ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the possible renal and hepatic alteration by root canal filling pastes in mice. Material and Methods: Fifty-four mice were divided into nine groups and received one polyethylene tube implant containing two filling pastes (CTZ or calcium hydroxide pastes). Empty polyethylene tubes were used as a negative control. All tubes were implanted subcutaneously in the back of the mice. After time intervals of 7, 21, and 63 days, 1.5 mL of blood was collected by cardiac puncture, and serum samples were used for serological testing. Urea, creatinine, aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were evaluated. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Results: When comparing CTZ and calcium hydroxide pastes and empty tubes and experimental time intervals, no significant differences in the results were found for any of the biochemical parameters analyzed (p>0.05). No differences were observed in the interactions (material*experimental time intervals) and the biochemical parameters analyzed (p>0.05). Conclusion: CTZ and calcium hydroxide pastes did not cause hepatic and renal alterations in mice, demonstrating the pastes' safety. Objective Methods Fiftyfour Fifty four pastes. . pastes) control 7 21 6 days 15 1 5 1. puncture testing Urea creatinine AST, AST , (AST) ALT, ALT (ALT) ALP, ALP (ALP) gammaglutamyltransferase gamma glutamyltransferase GGT (GGT evaluated 2way way 2 p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) Results p>0.05. p>0.05 (p>0.05) material*experimental materialexperimental material Conclusion safety (AST (ALT (ALP p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0 (p<0. p>0 (p>0. p< (p<0 p> (p>0 (p< (p> (p

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of varnish and neutral fluoride gel in the management of early childhood caries (ECC). A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare two strategies for ECC management: topical application of neutral fluoride gel (NFG group) and varnish (FV group) every four months for a period of one year. The sample consisted of children between the ages of three and four years, enrolled in public daycare centers. The incidence of ECC between the groups was compared by assessing values (new dmfs) at two levels: d2 when enamel/dentin were affected and d3 when dentin affected. Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s Exact, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the incidence and increment of caries between the NFG and FV groups (p<0.05). A total of 240 children were included in this study and 213 children (88.7%) were followed up for 12 months. The incidence of ECC was 24.1% in the GF and 21.0% in the FV groups (p=0.586). The increment of caries in d2mfs was 1.36 (95% CI = 0.83 – 1.89) in the NFG and 1.33 (95% CI = 0.75 – 1.89) in FV (p=0.756) groups. Increment of caries in d3mfs was 1.60 (95% CI = 0.95 – 2.25) in NFG and 1.40 (95% CI = 0.75 – 2.04) in FV (p=0.468). Neutral fluoride gel and fluoride varnish exhibited similar efficacy in the management of ECC after 12 months of follow-up.

Resumo Dentes com defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte (DDE) apresentam porosidades e/ou irregularidades que os tornam suscetíveis a acúmulo de biofilme e predisposição à cárie e doenças periodontais. O objetivo deste artigo é determinar a prevalência de DDE e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes residentes em comunidade quilombola. A população foi censitária e composta por indivíduos na faixa etária de 3 a 14 anos. Os responsáveis responderam a questionário contendo dados socioeconômicos demográficos e histórico de agravos durante a gravidez e infância. Foi aplicado o Índice DDE modificado. Foram realizadas análise descritiva e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta (p<0,05). Foram examinados 406 indivíduos. A prevalência de DDE foi de 80,5%, sendo que em dentes decíduos foi de 42,2% e permanentes 61,1%. Houve associação entre DDE e maior idade da criança (RP=1,09; IC95%=1,01-1,17), uso de antibiótico na gravidez (RP=1,14; IC95%=1,07-1,22) e relato de desnutrição durante a primeira infância (RP=1,12; IC95%=1,03-1,22). A prevalência de DDE em crianças e adolecentes da comunidade quilombola foi alta. E os fatores associados foram maior idade da criança, uso de antibióticos na gravidez e desnutrição durante a primeira infância.

Abstract Teeth with developmental defects of enamel (DDE) have porous and/or uneven enamel, making them more susceptible to the build-up of oral biofilm and development of caries and periodontal diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of DDE and associated factors among children and adolescents living in a Quilombola community in the Northeast of Brazil. The study population was census-based and comprised individuals aged three to 14 years. The children’s parents/guardians answered a questionnaire devised to collect information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, health problems during pregnancy and illnesses during early childhood. DDE was diagnosed using the modified DDE index. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression with robust standard errors (p<0.05). A total of 406 individuals were examined. DDE prevalence was 80.5%: 42.2% in deciduous teeth and 61.1% in permanent teeth. There was an association between presence of DDE and age (PR=1.09, 95% CI=1.01-1.17), use of antibiotics during pregnancy (PR=1.14, 95% CI=1.07-1.22) and reported malnutrition during early childhood (PR=1.12; 95% CI=1.03-1.22). The findings reveal high prevalence of DDE among children and adolescents living in the Quilombola community. Associated factors were older age, use of antibiotics during pregnancy and malnutrition during early childhood.

Resumo Este estudo transversal avaliou a prevalência e severidade de cárie dentária e fluorose em crianças de 5 anos e adolescentes de 12 anos usuários de dentifrício fluoretado, em áreas com e sem água fluoretada. Os responsáveis pelas crianças e adolescentes responderam questionários para determinação de características socioeconômicas e demográficas e hábitos relacionados à saúde. Os indivíduos foram examinados e a cárie e a fluorose foram mensuradas pelos índices ceo-d / CPOD e TF, respectivamente. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, bivariadas e de regressão logística (p <0,05). Dos 692 participantes, 47,7% tinham 5 anos e 52,3% tinham 12 anos. A média de ceod / CPOD em crianças de 5/12 anos dos grupos de exposto e não exposto à água fluoretada foi 1,53 (± 2,47) e 3,54 (± 4,10) / 1,53 (± 1,81) e 3,54 (± 3,82), respectivamente. Crianças (OR = 2,86, IC 95% = 1,71-4,75) e adolescentes (OR = 1,95, IC 95% = 1,24-3,05) que não consumiram água fluoretada tiveram maior experiência de cárie. Entre os adolescentes, houve associação entre a água fluoretada e a prevalência de fluorose muito leve / leve (OR = 5,45, IC 95%: 3,23-9,19) e fluorose moderada (OR = 11,11, IC 95% = 4,43-27,87). Crianças e adolescentes que consumiram água fluoretada apresentaram menor prevalência e severidade de cárie dentária em comparação com aqueles que usaram apenas dentifrício fluoretado como fonte de flúor. Houve uma associação entre a fluoretação da água e fluorose muito leve / leve e moderada em adolescentes.

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in children and adolescents using fluoridated toothpaste, from areas with and without fluoridated water. Parents of 5-year-old children and 12-year-old adolescents from neighbourhoods that are supplied with and without fluoridated water answered questionnaires for determining socio-economic and demographic characteristics and habits related to oral health. The individuals were examined, and dental caries and fluorosis were measured by dmft/DMFT and TF indexes, respectively. Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed (p < 0.05). Of 692 participants, 47.7% were 5-year-olds and 52.3% were 12-year-olds. The mean dmft/DMFT in the 5-year-olds/ 12-year-olds from Exposed and Not Exposed fluoridated water groups was 1.53 (± 2.47) and 3.54 (± 4.10) / 1.53 (± 1.81) and 3.54 (± 3.82), respectively. Children (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.71-4.75) and adolescents (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.24-3.05), who did not consume fluoridated water, had greater caries experience. Among adolescents, there was an association between fluoridated water and the prevalence of very mild/mild fluorosis (OR = 5.45, 95% CI: 3.23-9.19) and moderate fluorosis (OR = 11.11, 95% CI = 4.43-27.87). Children and adolescents, who consumed fluoridated water, presented lower prevalence and severity of dental caries compared to those who used only fluoridated toothpaste as the source of fluoride. There is an association between water fluoridation and very mild/mild and moderate fluorosis in adolescents.

Resumo Introdução A ingestão de açúcar é um importante fator relacionado à cárie dentária. O contato com alimentos açucarados em idade precoce pode representar risco para a saúde bucal de crianças em idade pré-escolar. Objetivo Avaliar o momento de introdução do açúcar na dieta de pré-escolares e sua associação com a cárie na primeira infância. Material e método Estudo transversal de base populacional com 888 pré-escolares de cinco anos de escolas públicas e privadas. Os pais responderam questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos, hábitos alimentares e saúde bucal. As variáveis tempo de introdução do açúcar (> 1 ano e ≤1 ano) e experiência de cárie dentária foram dicotomizadas e os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão de Poisson (p <0,05). Resultado A introdução do açúcar na dieta ocorreu nos primeiros doze meses de vida para 73,8% dos pré-escolares. Não houve associação entre o momento de introdução do açúcar e a cárie na primeira infância (p> 0,05). A interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a baixa renda familiar aumentaram a prevalência de pré-escolares com contato precoce com açúcar em 32% e 23%, respectivamente (p <0,05). A prevalência de cárie na primeira infância foi de 42,3% e esteve associada à menor escolaridade materna, baixa renda, maior frequência de ingestão de doces e uso de dentifrício não fluoretado (p <0,05). Conclusão A introdução de açúcar na dieta ocorreu durante o primeiro ano de vida na maioria dos pré-escolares e não houve associação com cárie na primeira infância.

Abstract Introduction Sugar ingestion is the most important isolated factor related to dental caries. Contact with sugary foods at an early age may represent a risk to the oral health of preschool children. Objective To evaluate the timing of the introduction of sugar in the diet of preschoolers and its association with early childhood caries. Material and method Cross-sectional population-based study with 888 five-year-old preschoolers from public and private schools. Parents answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, eating habits and oral health. The variables timing of sugar introduction (>1 year and ≤1 year) and dental caries experience were dichotomized and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression (p<0.05). Result The introduction of sugar in the diet occurred during the first twelve months of life for 73.8% of preschoolers. There was no association between the timing of sugar introduction and early childhood caries (p>0.05). The interruption of exclusive breastfeeding and low family income increased the prevalence of preschoolers having early contact with sugar by 32% and 23%, respectively (p<0.05). The prevalence of early childhood caries was 42.3% and was associated with a lower level of maternal education, low income, increased frequency of ingestion of candy and the use of nonfluoridated toothpaste (p<0.05). Conclusion The introduction of sugar in the diet occurred during the first year of life in most preschoolers and there was no association with early childhood caries.

Resumo Dentes com defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte (DDE) apresentam porosidades e/ou irregularidades que os tornam suscetíveis a acúmulo de biofilme e predisposição à cárie e doenças periodontais. O objetivo deste artigo é determinar a prevalência de DDE e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes residentes em comunidade quilombola. A população foi censitária e composta por indivíduos na faixa etária de 3 a 14 anos. Os responsáveis responderam a questionário contendo dados socioeconômicos demográficos e histórico de agravos durante a gravidez e infância. Foi aplicado o Índice DDE modificado. Foram realizadas análise descritiva e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta (p<0,05). Foram examinados 406 indivíduos. A prevalência de DDE foi de 80,5%, sendo que em dentes decíduos foi de 42,2% e permanentes 61,1%. Houve associação entre DDE e maior idade da criança (RP=1,09; IC95%=1,01-1,17), uso de antibiótico na gravidez (RP=1,14; IC95%=1,07-1,22) e relato de desnutrição durante a primeira infância (RP=1,12; IC95%=1,03-1,22). A prevalência de DDE em crianças e adolecentes da comunidade quilombola foi alta. E os fatores associados foram maior idade da criança, uso de antibióticos na gravidez e desnutrição durante a primeira infância.

Abstract Teeth with developmental defects of enamel (DDE) have porous and/or uneven enamel, making them more susceptible to the build-up of oral biofilm and development of caries and periodontal diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of DDE and associated factors among children and adolescents living in a Quilombola community in the Northeast of Brazil. The study population was census-based and comprised individuals aged three to 14 years. The children’s parents/guardians answered a questionnaire devised to collect information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, health problems during pregnancy and illnesses during early childhood. DDE was diagnosed using the modified DDE index. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression with robust standard errors (p<0.05). A total of 406 individuals were examined. DDE prevalence was 80.5%: 42.2% in deciduous teeth and 61.1% in permanent teeth. There was an association between presence of DDE and age (PR=1.09, 95% CI=1.01-1.17), use of antibiotics during pregnancy (PR=1.14, 95% CI=1.07-1.22) and reported malnutrition during early childhood (PR=1.12; 95% CI=1.03-1.22). The findings reveal high prevalence of DDE among children and adolescents living in the Quilombola community. Associated factors were older age, use of antibiotics during pregnancy and malnutrition during early childhood.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine in vitro the frequency, shape, type, diameter, and patency of accessory canals in the primary molars pulp chamber floor. Material and Methods: Sixteen healthy primary molars were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Descriptive analyses of the frequency, shape (round, oval, or irregular), type (blind, true, or hidden), patency and diameter of the accessory canals were performed. Results: Half of the teeth presented accessory canals, 62.5% of which were located in the upper molars and 37.5% in the lower molars. The most frequent shape was irregular. In three-dimensional analysis, blind accessory canals (12.5%) and with patency (18.7%) of the teeth were observed. The average accessory canal diameter was 51.97 µm (± 26.03 µm). Conclusion: Upper molars showed a higher frequency of accessory canals with larger diameters. The irregular shape was the most frequent. 18.7% of accessory channels showed patency.

ABSTRACT Objective: Use cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images to evaluate the dentin thickness of the pulp chamber floor in primary molars. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, conducted with CBCT images of teeth of children. Primary molars with preserved pulp chamber floor were included. The dentin thickness of the pulp chamber floor in the primary molars was measured linearly in CBCT cross-sections. Data were descriptively analyzed and the Mann-Whitney test was applied (p<0.05). Results: 27 CBCT exams and 123 primary molars of children aged 4 to 13 years were analyzed; the majority was female (52.0%). In maxillary molars, the median dentin thickness was 1.50 (0.6-2.2) mm in the first and 1.65 (0.6-2.3) mm in the second (p=0.049) molars. In mandibular molars, the median was 1.20 (0.3-1.7) mm in the first and 1.60 (1.0-2.2) mm in the second (p<0.001) molars. Children aged 4 to 8 years showed less dentin thickness (p<0.001). Conclusion: The median dentin thickness of the pulp chamber floor in primary molars was 1.50 mm, ranging from 0.3 to 2.3 mm. Less dentin thickness was associated with younger children, teeth in the mandibular arch, and first molars.

Resumo Introdução A cárie dentária ainda é um problema de saúde pública na maioria dos países industrializados, com maior prevalência nas populações mais vulneráveis socioeconomicamente. Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência e a severidade da cárie dentária, e as ações curativas realizadas em escolares de 6 a 14 anos do Ensino Fundamental durante quatro meses de intervenção. Material e método Estudo transversal foi realizado com 130 escolares do município de Sarandi-PR. Para o diagnóstico da cárie dentária, foram utilizados os índices ceo-d, CPO-D e ICDAS II. Os escolares receberam atendimento curativo de acordo com as necessidades apresentadas, associado a atividades educativas preventivas. Resultado A prevalência de cárie dentária foi de 70% e 83%, segundo os índice ceo-d/CPO-D e ICDAS II, respectivamente. Os códigos referentes ao ICDAS II com maior prevalência foram ICDAS 5 e 6 (1,57% e 3,69%, respectivamente), enquanto o código 4 foi o de menor prevalência (0,30%). A maioria dos tratamentos restauradores foi realizada pela técnica de Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART) (150 restaurações). Foram realizadas 90 aplicações de verniz fluoretado em lesões iniciais de cárie. Os tratamentos de maior complexidade foram encaminhados para a Unidade Básica de Saúde do município. Dos 32 escolares referenciados, 21 compareceram e nestes foram realizados tratamentos endodônticos e exodontias de dentes decíduos e permanentes. Conclusão A população estudada apresenta prevalência alta de cárie e, após quatro meses de intervenção, observou-se que o ART foi resolutivo para a maioria das necessidades de tratamento (59,2%), apresentando-se como uma estratégia eficiente que pode ser implementada em locais que não oferecem a estrutura de um consultório odontológico.

Abstract Introduction Dental caries is still a public health problem in most industrialized countries, with a higher prevalence in the most socioeconomically vulnerable populations. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of dental caries and curative actions performed in students from 6 to 14 years of elementary school during four months of intervention. Material and method Cross-sectional study was conducted with 130 students from Sarandi / PR. To diagnose dental caries, dmft, DMFT and ICDAS II indices were used. The students received curative care according to the needs presented associated with preventive educational activities. Result The prevalence of dental caries was 70% and 83% according to the ceo-d / CPO-D and ICDAS II index, respectively. The codes for ICDAS II with thw highest prevalence were ICDAS 5 and 6 (1.57% and 3.69% respectively), while Code 4 was the least prevalent (0.30%).Most restorative treatments were performed by the ART technique (150 restorations). Ninety applications of fluoride varnish were performed on initial carious lesions. The most complex treatments were referred to the Basic Health Unit of the municipality. Of the 32 students referred, 21 attended and endodontic treatments and primary and permanent teeth extraction were performed. Conclusion The studied population has a high prevalence of caries and after four months of intervention, it was observed that ART was decisive for most treatment needs (59.2%), presenting itself as an efficient strategy that can be implemented in places that do not offer the structure of a dental office.

Abstract Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) is one of the strategies used to control dental caries; it involves hand instruments for removal of carious tissue, and restorations using high-viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). The present controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the performance of low-cost GIC indicated for ART in primary teeth, compared with high-viscosity GIC, after one year of follow-up. Two-to six-year-old children with dentin caries lesions on one or two surfaces of anterior and posterior teeth were selected. The children were randomly assigned to 2 groups according to the restorative material used: G1 (control) – Ketac Molar®; G2 (experimental) – Vitro Molar®. Treatments were performed in a school setting, following the guidelines of the ART. A total of 728 restorations were performed in 243 children. Descriptive analysis and Poisson regression were applied, with a significance level of p < 0.05. After 12 months, 559 (76.8%) restorations were re-evaluated. The success rate was evaluated by the prevalence ratio (PR), associated with restorations performed in primary second molars (PR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.03–1.42), and with small (PR = 1.35; 95%CI = 1.14–1.60) or medium cavities (PR = 1.29; 95%CI = 1.08–1.55), using Ketac Molar® material (PR= 1.07; 95%CI = 1.01–1.15), considering p < 0.05. Small or medium restorations in primary second molars performed with high-viscosity GIC (Ketac Molar®) were more successful than restorations performed with low-cost GIC indicated for ART.

RESUMO: Introdução: Bruxismo do sono (BS) é uma atividade muscular repetitiva cuja epidemiologia em adolescentes tem sido pouco estudada. Este estudo observacional transversal objetivou determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao BS em adolescentes. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída de 594 escolares na faixa etária de 11 a 14 anos de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Os instrumentos de coleta dos dados foram questionário direcionado aos pais/responsáveis e exame clínico dentário. Para se verificar associação entre BS e variáveis independentes, o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi aplicado, bem como análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, com resultados expressos em razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: A prevalência de BS foi de 22,2%. Na análise multivariada foi observada maior prevalência de BS em adolescentes do sexo masculino (RP = 1,41; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,04 - 1,89), com relato de ronco (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,02 - 1,89) e dificuldades para dormir (RP = 1,92; IC95% 1,38 - 2,66). Conclusão: BS é uma condição frequente em adolescentes, e os fatores associados à sua prevalência foram: sexo masculino, ronco e dificuldades para dormir.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Sleep bruxism (SB) is defined as a repetitive jaw muscle activity whose epidemiology in adolescents has been little studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep bruxism and associated factors in adolescents. Methodology: The sample consisted of 594 students aged 11 to 14 years old from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Self-administered questionnaire was answered by parents/caregivers and dental clinical examination was performed. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to assess the association between SB and independent variables. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was applied, with results expressed in prevalence ratio (PR). Results: The prevalence of SB in adolescents was 22.2%. Multivariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of SB in male gender adolescents (PR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.04 - 1.89), presenting snoring (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.89) and difficulty falling asleep (PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1.38 - 2.66). Conclusion: SB is a frequent condition in adolescents, and the factors associated with its prevalence were: male sex, snoring and difficulty falling asleep.

RESUMO: Introdução: Bruxismo do sono (BS) é uma atividade muscular repetitiva cuja epidemiologia em adolescentes tem sido pouco estudada. Este estudo observacional transversal objetivou determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao BS em adolescentes. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída de 594 escolares na faixa etária de 11 a 14 anos de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Os instrumentos de coleta dos dados foram questionário direcionado aos pais/responsáveis e exame clínico dentário. Para se verificar associação entre BS e variáveis independentes, o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi aplicado, bem como análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, com resultados expressos em razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: A prevalência de BS foi de 22,2%. Na análise multivariada foi observada maior prevalência de BS em adolescentes do sexo masculino (RP = 1,41; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,04 - 1,89), com relato de ronco (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,02 - 1,89) e dificuldades para dormir (RP = 1,92; IC95% 1,38 - 2,66). Conclusão: BS é uma condição frequente em adolescentes, e os fatores associados à sua prevalência foram: sexo masculino, ronco e dificuldades para dormir.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Sleep bruxism (SB) is defined as a repetitive jaw muscle activity whose epidemiology in adolescents has been little studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep bruxism and associated factors in adolescents. Methodology: The sample consisted of 594 students aged 11 to 14 years old from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Self-administered questionnaire was answered by parents/caregivers and dental clinical examination was performed. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to assess the association between SB and independent variables. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was applied, with results expressed in prevalence ratio (PR). Results: The prevalence of SB in adolescents was 22.2%. Multivariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of SB in male gender adolescents (PR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.04 - 1.89), presenting snoring (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.89) and difficulty falling asleep (PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1.38 - 2.66). Conclusion: SB is a frequent condition in adolescents, and the factors associated with its prevalence were: male sex, snoring and difficulty falling asleep.

Abstract: Data about total fluoride intake in children living in a tropical semi-arid climate city is scarce, thus we conducted this study. Fifty-eight children aged two to five years, living in a Brazilian tropical city with optimally fluoridated water were selected. Dietary samples were collected using the duplicate diet method on two non-consecutive days in the children's home toothpaste was determined by subtracting the amount of fluoride recovered after brushing from the amount placed on the toothbrush. The mean total dose (SD) of fluoride intake was 0.043(0.016) mg F·kg-1·d-1, with the major (60.6%) contribution from water. The factors associated with the ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste were fluoride concentration of the toothpaste (p = 0.03) and the use of kids toothpaste (p = 0.02). The findings suggest that children have a low fluoride intake, measured by at-home meals and use of fluoride toothpaste; drinking water is the main source of fluoride ingestion.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o conhecimento e conduta dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas (CD) da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) sobre o Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART). Material e método A amostra foi censitária e todos os CD da ESF da zona urbana da cidade de Teresina – PI foram visitados em seus locais de trabalho e convidados a participar do estudo. Questionários autoaplicáveis foram utilizados como técnica de coleta de dados. Para as análises estatísticas aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5% e o teste de associação linear. Resultado Participaram do estudo 183 profissionais, a maioria do sexo feminino (71,0%), na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos (49,2%), com vinte ou mais anos de formados (45,9%), que tem apenas o serviço público como vínculo empregatício (70,5%), e especialização em área clínica (44,3%). A maioria acredita no ART (82,7%) e a realiza (95,8%), apenas no serviço público (58,9%). O conhecimento individual dos profissionais sobre ART foi mensurado e a maioria apresenta informações corretas sobre o tratamento. Houve associação significativa do autorrelato de conhecimento de ART com a faixa etária, o tempo de formado e a titulação dos participantes. A avaliação do nível de conhecimento teve associação significativa com a faixa etária e tempo de formado. Conclusão A maioria dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas da Estratégia Saúde da Família de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil possui um bom conhecimento e conduta positiva em relação ao ART, mas necessita de aprimoramento com relação à técnica e sua correta indicação.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the knowledge and conduct of dentists of the Public Health System (Family Health Strategy – FHS) regarding Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). Material and method A census survey was conducted and all FHS dentists from the urban area of the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil were visited in their workplaces and invited to participate in this study. Data collection was carried out between July and October, 2014 through self-administered questionnaires. For statistical analysis the chi-square test with a significance level of 5% and the linear association test were applied. Result One hundred and eighty-three professionals participated in the study (with a response rate of 89.7%), mostly women (71.0%), aged twenty to thirty-nine years (49.2%), with twenty or more years’ experience since graduation (45.9%), working only in the public service (70.5%), and with expertise in the clinical area (44.3%). Most of them believe in ART (82.7%) and 95.8% of them apply it (of those, 58.9% apply it only in public service). The professionals’ individual knowledge of ART was measured and most of them have correct information regarding the treatment. The knowledge level evaluation was significantly associated with age and time since graduation (p<0.05). Conclusion Most of the dentistsworking in the public health system of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil have a good knowledge of and show positive behavior towardentists ART, but improvement is needed regarding the technique and its correct indication.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e a severidade de fluorose dentária em escolares de 11 a 14 anos de idade em Teresina (PI) Brasil, município de clima tropical com água de abastecimento público fluoretada. Estudo do tipo observacional transversal no qual foram avaliadas 571 crianças distribuídas nas redes pública e particular de ensino. A coleta de dados foi realizada nas unidades escolares, após recolhimento do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e questionário respondido pelos pais referentes às condições socioeconômicas e demográficas e aos hábitos de higiene bucal. O exame dentário foi realizado por um cirurgião-dentista calibrado. O índice aplicado foi o Thylstrup e Fejerskov (TF). A prevalência de fluorose foi de 77,9%, e apenas 12,5% das crianças acometidas apresentaram TF ≥ 3, grau com comprometimento estético. Os pré-molares foram os dentes mais afetados pela fluorose. Dentre os escolares com maior severidade de fluorose, 98,6% dos pertenciam à classe social mais baixa (>B2), 91,5% nasceram e sempre moraram em Teresina, 94,4% consumiam água de abastecimento fluoretada, 76% usaram dentifrício infantil e 64% as mães relataram que engoliam dentifrício. A prevalência de fluorose foi elevada, mas com baixa severidade, em indivíduos expostos à fluoretação desde o nascimento.

Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 11 to 14-year-old schoolchildren in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, which is a tropical city with a fluoridated public drinking water supply. It involved a cross-sectional observational study on a sample of 571 students in public and private schools. Informed Consent forms were approved for the data collection and the exams were conducted at the schools. Data were recorded on a questionnaire answered by the parents, regarding the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and oral hygiene habits of the sample. The dental exam was performed qualified dental sugeons. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index was used. The prevalence of fluorosis was 77.9%, and only 12.5% of the affected children had TF ≥ grade 3 (with aesthetic damage). The premolars were the teeth most affected by fluorosis. Among the students with the highest severity of fluorosis, 98.6% belonged to the lowest social bracket (> B2), 91.5% were born and had always lived in Teresina, 94.4% consumed water from the fluoridated public supply, 76% used toothpaste for children and 64% of mothers reported that they swallowed toothpaste. The prevalence of fluorosis was high, though the severity was low in individuals exposed to fluoridation since birth.