ABSTRACT Objective: The aims of this study were to identify the main characteristics regarding the shape and size of the craniofacial region in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and sickle cell trait (SCT) and in unaffected patients using geometric morphometrics and to check the efficiency of this method. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study of 45 patients (15 in each group) was performed. Lateral radiographs of the skull were used for the analysis. Seventeen landmarks and semilandmarks were placed for the measurements. The Pocrustes analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, canonical variate analysis, Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering were performed. Allometric effects and sex characteristics were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Results: There were, however, significant differences (p< 0.05) in craniofacial shape among SCA, SCT and unaffected individuals. Those with SCA showed variations in the shape of the external auditory meatus and at the base of the occipital bone, in addition to the mandibular setback and upper incisor inclination, with a tendency towards prognathism. The individuals with SCT exhibited a similar craniofacial shape to those with SCA, but with slighter variations. Moreover, those with SCT were statistically closer in resemblance to unaffected individuals, given that SCT is not regarded as a disease. Conclusion: This demonstrates the efficiency of geometric morphometrics in the categorization of the assessed groups.

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar dentre os componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM) o que mais interfere na forma da face em idosos. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, transversal, realizado com idosos residentes de Aiquara-BA. Foram obtidas imagens faciais da vista frontal e a SM foi classificada segundo o National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment PanelIII, revisado. A partir da função discriminante, validação cruzada e a distância D2 Mahalanobis, foram extraídas as variações da forma em função da SM. Para avaliar a influência dos componentes da SM na forma da face, utilizou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Participaram 193 idosos e foram identificadas diferenças significativas na forma da face em relação a SM (p<0,01) em ambos os sexos. Para os homens, o ACP 1 foi o HDL-C, este explicou 37% da variação total. Pelo biplot, o HDL-C está associado aos indivíduos que não possuem SM e em idosos com SM, houve uma correlação entre a circunferência da cintura e os triglicerídeos. Para as mulheres, o ACP 1 representou 33,2% da variação total, explicado pelos triglicerídeos. Pelobiplot, houve uma relação entre glicose e circunferência da cintura. Nas mulheres, o HDL-C está relacionado com quem não tem SM. As variações faciais acometidas pela SM, não foram decorrentes da ação de um dos componentes da mesma, mas das relações entre eles. Assim, a morfometria geométrica se mostra como método promissor e possibilita identificar a partir da forma da face fatores de risco cardiovascular e metabólico.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic syndrome (MS) components mostly influencing face shape in elderly individuals. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out with elderly individuals living in Aiquara County, Bahia State. Facial images at frontal view and MS were classified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (revised version). Discriminant function, cross validation and distance Mahalanobis D2 were used to extract face shape variations due to MS. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate MS components’ influence on face shape. The total of 193 elderly individuals were selected; there were significant differences in face shape due to MS (p <0.01) in both sexes. PCA 1 showed HDL-C in men, which accounted for 37% of the total variation. HDL-C in biplot is associated with individuals who do not have MS and with elderly individuals with MS - there was correlation between waist circumference and triglycerides. PCA 1 represented 33.2% of the total variation in women; this outcome is explained by triglycerides. There was association between blood glucose and waist circumference in biplot. HDL-C is related to women who do not have MS. Facial variations affected by MS did not derive from the action of any of the MS components, but from the association between them. Thus, geometric morphometrics emerges as a promising method that makes it possible identifying heart disease and metabolic risk factors according to face shape features.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with malocclusions in preschool children. Material and Methods: A census, epidemiological study, with a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic sample, was carried out with children aged between 4 and 6 years, matriculated in preschools in the town of Aiquara, Bahia, Brazil. Malocclusion in the deciduous dentition was determined through the application of the index proposed by WHO, with the Foster and Hamilton criteria also being incorporated. The data was tabulated in duplicate in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and following correction, was analyzed using the SPSS, STATA and PAST Software. In order to identify the associated factors, we opted for Multiple Poisson regression analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: A total of 148 children were examined and the general prevalence of malocclusions was 69.59%, with 57.5% in the group of 4-year-old, 76.92% those aged 5 years old and 72.46% among children aged 6 years old. In terms of primary canines, 66.2% were identified as class I, 25.7% as class II and 8.1% as class III. Normal overjet was 41.2%, increased overjet 34.5%, edge to edge bite 17.6% and anterior crossbite 6.8%. The normal overbite 51.4%, reduced 20.9% and deep 8.1%. Of the individuals, 20.9% had posterior crossbite. In the Poisson regression analysis and PCA, a statistical association between the malocclusions and dental caries, duration of use of pacifiers, onychophagia and thumb sucking, was identified. Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion in preschool children in the small town of Aiquara is high and the associated factors identified are capable of control and prevention.

Resumen El uso de drogas trae diversos problemas para la salud bucal, aumentando la prevalencia de las enfermedades de caries y periodontales, representando un serio problema de salud pública. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de las enfermedades periodontales y caries en usuarios de drogas institucionalizadas. Estudio epidemiológico, transversal, censitario y analítico realizado con usuarios de drogas institucionalizadas en el período de agosto de 2016 a junio de 2017. Los examinadores estandarizados aplicaron formulario para recolección de datos sociodemográficos y consumo de drogas. Las caries dentales fueron evaluadas a través del índice CPO-D y la enfermedad periodontal a través de los indicadores clínicos: sangrado al sondeo, índice de placa, índice gengival, profundidad de sondeo y nivel de inserción clínica. Se evaluaron 112 individuos del sexo masculino, media de edad de 36,7 años (Dp ± 11,5). La droga más consumida fue el alcohol (92,0%) por cerca de 19,4 años (Dp ± 11.08), seguido del tabaco (70,95%) en promedio por 18,0 años (Dp ± 11,66), (65,2%) por 13,7 años (Dp ± 8,22), cocaína (53,3%) por 8,5 años (Dp ± 6,00) y crack (50,0%) por 11, 1 años (Dp ± 7,18). La prevalencia de la enfermedad caries fue del 97,3% y de la enfermedad periodontal 51,5%. Se concluye que la población estudiada presentó alta prevalencia de caries y enfermedad periodontal y existió correlación entre el tiempo de uso del alcohol y tabaco con la enfermedad periodontal y con mayor CPO-D.

Resumo O uso de drogas traz diversos malefícios para a saúde bucal, aumentando a prevalência das doenças cárie dentária e periodontal, representando um sério problema de saúde pública. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência das doenças cárie dentária e periodontal em usuários de drogas institucionalizados. Estudo epidemiológico, transversal, censitário e analítico realizado com usuários de drogas institucionalizados no período de agosto de 2016 a junho de 2017. Examinadores padronizados aplicaram um formulário para coleta de dados sociodemográficos e consumo de drogas. A cárie dentária foi avaliada através do índice CPO-D e a doença periodontal através dos indicadores clínicos: sangramento à sondagem, índice de placa, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção clínica. Foram avaliados 112 indivíduos do sexo masculino, média de idade de 36,7 anos (Dp±11,5). A droga mais consumida foi o álcool (92,0 %) por cerca de 19,4 anos (Dp±11.08), seguido do tabaco (70,95%) em média por 18,0 anos (Dp±11,66), maconha (65,2%) por 13,7 anos (Dp±8,22), cocaína (53,3%) por 8,5 anos (Dp±6,00) e crack (50,0%) por 11,1 anos (Dp±7,18). Conclui-se que a prevalência da doença de cárie foi 97,3% e da doença periodontal 51,5%. A população estudada apresentou alta prevalência de cárie dentária e doença periodontal e houve correlação entre o tempo de uso do álcool e tabaco com a doença periodontal e com maior CPO-D.

Abstract Drug use causes several health hazards to oral health, increasing the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases, representing a serious public health problem. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental and periodontal caries in institutionalized drug users. It is an epidemiological, cross-sectional, census-based, analytical study with institutionalized drug users, carried out from August 2016 to June 2017. Standardized examiners applied a form to collect sociodemographic data and on drug consumption. Dental caries were evaluated through the DMFT index and periodontal disease through clinical indicators: bleeding at probing, plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and level of clinical insertion. A total of 112 males, mean age 36.7 years (Dp ± 11.5) were evaluated. The most commonly used drug was alcohol (92.0%) for about 19.4 years (Dp ± 11.08), followed by tobacco (70.95%) on average for 18.0 years (Dp ± 11.66), marijuana (65.2%) for 13.7 years (Dp ± 8.22), cocaine (53.3%) for 8.5 years (Dp ± 6.00) and crack (50.0%) for 11.1 year (Dp ± 7.18). It is concluded that the prevalence of caries was 97.3% and of periodontal disease 51.5%. The studied population presented high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease and there was a correlation between alcohol and tobacco use time with periodontal disease and with higher DMFT.

La distribución exitosa de A. melliferase debe a su capacidad para adaptarse a las variaciones estacionales, controlar considerablemente su ambiente físico interno y por la exploración de recursos. Sin embargo, sus poblaciones experimentan diferentes formas y niveles de presión ambiental. Esta investigación evaluó colmenares, ubicadas en entornos con distintos niveles de antropización. Ambientes considerados altamente antropogénicos fueron escogidos: áreas urbanas, agrícolas con aplicaciones de insecticidas, y las industrias con grandes áreas (regiones con altos índices de contaminación). Por otra parte, los entornos considerados con bajos niveles de perturbación humana fueron elegidos: áreas de preservación permanente de los bosques restantes (Mata Atlántica, Planalto, Cerrado), áreas ribereñas o reservas ecológicas. Se muestrearon 16 localidades que abarcan las cinco regiones del Brasil. Estamos utilizando la asimetría fluctuante desde el tamaño y la forma del ala anterior por técnicas de morfometría geométrica. En cada sitio, las muestras se obtuvieron de las 20 colmenas instaladas en los colmenares: 10 instalados cerca de entornos altamente antropogénicos (Cassilándia - MS, Fortaleza - CE, Maringá - PR, Aquidauana - MS, Rolim de Moura - RO, Riachuelo - SE, Ubirata - PR y Piracicaba - SP) y 10 en sitios de bajo nivel de perturbación humana (Cassilándia - MS, ItapiúnaCE, Uniao da Vitória - PR, Aquidauana - MS, Rolim de Moura - RO, Pacatuba- SE, Erval Seco - RS, Rio Claro - SP). Los índices de tamaño y forma fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza (ANOVA), donde se utilizaron los caracteres evaluados como factores, para verificar las diferencias de tamaño y forma. La asimetría de análisis fluctuante (AF) se llevó a cabo con el fin de comprobar las diferencias bilaterales. Los resultados indican la existencia de la asimetría de la forma del ala (P < 0.001), pero no se observó asimetría del tamaño del ala. Considerando AF como respuesta ambiental y áreas de alto y bajo grado de alteración humana como factor fijo, observamos diferencias significativas (P < 0.05). Los resultados, para la forma de ala de la A. mellifera,muestran que esta característica se somete a más variación durante la ontogenia en comparación con la variación en el tamaño. Llegamos a la conclusión de que las colonias de abejas recogidas en ambientes con niveles más altos de la perturbación humana tienen una mayor asimetría en forma de ala, por lo que la asimetría fluctuante en forma de alas de las abejas puede ser utilizada como un indicador del grado de antropización del medio ambiente.

The successful distribution of A. melliferais due to their ability to adjust to seasonal variations, considerable control over their internal physical environment and exploration of different resources. However, their populations have experienced different forms and levels of environmental pressure. This research aimed to verify the phenotypic plasticity in both size and shape of wings in A. melliferausing fluctuating asymmetry, based on geometric morphometrics from apiaries located in sites with high and low levels of anthropization. We sampled 16 locations throughout all five geographic regions of Brazil. At each site, samples were collected from 20 beehives installed in apiaries: 10 installed near high anthropogenic environments (Cassilàndia - MS, Fortaleza - CE, Maringá - PR, Aquidauana - MS, Rolim de Moura - RO, Riachuelo - SE, Ubirata - PR and Piracicaba - SP), and 10 in sites with low levels of human disturbance (Cassilàndia - MS, Itapiúna CE, Uniao da Vitoria - PR, Aquidauana - MS, Rolim de Moura - RO, Pacatuba - SE, Erval Seco - RS, Rio Claro - SP). A sample of 10 individuals was taken in each hive, totaling 200 per location, for a total of 1 600 individuals. We used fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in size and shape of the forewing through geometric morphometrics. The FA analysis was conducted in order to check bilateral differences. The indexes of size and shape were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), where the characters evaluated were used as factors to verify the size and shape differences. The results indicated an asymmetry on the shape of the wing (P < 0.001) but no asymmetry was observed on wing size. Considering FA as an environmental response and high and low impacted areas as a fixed factor, we observed significant differences (P < 0.05). The results for the wing shape in A. melliferademonstrated that this feature undergoes more variation during ontogeny compared to the variation in size. We concluded that bee samples collected from colonies with higher levels of human disturbance had higher wing-shape asymmetry; the variation of fluctuating asymmetry in the wing shape of honeybees can be used as an indicator of the degree of environmental anthropization.