed a broadening of their substrate specificity. These changes were prevented by a-amanitin and cycloheximide, suggesting that the presence of new Ch and Glu isoenzymes was due to de novo synthesis of proteins. Results suggest that constitutive Ch and Glu could act as pre-formed defense molecules in Citrus limon preventing A. alternata germination, while those induced after fungal inoculation of lemon seedlings could act along with the former, to produce lysis of fungal mycelia, resulting in a more efficient control of A. alternata development..

The development of an effective hypersensitive response (HR) in any plant system relies, not only in their gene composition and expression, but also on an effective and rapid signal transduction system. Lemon seedlings induce the phenylpropanoid pathway, which results in the de novo biosynthesis of the phytoalexin scoparone, as part of the hypersensitive response against Alternaria alternata. In order to elucidate some of the signaling elements that participate in the development of HR in lemon seedlings, we used several compounds that are known as activators or inhibitors of signal transduction elements in plants or in animal cells. Lemon seedlings treated either with cholera toxin or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), in the absence of A. alternata induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, E. C. 4.3.1.5) and the synthesis of scoparone, suggesting the participation of a G-protein and of a serine/threonine kinase, respectively, in signal transduction. The use of trifluoperazine (TFP), W-7, staurosporine, lavendustin A or 2,5dihydroximethyl cinnamate (DHMC) prevented PAL induction as well as scoparone biosynthesis in response to the fungal inoculation, thus allowing us to infer the participation of Calmodulin (CaM), of serine/threonine and of tyrosine protein kinases (TPK) for signal transduction in Citrus limon in response to A. alternata

Lemon seedlings inoculated with Alternaria alternata develop a hypersensitive response (HR) that includes the induction of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, E. C. 4.3.1.5) and the synthesis of scoparone. The signal transduction pathway involved in the development of this response is unknown. We used several inhibitors of the Phosphoinositide (PI) animal system to study a possible role of Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3 ) in the transduction of the fungal conidia signal in Citrus limon. The HR was only partially inhibited by EGTA, suggesting that not only external but internal calcium as well are necessary for a complete development of the HR. In this plant system, Alternaria alternata induced an early accumulation of the second messenger IP3. When lemon seedlings were watered long term with LiCl, an inhibitor of the phosphoinositide cycle, the IP3 production was reduced, and the LiCl-watered plants could neither induce PAL nor synthesize scoparone in response to fungal conidia. Furthermore, neomycin, a Phospholipase C (PLC, E. C. 3.1.4.3) inhibitor, also inhibited PAL induction and scoparone synthesis in response to A. alternata. These results suggest that IP3 could be involved in the signal transduction pathway for the development of the HR of Citrus limon against A. alternata