ABSTRACT Crane flies are the most diverse group within Diptera, but they are rarely studied in coastal ecosystems. Considering the scarcity of information on the biology and ecology of this group in the Neotropics, and the sparse literature available for taxonomic identification, we developed a descriptive checklist that incorporates morphology and DNA barcoding. We also created a generic identification key for crane flies of southern Brazilian salt marshes. We sampled crane flies continuously at three areas along the Patos Lagoon salt marshes over one year. A total of 14 genera/subgenera, 6 species, and 12 morphotypes belonging to Limoniidae and Tipulidae were identified. Distribution ranges of Symplecta cana (Walker, 1848) and two Ormosia Rondani, 1856 species were expanded. mtDNA COI sequences were compared to the BOLD and NCBI databases, but were matched only at the family level. Therefore, we provided sequences to both platforms, updated to the genus level. We found low (0.00-0.03) intraspecific and high (0.11-0.25) interspecific molecular differences indicating that the mtDNA COI region is adequate for distinguishing species within the Tipuloidea. The Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829 species complex showed low genetic difference, indicating that they could be one species with high morphological plasticity. This study will serve as a basis for future research on insects of Neotropical salt marshes.

ABSTRACT Penaeid trawls are poorly selective fishing gears; contributing towards approximately 27% of global marine fisheries discards. Various options are available for mitigating penaeid-trawl bycatch, including gear modifications such as ‘bycatch reduction devices’ (BRDs) or codend mesh-size regulations. A precursor to developing modifications is information about the key target and bycatch species in terms of their sizes and morphology. Here we describe the relationships between these characteristics for the southern Brazilian industrial penaeid-trawl fishery within a broader objective of proposing more selective trawl configurations. Catches were sampled during 37 tows. Fifty-two species were caught, including two loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, one green turtle, Chelonia mydas, as well as 61 individuals of seven ray species classified as Endangered or Critically Endangered. One penaeid (Pleoticus muelleri) and 11 teleosts were assessed for various morphological relationships. The data demonstrated that both the existing conventionally used 26 mm (stretched mesh opening; SMO) mesh and a legislated size of 30 mm SMO are too small. Using morphological relationships, we propose testing a minimum diamond-shaped mesh size of at least 35 mm and a square-mesh window in the top of the codend comprising at least 48 mm mesh. Such a configuration would probably retain penaeids and larger teleosts, but allow many small teleosts to escape. Anteriorly located grids are also required to reduce the bycatch of charismatic species like turtles and rays. Wide-scale use of such BRDs should considerably reduce bycatches and the ancillary impacts of regional penaeid-trawl fisheries.

El suprabentos o hiperbentos es la agregación de organismos de pequeño tamaño que interactúan por cierto tiempo en la capa de límite bentónico. La información de la composición taxonómica y el papel de las especies suprabentónicas, especialmente en la zona litoral, es escasa. Este trabajo trata de contribuir a solventar este problema. Se analizó la variación espacial y temporal de la agregación suprabentónica en la zona de rompiente de cuatro playas en la costa litoral de Venezuela. Se dio especial atención al sedimento y características del agua. Todas las muestras fueron tomadas mensualmente durante el 2011. Las muestras fueron extraídas utilizando un trineo suprabentónico manual paralelo a la línea de costa. En cada playa se escogieron dos sitios. Las muestras fueron separadas e identificadas hasta el nivel taxonómico más bajo posible. Se midieron doce variables ambientales: oxígeno disuelto, porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno, pH, salinidad, temperatura superficial, sólidos suspendidos totales, inorgánicos y orgánicos, carbono orgánico total, materia orgánica en sedimento, tamaño del grano de sedimento y cantidad de material arrastrado en cada muestra. Se identificaron un total de 24 141 individuos (densidad promedio: 26.16±55.35ind./m2), pertenecientes a 21 grupos taxonómicos. Los análisis sugieren que la estacionalidad no explica los cambios observados en la fauna ni en las variables ambientales. La agregación del suprabentos, la densidad total, riqueza y variables ambientales cambiaron de manera diferente entre meses y playas. Los grupos más frecuentes fueron anfípodos y decápodos. A nivel de especies/categorías fueron las post-larvas de camarón (Penaeidae), las megalopas de cangrejos Grapsidae y de Arenaeus cribarius (Lamarck, 1818). La disimilitud entre meses en cada playa se debe principalmente a la abundancia de anfípodos, ctenóforos, decápodos y misidáceos. En meses particulares y algunas playas, se encontraron altas abundancias de ctenóforos. Este grupo dominó esas muestras, aún cuando no son frecuentemente un grupo representativo del suprabentos. Se encontraron bajas correlaciones entre el suprabentos y las variables ambientales. Una relación un poco más fuerte fue establecida con las características del agua y la abundancia de material arrastrado. La agregación de suprabentos estudiada tuvo una alta riqueza taxonómica y fue muy dinámica tanto espacial como temporalmente. Los análisis sugieren que no hay un patrón evidente de distribución y el azar no puede ser atribuido sólo a la variación temporal. Posiblemente hay influencia de una sinergia de factores ambientales o biológicos, más que de una variable en particular. Las especies Americamysis bahia (Molenock, 1969) y Americamysis taironana (Brattegard, 1973) se reportan por primera vez para Venezuela. Este es el primer estudio ecológico del suprabentos en el Mar Caribe.

The suprabenthos or hyperbenthos is the macrofaunal assemblage of small-sized organisms that interact for some time in the benthic boundary layer. Information about the taxonomic composition and role of suprabenthic species, especially in littoral zones, is scarce and scattered. This work attempts to contribute alleviate this problem. We analyze the temporal and spatial variations of suprabenthic assemblages in the swash-zone from four beaches of the littoral coast of Venezuela. For each beach, two sites were chosen, and special attention was given to water and sediment characteristics. 12 environmental variables were measured: Dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation percentage, pH, salinity, surface temperature, total, organic and inorganic suspended solids, total organic carbon, organic matter in sediment, grain size of sediment, and amount of dragged material of sample. All faunal samples were taken on a monthly basis during 2011; these were extracted using a manual suprabenthic sledge towed parallel to the shoreline. Samples were sorted and identified to their lowest possible taxonomic level. A total of 24 141 specimens (mean abundance: 26.16±55.35ind./m²) belonging to 21 taxonomic groups were identified. Analysis suggests that seasonality does not explain observed changes either in fauna or environmental variables. It was found that suprabenthic assemblages, total suprabenthos density, richness and environmental variables changed in a dissimilar fashion between months and beaches. The most frequent groups were amphipods and decapods; and at the species/categories level post-larval shrimp (Penaeidae), Grapsidae crab megalopae and Arenaeus cribarius megalopae were common. Dissimilarity between months in each beach was primarily explained by the abundance of amphipods, ctenophores, decapods and mysids. For particular months and selected beaches very high abundances of ctenophores were found. This group dominated the sample even though it is not usually a representative group in suprabenthos. Samples showed low correlations between suprabenthos and environmental variables. A somewhat stronger correlation could be established between water characteristics and dragged material abundance. The studied suprabenthos assemblage was found to have high taxa richness and very dynamic behaviour at spatial and temporal scale. Further analysis suggested that there is no evident pattern of distribution and that causality can not be directly attributed to temporal variation only. Possibly there is an influence of a synergy of environmentals or biological factors, rather than a single variable. The species Americamysis bahia and Americamysis taironana are reported for the first time in Venezuela. This study represents the first ecological research of the suprabenthos in the Caribbean region.

Astropecten marginatus Gray 1840 presenta una amplia distribución en el norte y este de sur América, encontrándose en fondos arenosos y fangosos de aguas someras y profundas. Se determinó su distribución, parámetros poblacionales tales como: talla, peso y dieta, de los ejemplares provenientes de los muestreos de megabentos de los proyectos LBAPD y CFI en las épocas de lluvia y sequía en la ecorregión Delta del Orinoco, Venezuela. Se dividió la ecorregión en tres sectores: Golfo de Paria, Boca de Serpiente y Plataforma Deltana. Las estrellas fueron medidas, pesadas y se extrajo su estómago para la determinación de las presas. Las mayores densidades se encontraron en época de sequía en Golfo de Paria (2006) y en época de lluvia en Plataforma Deltana (2005). El intervalo de tallas más frecuente fue 3.1-4.6cm. La mayor biomasa se encontró en Golfo de Paria en época de sequía. No se observaron relaciones entre el tamaño de la estrella y la profundidad de muestreo. Existe una dominancia de los moluscos en la dieta, a pesar de tener una alimentación heterogénea. Se observó que aparte de la depredación, también pueden presentar comportamientos carroñeros y detritívoros.

Distribution, population parameters, and diet of Astropecten marginatus (Asteroidea: Astropectinidae) in the Venezuelan Atlantic coast. Astropecten marginatus is a sea star widely distributed in Northern and Eastern South America, found on sandy and muddy bottoms, in shallow and deep waters. To describe some of its ecological characteristics, we calculated it spatial-temporal distribution, population parameters (based on size and weight) and diet in the Orinoco Delta ecoregion (Venezuela). The ecoregion was divided in three sections: Golfo de Paria, Boca de Serpiente and Plataforma Deltana. Samples for the rainy and dry seasons came from megabenthos surveys of the "Línea Base Ambiental Plataforma Deltana (LBAPD)" and "Corocoro Fase I (CFI)" projects. The collected sea stars were measured, weighted and dissected by the oral side to extract their stomach and identify the preys consumed. A total of 570 sea stars were collected in LBAPD project and 306 in CFI one. The highest densities were found during the dry season in almost all sections. In LBAPD project the highest density was in "Plataforma Deltana" section (0.007±0.022ind/m² in dry season and 0.014±0.06ind/m² in rainy season) and in the CFI project the densities in "Golfo de Paria" section were 0.705±0.829ind/m² in rainy season and 1.027±1.107ind/m² in dry season. The most frequent size range was 3.1-4.6cm. The highest biomass was found in "Golfo de Paria" section (7.581±0.018mg/m² in dry season and 0.005±6.542x10-06mg/m² in rainy season for 2004-2005 and 3.979±4.024mg/m² in dry season; and 3.117±3.137mg/m² in rainy season for 2006). A linear relationship was found between the sea star size and its weight but no relationship was observed between its size and the depth where it was collected. Mollusks are dominant in the sea star diet (47.4% in abundance). The diet in any of the sections, seasons or between projects or size class was heterogeneous, using multivariate ordinations (MDS) and SIMPER analysis and there was no difference in the prey number or food elements that a sea star can eat. Although A. marginatus has been described as a predator, in this study were also inferred scavenger and detritivorous habits. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 53-69. Epub 2011 March 01.