Abstract The main purpose of this paper was to present the Forestry Routing Optimization Model (FRoM) as a version of the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). This work approaches for wood logistic problems consisting of simple displacement and multiple displacements of trucks toward the stands. The FRoM encompasses both steps into one single integer mixed linear programming model, considering cranes and trucks schedule, fleet reduction, reduction of overtime, reduction of half-load transportation, and approaching the minimum distance traveled along a fixed planning horizon. Some technique constraints were implemented to provide accurate model function. An executed real problem data was used to compare the outcomes. The objective was to carry and transport 21,881.82 tons of lumber from 10 stands using a total of 48 trucks and 5 cranes in a planning horizon of 6 days, which each day has 20 hours of effective work. The FRoM has performed a fleet reduction of 72.92%, eliminating overtime. It has reduced the half-load trips to the order of 3.17% of all routes. The crane’s analysis allowed catching points of inefficiency due to operational idleness. The FRoM provided savings of 49.12% at all logistic costs. FRoM has shown to be a good option as a route optimizer for forestry logistics.

A necessidade do município de Imbé (RS) de elaborar o seu Plano de Manejo de Dunas ensejou a construção deste método para o gerenciamento costeiro ativo de setores da costa. Entre dezembro de 2011 e março de 2012, o estudo diagnóstico se apropriou de técnicas clássicas da morfodinâmica praial, dinâmica sedimentar, morfologia e ecologia das dunas, complementadas com a obtenção de uma matriz de dados ambientais e de padrões urbanísticos (checklist) para definição de índices de vulnerabilidades (IVR). Inicialmente, quatro setores costeiros com características similares foram identificados, a saber: Setor sul (a)- costa urbanizada sem dunas; Setor sul (b)- costa em erosão por ondas e sangradouros; Setor central- costa estável a progradante; Setor norte- costa em erosão gradual. A análise por agrupamento da matriz de dados permitiu classificar cinco grandes grupos, entre os quais dois grupos prioritários ao manejo, segundo o comportamento das variáveis empregadas na taxação da lista de controle. As associações tendem a se formar entre trechos adjacentes o que facilita a proposição das soluções de manejo em larga escala espacial. O risco de erosão aumentou para o norte do município em razão do avanço da urbanização e de uma estrada litorânea sobre as dunas, coincidente com a diminuição da largura e dos estoques de areia da praia subaérea associada ao campo de dunas transgressivas de Imara.

The north coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) has been suffering a continuing process of human occupation in the last decades due to the expansion of tourism and second-residences.The need of the municipality of Imbé (Rio Grande do Sul - RS) to elaborate the Plan of Dune Management led to the construction of a method for managing coastal assessment to priority sectors. The diagnosis is a first step to the planning of the whole coast of the municipality, which uses criteria of environmental analysis and human occupation, seeking the division into sectors. The identification of conflicts between urbanization and beach facilitates the choice of management techniques and control the different use of space, in order to solve the problems of erosion and the littoral degradation. Between december 2011 and march 2012 classical techniques of beach morphodynamic, morphology and ecology of the dunes were applied in the research area. Also, they were complemented with an data matrix elaborated from environmental and urbanization patterns (checklist) for setting rates vulnerabilities (IV%). Four sectors with similar characteristics were identified to facilitating the application of management techniques in a large spacial scale: South sector (a) - urbanized coast without dunes; South sector (b) - erosional coast due wave and washouts; Central sector - progradational and stable coast; North sector - gradual erosional coast. At the north of beach, the risk of erosion and degradation of foredunes grew up due to the expansion of urban and the construction of the road on APP (Area of Permanently Protection) dunes. Coincidently decreased the subaerial beaches and losses of stock sediment into the transgressive dunefield of Imara. As suggestions to control the erosion problem, the Plan of Dune Management of the Imbé beach proposes: Installing sand fences, scattering the dead vegetation, constructing foredunes and vegetation plantings, resizing the washouts, improving the beach access and signalizations in addition to environmental education.

Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard is an important pest of solanaceous plants, including tomatoes. This mite is characterized by a high reproductive rate, which leads to high population growth in a short period of time causing important economic damage. Control of T. evansi is mainly through synthetic acaricides. In searching for environmentally friendly control measures, we evaluated the efficiency of alternative products to control T. evansi on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. The products tested were lime sulphur and neem based products. We first estimated the lethal concentration (LC) and instantaneous rate of increase (r i) of T. evansi exposed to different product concentrations in laboratory conditions, and later tested the efficacy of LC95 and the concentrations that restrained mite population growth (r i = 0) in greenhouse conditions. The following treatments were repeated three times: NeemPro (81.0 and 71.6 mg a.i./l), Natuneem (31.1 and 20.4 mg ai/l), Organic Neem (39.1 and 30.4 mg a.i./l), lime sulphur (1.0 and 0.6%) and water (control). For all products, control provided by LC95 was higher than provided for lower concentrations (r i = 0) one day after spraying. However, after five days, for both concentrations, the percentage of T. evansi population reduction was superior to 95% and increased over time. Only plants sprayed with Natuneem (31.1 mg a.i./l) showed symptoms of phytotoxicity. Lime sulphur and neem based products, applied in appropriate concentrations and formulations, bear out as a viable alternative to control T. evansi on tomato plants.