ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the impact of thinness on the outcome of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Materials and Methods: A matched case–control study was performed using a prospectively collected database of all patients who underwent PCNL between June 2011 and October 2021. The patients were stratified into two groups according to their phenotypic characteristics, arbitrarily defined according to their body mass index (BMI): <20 kg/m2 (Group 1, very thin patients, G<20) and ≥25 kg/m2 (Group 2, non-thin patients, G≥25). Patients were randomly matched based on Guy's Stone Score (GSS) according to case complexity at a ratio of 1:3. Results: A total of 204 patients were enrolled in this study: 51 patients (G<20) and 153 controls (G≥25). Complications occurred in 15.2% of the patients, with 5.4% of these complications classified as major complications (Clavien grade ≥ 3). According to complications there were no significant differences between the groups. The overall complication rates were 17.6% in the G<20 and 14.4% in the G≥25 (p = 0.653). The major complication rates were 3.9% in the G<20 and 5.8% in the G≥25 (p=0.429). No differences in transfusion or urinary fistula rates were found. Conclusions: In this study, very thin patients were not at a higher risk of complications when submitted to PCNL than in those with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2. Apparently, this technique can be used in these patients, just as it is used in any other type of patient, independently of their BMI. Purpose PCNL. . (PCNL) Methods casecontrol control 201 2021 characteristics (BMI) 20 <2 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m Group 1 G20 G 25 ≥2 2 nonthin non G≥25. G25 G≥25) Guys Guy s GSS (GSS 13. 13 3. 3 1:3 Results 5 (G<20 15 (G≥25) 152 15.2 54 4 5.4 Clavien 3) 176 17 6 17.6 G<2 144 14 14.4 G≥2 p 0.653. 0653 0.653 0 653 0.653) 39 9 3.9 58 8 5.8 p=0.429. p0429 p=0.429 429 (p=0.429) found Conclusions Apparently patient (PCNL 202 (BMI < G2 1: (G<2 (G≥25 15. 5. 17. G< 14. G≥ 065 0.65 65 p042 p=0.42 42 (p=0.429 (G< (G≥2 06 0.6 p04 p=0.4 (p=0.42 (G (G≥ 0. p0 p=0. (p=0.4 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p=

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of bacillus Calmette-Guérin shortage on recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in a Brazilian cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological data of 409 patients who had their first transurethral resection of the bladder tumor for intermediate or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer between June 2014 and May 2021 in a tertiary public hospital in Brazil. Patients included had non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder resected completely for the first time, regardless of bacillus Calmette-Guérin use. Low-risk disease patients were excluded from the analysis. Demographic, clinicopathological, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin use data were collected from our database. Recurrence and progression data were obtained from patient records or through telephone interviews. Recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival were calculated from the date of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor until the events of recurrence, progression, last office visit, or phone interview. RESULTS: Within a median follow-up period of 26.7 months, 168 (41.1%) patients experienced a recurrence in a median time of 27 months (95%CI 16.1–38). Bacillus Calmette-Guérin was administered to 57 (13.9%) individuals after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Patients with ≥3 lesions (p<0.001), those with lesions >3 cm (p=0.02), and those without bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment (p<0.001) had shorter recurrence-free survival. According to a Cox multivariate regression model, bacillus Calmette-Guérin use was independently associated with a reduced recurrence rate, with an HR of 0.43 (95%CI 0.25–0.72). Out of the patients studied, 26 (6.4%) experienced progression. T1 stage (p<0.001) and high-grade (p<0.001) were associated with shorter progression-free survival. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin did not influence bladder cancer progression. In the Cox multivariate analysis, high-risk disease was independently associated with progression (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that non-muscle invasive bladder cancer exhibits a high recurrence rate. The use of adjuvant bacillus Calmette-Guérin in intermediate and high-risk patients significantly reduces this rate. Furthermore, the bacillus Calmette-Guérin shortage could have negatively impacted these patients. OBJECTIVE CalmetteGuérin Calmette Guérin nonmuscle non muscle cohort METHODS 40 highrisk risk 201 202 Brazil nonmuscleinvasive Lowrisk Low analysis Demographic database interviews Recurrencefree free progressionfree visit interview RESULTS followup follow up 267 7 26. 16 41.1% 411 41 1 (41.1% 2 95%CI 95CI CI 95 16.1–38. 16138 16.1–38 . 38 16.1–38) 5 13.9% 139 13 9 (13.9% 3 ≥ p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 , 0 001 > p=0.02, p002 p=0.02 02 (p=0.02) (p<0.001 recurrencefree model rate 043 43 0.4 0.25–0.72. 025072 0.25–0.72 25 72 0.25–0.72) studied 6.4% 64 6 4 (6.4% T highgrade grade p<0.001. CONCLUSION Furthermore 20 41.1 (41.1 1613 16.1–3 13.9 (13.9 p000 p<0.00 00 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.02 (p<0.00 04 0. 02507 0.25–0.7 6.4 (6.4 41. (41. 161 16.1– 13. (13. p<0.0 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (p<0.0 0250 0.25–0. 6. (6. (41 16.1 (13 p<0. p=0 (p=0. (p<0. 025 0.25–0 (6 (4 16. (1 p<0 p= (p=0 (p<0 0.25– ( p< (p= (p< 0.25 (p 0.2

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy from June 2011 to October 2018. The association of preoperative and intraoperative factors with the presence of complications was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 1,066 surgeries were evaluated, and the overall complication rate was 14.9%. In all, 105 (9.8%) surgeries were performed in the prone position, and 961 (90.2%) were performed in the supine position. Univariate analysis demonstrated that surgical position, upper pole puncture, surgical time, number of tracts, and Guys Stone Score were associated with complications. In multivariate analyses, prone position (odds ratio [OR] 2.10; p=0.003), surgical time ≥90 min (OR 1.76; p=0.014), upper pole puncture (OR 2.48; p<0.001), and Guys Stone Score 3 or 4 (OR 1.90; p=0.033) were independent predictive factors for complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. CONCLUSION: Performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position, in under 90 min, and avoiding upper pole punctures may reduce complications during the treatment of large kidney stones. OBJECTIVE METHODS 201 2018 analyses p005 p 0 05 p<0.05 RESULTS 1066 1 066 1,06 evaluated 149 14 9 14.9% all 10 9.8% 98 8 (9.8% 96 90.2% 902 2 (90.2% tracts odds OR [OR 2.10 210 p=0.003, p0003 p=0.003 , 003 p=0.003) ≥9 1.76 176 76 p=0.014, p0014 p=0.014 014 p=0.014) 2.48 248 48 p<0.001, p0001 p<0.001 001 p<0.001) 1.90 190 p=0.033 p0033 033 CONCLUSION stones 20 p00 p<0.0 106 06 1,0 14.9 9.8 (9.8 90.2 (90.2 2.1 21 p000 p=0.00 00 ≥ 1.7 17 7 p001 p=0.01 01 2.4 24 p<0.00 1.9 19 p=0.03 p003 03 p0 p<0. 1, 14. 9. (9. 90. (90. 2. p=0.0 1. p<0 (9 (90 p=0. p< ( p=0 p=

ABSTRACT Background: Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) has been used to treat complex kidney stones (1). The combined use of ultrasound (US) has the potential to improve safety and reduce radiation exposure, however, it is still underutilized (2). Objectives: Our objective is to describe, in a step-by-step manner, the ultrasound-guided ECIRS (USG ECIRS) technique, in order to facilitate learning by urologists. Materials and Methods: We describe the 10 standardized steps that we recommend to achieve a good outcome, based on our previous experience on a high-volume kidney stone center. We recorded a case of a 37-year-old female patient with complex bilateral kidney stones that underwent a left simultaneous combined retrograde and antegrade approach. The 10 described steps are: 1 - case evaluation with CT scan (3); 2 - preoperative care with antibiotics and tranexamic acid; 3 - warm-up and training with phantoms; 4 - patient positioning in Barts flank free position; 5 - retrograde nephroscopy with flexible ureteroscope; 6 - US and endoscopic guided puncture; 7 - tract dilation under endoscopic view; 8 - stone fragmentation; 9 - status free checking and 10, kidney drainage. Images were captured by external and internal cameras, promoting a complete understanding of the procedure. The patient has signed a written informed consent form. Results: Puncture was achieved under US guidance with one attempt. Another puncture was necessary in the lower pole, parallel to the initial puncture, due to a large fragment. Surgical time was 140 min. Stone-free status was verified by retrograde and antegrade view. Kidney drainage was done with ureteral stent on string, removed after 7 days. Hb drop was 1.1 Hb/dL. The first postoperative day CT scan showed no residual stones and no complications. The patient was discharged after the CT and urethral catheter removal. Conclusion: The USG ECIRS seems to be a very efficient and reproducible technique for the treatment of complex kidney stones. Its use should be widespread.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive factors for success following percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position. METHODS: Patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position from June 2011 to October 2018 were evaluated. Age, sex, body mass index, the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, hemoglobin level, number of previous surgeries, stone size, and the Guy’s Stone Score were analyzed. Success was considered if no fragments were observed on the computed tomography scan on the first postoperative day. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine significant parameters. RESULTS: We evaluated 961 patients; of them, 483 (50.2%) underwent previous stone-related surgery, and 499 (51.9%) had Guy’s Stone Score 3 or 4. The overall success rate in a single procedure was 40.7%, and complication rate was 13.7%. The univariate analysis showed that the maximum diameter of the stone (25.10±10 mm; p<0.001), previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy (OR 0.52; p<0.001), number of previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy (OR 0.15; p<0.001), the Guy’s Stone Score (OR 0.28; p<0.001), and the number of tracts (OR 0.32; p<0.001) were significant. In the multivariate analysis, the number of previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy (OR 0.54; p<0.001) and the Guy’s Stone Score (OR 0.25; p<0.001) were statically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Guy’s Stone Score and the number of previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy are predictors of success with the supine position. Complex cases and with previous percutaneous interventions may require technical improvements to achieve higher stone-free rates.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe our experience in the management of retained encrusted ureteral stents using a single session combined endourological approach. Materials and Methods: Patients with retained encrusted ureteral stents who had been submitted to a single session combined endourological approach from June 2010 to June 2018 were prospectively evaluated. Patients were divided according to the Forgotten-Encrusted-Calcified (FECal) classification. The stone burden, surgical intervention, number of interventions until stone free status, operation time, hospital stay, complications, stone analysis, and stone-free rate were compared between groups. ANOVA was used to compare numerical variables, and the Mann-Whitney or Chi-square test to compare categorical variables between groups. Results: We evaluated 50 patients with a mean follow-up of 2.9±1.4 years (mean±SD). The groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, laterality, BMI, comorbidities, ASA, reason for stent passage, and indwelling time. The stone burden was higher for grades IV and V (p=0.027). Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was the most common procedure (p=0.004) for grades IV and V. The number of procedures until the patients were stone-free was 1.92±1.40, and the hospital stay (4.2±2.5 days), complications (22%), and stone analysis (66% calcium oxalate) were similar between groups. The stone-free rate was lower in grades III to V (60%, 54.5%, and 50%). Conclusions: The endoscopic combined approach in the supine position is a safe and feasible technique that allows removal of retained and encrusted stents in a single procedure. The FECal classification seems to be useful for surgical planning.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) performed in the prone position (PRON) and in three variations of the supine position. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients that underwent PCNL at our institution from June 2011 to October 2016 in PRON and in three variations of the supine position: complete supine (COMPSUP), original Valdivia (VALD), and Galdakao - modified Valdivia (GALD). All patients had a complete pre - operative evaluation, including computed tomography (CT). Success was defined as the absence of residual fragments larger than 4 mm on the first post - operative day CT. Results: We analyzed 393 PCNLs: 100 in COMPSUP, 94 in VALD, 100 in GALD, and 99 in PRON. The overall success rate was 50.9% and was similar among groups (p = 0.428). There were no differences between groups in the number of punctures, stone - free rate, frequency of blood transfusions, drop in hemoglobin level, length of hospital stay, and severe complications (Clavien ≥ 3). COMPSUP had a significantly lower operative time than the other positions. COMPSUP had lower fluoroscopy time than VALD. Conclusion: Patient positioning in PCNL does not seem to impact the rates of success or severe complications. However, COMPSUP is associated with a shorter surgical time than the other positions.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the impact of the patient position on the outcomes of PCNL among patients with complex renal stones. Material and Methods: From July 2011 to July 2014, we collected prospective data of consecutive patients who underwent PCNL. We included all patients with complex stones (Guy's Stone Score 3 or 4 (GSS) based on a CT scan) and divided them based on the position used during PCNL (prone or supine). The variables analyzed were gender, age, body mass index, ASA score, stone diameter, GSS, number of punctures, calyx puncture site, intercostal access and patient positioning. Complications were graded according to the modified-Clavien Classification. Success was considered if fragments ≤ 4mm were observed on the first postoperative day CT scan. Results: We analyzed 240 (46.4%) of 517 PCNL performed during the study period that were classified as GGS 3-4. Regarding patient positions, 21.2% were prone and 79.8% were supine. Both groups were comparable, although intercostal access was more common in prone cases (25.5% vs 10.5%; p=0.01). The success rates, complications, blood transfusions and surgical times were similar for both groups; however, there were significantly more visceral injuries (10.3% vs 2.6%; p=0.046) and sepsis (7.8% vs 2.1%; p=0.042) in prone cases. Conclusion: Supine or prone position were equally suitable for PCNL with complex stones and did not impact the success rates. However, supine position was associated with fewer sepsis cases and visceral injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas who are treated surgically and to analyze the occurrence of bladder tumors as well as the development of metastases outside the urinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised a retrospective analysis of 25 patients treated between February 1994 and August 2006. The variables analyzed were: patient age, gender, and clinical presentation; diagnostic methods; pathologic characteristics at the primary site of the tumor (pelvis or ureter); tumor stage and grade; and presence of carcinoma in situ, microvascular invasion and squamous differentiation. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-Rank test were used for statistical analysis of bladder recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: Eighty-four percent of patients were male, and macroscopic hematuria was the most common clinical presentation. The majority of cases (56%) were infiltrative (T2-T3) and high-grade (76%) tumors. Synchronous or metachronous bladder tumors were found in 72% of cases. Five (20%) patients had a history of bladder tumor before the diagnosis of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas. The mean follow-up period was 36 months (range: 1.5 to 156). During the follow-up period, eleven (44%) patients developed bladder tumors. After five years, the probability of being free of bladder tumor recurrence was 40%. No pathological variable was predictive for bladder tumor recurrence. Four patients presented disease recurrence outside the urinary tract. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of metachronous bladder tumors is more often observed after the diagnosis of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas. All of these patients should undergo rigorous follow-up during the postoperative period. Only patients with infiltrative and high-grade tumors developed metastases outside the urinary tract.