ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic variation and diversity of cassava for breeding purposes based on the pasting properties of starch, for food applications. The viscosities of the starches, extracted from 1031 accessions, were obtained using a Rapid Visco Analyzer. The best linear unbiased predictors were calculated for five critical points of the viscograms, which were then used to cluster the accessions based on the discriminant analysis of principal components. The wide phenotypic variation identified from the viscograms reveals the high potential for selection gains, especially for pasting temperature and setback. Certain strong correlations indicate that selection based on a specific viscogram trait can be used for indirect selection (e.g., the correlation between peak viscosity and breakdown [0.85]). The lowest Bayesian information criterion identified five different groups. Groups 3 and 4 exhibited high pasting temperatures, while Groups 3 and 5 exhibited low setbacks. Group 3 also exhibited low viscosity and breakdown. However, we focused on selecting cassava accessions with a high pasting temperature and low setback, as these are the most important traits for industrial applications. The predicted genetic gains from the selection of the top 15 cassava accessions for increasing pasting temperature and decreasing setback were 4.40% and 53.17%, respectively. The increased pasting temperature (~72.89°C) and high amplitude of setback (~600 cP) due to selection can guide the utilization of the cassava germplasm for breeding and provide a basis for further studies to develop varieties with added value, especially in the food industry.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de mandioca (Manihot esculenta) do banco de germoplasma brasileiro com funcionalidade semelhante à do amido ceroso. Um total de 881 genótipos foi pré-selecionado por análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico, e seu potencial industrial foi comparado ao dos clones 7745-5WX de mandioca cerosa e WX-Maize de milho ceroso, ambos usados como referência. Dois genótipos se destacaram: BGM0036 e BGM0083. Amostras desses quatro genótipos foram caracterizadas por meio de teor de amilose, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios-X, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, viscosidade de pasta e distribuição da cadeia de amilopectina. As amostras apresentaram cristalinidade tipo A e nenhuma diferença estatística (p> 0,05) quanto ao grau de cristalinidade (25,3 a 30,0), o que mostra proporções similares das frações de amilose/amilopectina. Não foram observadas diferenças na microestrutura dos amidos de mandioca. A temperatura inicial de gelatinização e as cadeias curtas de amilopectina apresentaram correlação negativa muito forte, o que indica que uma menor proporção de cadeias curtas de amilopectina resulta em uma maior temperatura inicial de gelatinização. BGM0036 e BGM0083 apresentam baixa viscosidade final, próxima às dos amidos de milho e mandioca cerosos, sendo uma alternativa para a utilização em diferentes alimentos que necessitam de estabilidade durante o congelamento.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to select cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes from the Brazilian germplasm bank with a functionality similar to that of waxy starch. A total of 881 genotypes were pre-selected using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, and their industrial potential was compared with that of the 7745-5WX waxy cassava and the WX-Maize waxy maize clones, both used as references. Two genotypes stood out: BGM0036 and BGM0083. Samples from these four genotypes were characterized by means of amylose content, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, paste viscosity, and chain-length distribution of amylopectin. The samples presented A-type crystallinity and no statistical differences (p > 0.05) regarding crystallinity degree (25.3 to 30.0), which shows similar proportions of the amylose/amylopectin fractions. No differences were observed in the microstructure of the cassava starches. Initial gelatinization temperature and amylopectin short chains presented a very strong negative correlation, indicating that a lower proportion of short chains of amylopectin results in a higher initial temperature of gelatinization. BGM0036 and BGM0083 show a low final viscosity, close to that of the waxy maize and cassava starches, being an alternative for use in different foods that require stability during freezing.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters and identify traits that contribute to early yield in Manihot esculenta Crantz. Ten traits were evaluated in two experiments, one with 138 genotypes and the other with 133, using a completely randomized block design with four replications. All genotype effects were significant. The accuracy was high for the traits, except leaf retention (0.57), and reliability ranged from 0.33 to 0.75. Root weight (RW) and number of roots (NR) showed the highest selection effectiveness (CV r ), although the estimate was less than 1. Moreover, RW and NR obtained high genetic correlation (0.70). Path analysis showed that only number of roots had a significant direct effect on root weight (0.49), and no indirect effect was found. Therefore, accessions exhibited sufficient genetic variability, and indirect selection based on early evaluation of number of roots can be applied in cassava breeding for fresh root yield, increasing gain over time.

ABSTRACT The slow rate of multiplication is one of the main constraints on the production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). This work aimed to evaluate the use of leaf buds for rapid propagation of cassava varieties. Leaf buds were excised from three cassava varieties (BRS Kiriris, 98150-06 and 9624-09) for plantlet generation. The experiment was completely randomized with a 5 (age of mother plant) × 3 (position of the leaf buds on the stems) × 2 (agrochemical treatments) factorial design. Data were collected on leaf sprouting percentage (Spro.Per), plantlet height (Plant.Hei) and total dry mass of plantlets (Dry.Mass.Plant). There was a difference between the three traits for most of the varieties, demonstrating significant effects on the agronomic attributes evaluated. Better agronomic performance (higher sprouting percentage, plantlet height and total dry mass) in plantlets was observed in leaf buds of: i) maturing plants up to six months old; ii) more herbaceous (upper) parts; and iii) plants treated with agrochemicals (fungicides and insecticides). Considering four-month-old plants, three annual cycles, and an 81 % average sprouting, it would be possible to reach an annual multiplication rate of 1:72, which is much higher than that achieved by traditional methods using mature stem cuttings from 12-month-old plants (around 1:5). These results are important because they demonstrate the possibility of using cassava leaf buds to produce high-quality plantlets rapidly for greater multiplication and diffusion of new varieties and cultivation on a larger scale.

Abstract The new cassava variety ‘BRS Novo Horizonte’ was developed and released in Bahia, Brazil for industrial use, particularly for starch production. The fresh and dry root yields were 39% and 44% higher, respectively, than those of local varieties. The root quality traits allowed the extraction of high-quality starch. The variety is also adapted for mechanized cropping systems.

ABSTRACT: Genome-wide selection (GWS) is currently a technique of great importance in plant breeding, since it improves efficiency of genetic evaluations by increasing genetic gains. The process is based on genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) obtained through phenotypic and dense marker genomic information. In this context, GEBVs of N individuals are calculated through appropriate models, which estimate the effect of each marker on phenotypes, allowing the early identification of genetically superior individuals. However, GWS leads to statistical challenges, due to high dimensionality and multicollinearity problems. These challenges require the use of statistical methods to approach the regularization of the estimation process. Therefore, we aimed to propose a method denominated as triple categorical regression (TCR) and compare it with the genomic best linear unbiased predictor (G-BLUP) and Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (BLASSO) methods that have been widely applied to GWS. The methods were evaluated in simulated populations considering four different scenarios. Additionally, a modification of the G-BLUP method was proposed based on the TCR-estimated (TCR/G-BLUP) results. All methods were applied to real data of cassava (Manihot esculenta) with to increase efficiency of a current breeding program. The methods were compared through independent validation and efficiency measures, such as prediction accuracy, bias, and recovered genomic heritability. The TCR method was suitable to estimate variance components and heritability, and the TCR/G-BLUP method provided efficient GEBV predictions. Thus, the proposed methods provide new insights for GWS.

ABSTRACT: Genetic redundancy in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) presents a challenge to efficient management of genetic resources. This study aimed to identify and define the genetic structure of duplicates in cassava germplasm from various Embrapa research units, using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We evaluated 2,371 accessions with 20,712 SNPs. The identification of duplicates was performed based on multilocus genotypes (MLG), adopting a maximum genetic distance threshold of 0.05. The population structure was defined based on discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). A total of 1,757 unique and 614 duplicate accessions were identified. The redundancy of the collections ranged from 17 % (Belém, PA – Brazil) to 39 % (Petrolina, PE – Brazil), with an average of 21 %. This redundancy between different research units is probably due to the historical sharing of accessions, as well as collections carried out in the same region, or even to the intense germplasm exchange between farmers with different genotype names. In terms of genetic structure, the 250 principal components explained 88 % of the genetic variation of the SNP markers and defined the hierarchical structure of the duplicate cassava germplasm in 12 groups. Since heterotic groups have not yet been identified for cassava, crosses between accessions of the 12 DAPC groups may be promising. All MLGs were allocated within the same DAPC group, corroborating duplicate analyses yet still revealing high variability between groups that were quite distinct based on the first two discriminant functions. Our results contribute to optimizing the conservation of genetic resources, together with understanding diversity and its use in crop improvement.

ABSTRACT Cassava root rot diseases such as dry and black root rot are listed among the major threats, since its affect the main product (tuberous roots), causing a progressive decline in yield and affecting subsequent crop cycles, being the use of resistant varieties the most reliable control measure on field level. The objective of this study was to identify inoculation methods for the early evaluation of genotypes, considering the level of resistance to dry (DRR) and black (BRR) root rot diseases. Different methodologies and plant tissues were evaluated, based on the immersion of cassava tissues (roots and stem cuttings), soil infestation, and inoculation of detached tissues (leaves, tuberous roots and stem cuttings). The following parameters were evaluated for inoculations based on tissue immersion: disease index (ω); aerial part weight (g); fresh weight of the roots (g); and volume (cm3). For the inoculations on detached tissues, the percentage of lesioned area was determined. Immersion methods for roots and lesioned stems did not show typical symptoms of DRR and BRR during the two-month evaluation period. The soil infestation method did not differ from the stem immersion method as to the reduction of aerial part weight and the disease index, whereas both can be recommended for resistance selection trials. There was a positive correlation between the BRR and DRR data for the stem inoculation (r = 0.94, p = 0.001) and for DRR in the peel and root pulp (r = 0.73, p = 0.05). Therefore, the resistance within each tissue is apparently independent and should be compared with the behavior of the genotypes in the field.

ABSTRACT: Although root rot is one of the major diseases affecting Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), little is known about the diversity of root rot pathogens. In this study, diseased plants exhibiting root rot symptoms were collected from cassava-producing regions in five Brazilian states: Bahia, Sergipe, Paraíba, Maranhão, Tocantins, and Paraná. Seventy isolates were obtained and assigned to species complexes based on rDNA's ITS (internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA) region (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S). A total of seven species complexes was found belonging to the genus Fusarium (56/74), followed by Lasiodiplodia (8/74), Neoscytalidium (6/74), and Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex (2/74), Phytophthora, and Corallomycetella (1/74 each). These species were distributed differently according to sample locations and states, but overall, the F. solani species complex (FSSC) was the most prevalent. A number of phylogenetic lineages had not been previously reported as being associated with cassava-root rot disease, such as: F. graminearum (FGSC), F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) and F. chlamydosporum (FCSC) complexes, and a phylogenetic lineage most closely related to P. phaseolorum. Results suggest the need to improve knowledge of the species associated with cassava, including multilocus phylogeny for a more specific characterization, and differences in the resistance background associated with these species, as a strategy to incorporate resistance to multiple pathogens in cassava breeding programs.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability and adaptability, using the method of harmonic means of the relative performance of genetic values and to estimate the genetic components of variance and average via mixed models of 14 genotypes of passion fruit in three environments. Data were obtained in a random block design with three replicates and nine plants per plot. For the hybrids in the final validation phase, the estimates of heritability and genetic gains in the evaluated environments showed good prospects for selection of superior genotypes. There was a pronounced effect of genotype-environment interaction (GxE) for all traits investigated except fruit length, percentage of pulp, soluble solids, titratable acidity and SS/TA ratio. The most stable and adaptable hybrids in the evaluated environments were BRS Gigante Amarelo, HFOP-09, H09-09, GP09-02, GP09-03 and BRS Sol do Cerrado.

ABSTRACT Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.

RESUMO O conhecimento da variação fenotípica do germoplasma de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) permite estimar a variabilidade genética como suporte para seleção de genitores contrastantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir grupos homogêneos de germoplasma de mandioca com base em características produtivas, resistência a doenças e qualidade de raízes utilizando o método não-hierárquico K-means. Os valores genotípicos estimados pelo BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Predictor) foram utilizados para a análise de agrupamento. O número de grupos foi definido no início da estabilização da menor soma de quadrados dentro dos grupos. Foram obtidos 17 grupos para representar a diversidade do germoplasma, cujo número de acessos variou de 7 (Grupo 15) a 69 (Grupo 9). Em geral, os acessos pertencentes aos grupos 1; 4; 7; 12; 15 e 16, apresentaram boas características agronômicas, tais como alta produtividade de raízes frescas e de amido (> 60,7 t ha-1 e 18,6 t ha-1, respectivamente). Por outro lado, apenas o grupo 15 apresentou menor severidade de bacteriose. Os grupos obtidos apresentaram grandes diferenças entre si, conforme valores da soma de quadrados dentro dos grupos, que variavam entre 215,1 (Grupo 15) a 2338,3 (Grupo 8). O K-means permitiu a formação de grupos consistentes com base nas características agronômicas avaliadas. Portanto, o algoritmo K-means foi eficiente para a formação de grupos homogêneos com baixa variação genotípica dentro, especialmente para análises de grandes quantidades de dados, como em bancos de germoplasma de mandioca.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of the phenotypic variation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm allows the estimative of the genetic variability to support the selection of contrasting genitors. Therefore, the aim of this work was to define homogeneous groups of cassava germplasm based on yield traits, disease resistance and root quality using K-means as a non-hierarchical method. Breeding values estimated by Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (BLUP) were used for the cluster analysis. The number of groups was defined according to the stabilization of the smallest within-group sum of squares. Seventeen clusters were defined to represent the diversity of the germplasm, whose number of accessions ranged from 7 (Group 15) to 69 (Group 9). In general, accessions belonging to Groups 1, 4, 7, 12, 15 and 16 showed good agronomic traits, such as high fresh root yield and starch yield (> 60.7 t ha-1 and 18.6 t ha-1, respectively). In contrast, only Group 15 presented low bacterial blight severity. The groups obtained showed strong differences, as evidenced by the within-groups sums of squares values, which ranged from 215.1 (Group 15) to 2,338.3 (Group 8). The K-means algorithm allowed the formation of consistent groups based on yield traits, disease resistance and root quality. Therefore, the K-means algorithm was efficient in the formation of groups with low within genotypic variation, especially concerning large amounts of data, such as in cassava germplasm banks.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se a enxertia hipocotiledonar de maracujazeiro azedo em porta-enxertos de Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. cincinnata e P. gibertii utilizando-se, como fixadores para envolvimento da região da enxertia, fita adesiva tipo crepe, grampo metálico de cabelo e grampo de enxertia a mola. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 (porta-enxerto x fixador), com 12 tratamentos, três repetições e oito plantas na parcela. Utilizou-se a enxertia hipocotiledonar pelo método de garfagem de topo em fenda cheia. Avaliaram-se diâmetro de caule, altura de planta e número de folhas do porta-enxerto no momento da enxertia, percentagem de sobrevivência da enxertia, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas e altura do enxerto aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a enxertia. A sobrevivência do enxerto de maracujazeiro azedo foi elevada, em geral, sendo equivalente para todos os porta-enxertos avaliados, demonstrando a eficiência da técnica. O uso dos fixadores de enxertia resultou em elevada percentagem de sobrevivência dos enxertos sem se verificarem diferenças entre os fixadores. Aos 90 dias após a enxertia, o maracujazeiro azedo, enxertado em P. alata apresentou menor crescimento em relação àqueles enxertados em P. edulis e P. gibertii.

ABSTRACT: The hipocotyledonar grafting of yellow passion fruit was evaluated onto Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. cincinnata and P. gibertii with masking tape, metallic hair clip and spring plastic graf clip as tying materials. Experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial 4 x 3 (rootstock x tying material) with 12 treatments, three replications and eight plants in the unit. The hipocotyledonar grafting method utilized was apical cleft grafting. Collected data included stem diameter, plant height and leaf number of rootstocks at grafting, and graft survival rate, stem diameter, leaf number and height 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting. Graft survival rate was high in general and equivalent among the evaluated rootstocks, indicating that apical cleft hipocotyledonar grafting was an efficient technique. All tying materials led to similar graft survival rates. Yellow passion fruit grafted onto P. alata presented lower canopy growth in relation to plants grafted onto P. edulis and P. gibertii, 90 days after grafting.

RESUMO A enxertia do maracujazeiro azedo em outras espécies de Passiflora spp. pode ser uma alternativa para a produção sob estresses bióticos, notadamente doenças do sistema radicular. Este trabalho avaliou a reação à fusariose de maracujazeiro azedo enxertado em P. edulis, P. alata, P. gibertii e P. cincinnata em condições de campo em Cruz das Almas, BA. O desempenho agronômico foi avaliado pelo crescimento, florescimento e produção de frutos até 13 meses após o plantio. A enxertia foi do tipo garfagem hipocotiledonar de topo em fenda cheia. Procedeu-se à análise de sobrevivência à fusariose ao longo do período de avaliação, baseando-se em sintomas visuais da doença. A enxertia em espécies de passifloras silvestres não alterou o diâmetro do caule nem a frutificação do maracujazeiro azedo, embora o florescimento de P. edulis enxertado em P. alata tenha sido inferior ao observado em P. edulis enxertado em si mesmo. A enxertia hipocotiledonar de P. edulis em P. gibertii, P. cincinnata e P. alata resultou em sobrevivência à fusariose similar às plantas enxertadas em P. edulis até 13 meses após o plantio a campo.

ABSTRACT Yellow passion fruit grafting on other Passiflora spp. may be an alternative technique for the production under biotic stresses, especially soil-borne diseases. This study evaluated the survival of yellow passion fruit to fusariosis grafted onto P. edulis, P. alata, P. gibertii and P. cincinnata, in the field in Cruz das Almas, State of Bahia, Brazil. Horticultural performance was evaluated as plant growth, flowering and fruit set up to 13 months after transplanting. The apical cleft hipocotyledonar grafting was used. Survival analysis to fusariosis was based on the detection of typical visual symptoms. Grafting in species of wild passifloras did not influence on the stem diameter or fruit set of the yellow passion fruit, even though the flowering of P. edulis grafted on P. alata was lower than P. edulis grafted on itself. Hipocotyledonar grafting of P. edulis on P. gibertii, P. cincinnata and P. alata resulted in similar survival rates to fusariosis in relation to plants grafted onto P. edulis up to 13 months after transplanting.

The geminivirus complex known as cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is one of the most devastating viruses for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The aim of this study was to use molecular-assisted selection (MAS) to identify CMD-resistant accessions and ascertain promising crosses with elite Brazilian varieties. One thousand two hundred twenty-four accessions were genotyped using five molecular markers (NS169, NS158, SSRY028, SSRY040 and RME1) that were associated with resistance to CMD, along with 402 SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism). The promising crosses were identified using a discriminant analysis of main component (DAPC), and the matrix of genomic relationship was estimated with SNP markers. The CMD1 gene, previously described in M. glaziovii, was not found in M. esculenta. In contrast, the CMD2 gene was found in 5, 4 and 5 % of cassava accessions, with flanking markers NS169+RME1, NS158+RME1 and SSRY28+RME1, respectively. Only seven accessions presented all markers linked to the CMD resistance. The DAPC of the seven accessions along with 17 elite cassava varieties led to the formation of three divergent clusters. Potential sources of resistance to CMD were divided into two groups, while the elite varieties were distributed into three groups. The low estimates of the genomic relationship (ranging from -0.167 to 0.681 with an average of 0.076) contributed to the success in identifying contrasting genotypes. The use of MAS in countries where CMD is a quarantine disease constitutes a successful strategy not only for identifying the resistant accessions but also for determining the promising crosses.