ABSTRACT Brazil experienced one of the fastest increasing numbers of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases worldwide. The Sao Paulo State (SPS) reported a high incidence, particularly in Sao Paulo municipality. This study aimed to identify clusters of incidence and mortality of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome for COVID-19 in the SPS, in 2020–2021, and describe the origin flow pattern of the cases. Cases and mortality risk area clusters were identified through different analyses (spatial clusters, spatio-temporal clusters, and spatial variation in temporal trends) by weighting areas. Ripley’s K12-function verified the spatial dependence between the cases and infrastructure. There were 517,935 reported cases, with 152,128 cases resulting in death. Of the 470,441 patients hospitalized and residing in the SPS, 357,526 remained in the original municipality, while 112,915 did not. Cases and death clusters were identified in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR) and Baixada Santista region in the first study period, and in the SPMR and the Campinas, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Barretos, and Sorocaba municipalities during the second period. We highlight the priority areas for control and surveillance actions for COVID-19, which could lead to better outcomes in future outbreaks.

Resumo Este artigo aborda os conceitos de não discriminação e não estigmatização, tratados na Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos como imperativos da bioética, visando preservar a identidade e a integridade de indivíduos sobrepujados por relações desiguais de poder. O objetivo do texto é apresentar brevemente os processos pelos quais o estigma se constrói e as raízes do preconceito e da intolerância, que culminam em discriminação social. O artigo ainda aborda a responsabilidade do Estado na eliminação das causas e consequências da discriminação e da estigmatização.

Resumen Este artículo aborda los conceptos de no discriminación y no estigmatización, abordados en la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos como imperativos de la bioética, con el objetivo de preservar la identidad e integridad de los individuos dominados por relaciones de poder desiguales. El objetivo del texto es presentar brevemente los procesos mediante los cuales se construye el estigma y las raíces del prejuicio y la intolerancia, que culminan en la discriminación social. El artículo también aborda la responsabilidad del Estado en la eliminación de las causas y consecuencias de la discriminación y la estigmatización.

Abstract This article addresses the concepts of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization, discussed in the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights as imperatives of bioethics, aiming to preserve the identity and integrity of individuals burdened by unequal power relations. The article briefly presents the processes that construct the stigma and roots of prejudice and intolerance, culminating in social discrimination. The article also addresses the State’s responsibility in eliminating the causes and consequences of discrimination and stigmatization.

Resumo O impacto da pandemia colocou o mundo em estado de alerta não só pela crise sanitária, mas pelos impactos econômicos e políticos desencadeados. Este ensaio reflete sobre populações desfavorecidas e marginalizadas, mais expostas à covid-19 devido às condições em que sobrevivem, com menos acesso a saneamento básico e, portanto, menor possibilidade de adotar as medidas preventivas recomendadas. Em todo o mundo, o plano de contingenciamento contra o Sars-CoV-2 exigiu dos governos medidas de proteção da vida humana e busca de equidade em saúde. O Estado brasileiro, no entanto, furtou-se da preparação prévia para enfrentar a pandemia e não estabeleceu estratégias coordenadas. Considerando que a justiça e a equidade em saúde fortalecem a coesão na busca por salvaguardar vidas, a ética no cuidado deveria passar pela implementação de políticas públicas que corrijam distorções.

Resumen El impacto de la pandemia ha puesto al mundo en alerta no solo debido a la crisis sanitaria, sino también a los impactos económicos y políticos que ha desencadenado. En este ensayo se reflexiona acerca de las poblaciones desfavorecidas y marginadas, más expuestas a la Covid-19 debido a las condiciones en las que sobreviven, con menos acceso al saneamiento básico y, por lo tanto, menos posibilidad de adoptar las medidas preventivas recomendadas. En todo el mundo, el plan de contingencia contra el Sars-CoV-2 exigió de los gobiernos medidas de protección de la vida humana y búsqueda de equidad en salud. El Estado brasileño, sin embargo, se esquivó de la preparación previa para enfrentarse a la pandemia y no estableció estrategias coordinadas. Teniendo en cuenta que la justicia y la equidad en salud fortalecen la cohesión en busca de salvaguardar vidas, la ética en el cuidado debería implicar la implementación de políticas públicas que corrijan distorsiones.

Abstract The impact of the pandemic has put the world on alert not only because of the health crisis, but also because of the economic and political impacts it unleashed. This essay reflects on disadvantaged and marginalized populations, more exposed to covid-19 due to the conditions in which they survive, with reduced access to basic sanitation and, therefore, less likely to adopt the recommended preventive measures. Worldwide, the contingency plan against Sars-CoV-2 required governments to take measures to protect human life and seek health equity. The Brazilian State, however, shirked from prior preparation to face the pandemic and did not establish coordinated strategies. Given that justice and equity in health strengthen cohesion in the search for safeguarding lives, ethics in care should include the implementation of public policies that correct distortions.

OBJETIVOS: Descrever, de forma retrospectiva, os casos graves hospitalizados e óbitos relacionados à epidemia de COVID-19 no estado de São Paulo, desde a data do primeiro registro com início de sintomas em 10/02/2020 até registros disponíveis em 20/05/2021. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado por meio da base de dados do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe). Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência, mortalidade e incidência acumulada no período, estratificadas por faixa etária e Departamento Regional de Saúde (DRS). Os casos graves foram geocodificados para análise de seu espalhamento pelo estado e foi calculado o R Efetivo, que estima o potencial de propagação de um vírus dentro de uma população. RESULTADOS: Houve um aumento significativo dos casos graves e óbitos registrados no período de um ano, sendo que as taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram heterogêneas dentro do estado. Os períodos mais críticos em relação à incidência de casos graves ocorreram entre maio e julho de 2020 e entre março e abril de 2021. Os DRS de São José do Rio Preto, Grande São Paulo e Araçatuba concentraram as maiores taxas de incidência e mortalidade. Os casos graves e óbitos foram mais frequentes nos homens e na população acima de 60 anos, e as principais condições de risco relacionadas aos óbitos foram cardiopatia (59%) e diabetes (42,8%). CONCLUSÕES: Espera-se que esses resultados ofereçam embasamento e possam contribuir para uma ação de controle mais eficiente, além de permitir o entendimento histórico da evolução da COVID-19 no estado.

OBJECTIVES: To describe retrospectively severe hospitalized cases and deaths related to the COVID-19 epidemic in the state of São Paulo, starting from the date of the first record with symptoms onset on 02/10/2020 up to 05/20/2021 records. METHODS: This is a descriptive study. The data source used was from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System (SIVEP-Gripe). The rates of incidence, mortality and accumulated incidence in the period were calculated, stratified by age group and Regional Health Department (DRS). In addition, severe cases were geocoded to analyze their spread across the state; and the Effective R, which determines the spread potential of a virus within a population, was calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in severe cases and deaths recorded in the period of one year, with incidence and mortality rates being heterogeneous within the state. The most critical periods regarding the incidence of severe cases occurred between May and July 2020 and between March and April 2021. The DRSs in São José do Rio Preto, Grande São Paulo and Araçatuba concentrated the highest incidence and mortality rates. Severe cases and deaths were more frequent in men and in the population over 60 years, while the main risk conditions related to deaths were heart disease (59%) and diabetes (42,8%). CONCLUSIONS: These results not only provide a detailed profile for more efficient control action plan, but will also allow the historical understanding of the COVID-19 evolution within the state of São Paulo.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever, de forma retrospectiva, os casos graves de pacientes hospitalizados e os óbitos relacionados à epidemia de COVID-19 no estado de São Paulo, desde a data do primeiro registro, com início de sintomas em 10 de fevereiro de 2020 até registros disponíveis em 20 de maio de 2021. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado por meio da base de dados do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência, mortalidade e incidência acumulada no período, estratificadas por faixa etária e agrupadas de acordo com cada Departamento Regional de Saúde. Os casos graves foram geocodificados para a análise de seu espalhamento pelo estado e foi calculado o R efetivo, que estima o potencial de propagação de um vírus em uma população. Resultados: Houve aumento significativo dos casos graves e óbitos registrados no período de um ano, e as taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram heterogêneas no estado. Os períodos mais críticos em relação à incidência de casos graves ocorreram entre maio e julho de 2020 e entre março e abril de 2021. Os Departamentos Regionais de Saúde de São José do Rio Preto, Grande São Paulo e Araçatuba concentraram as maiores taxas de incidência e mortalidade. Os casos graves e óbitos foram mais frequentes nos homens e na população acima de 60 anos, e as principais condições de risco relacionadas aos óbitos foram cardiopatia (59%) e diabetes (42,8%). Conclusões: Espera-se que esses resultados ofereçam embasamento e possam contribuir para uma ação de controle mais eficiente da COVID-19, além de permitir o entendimento histórico de sua evolução no estado.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To retrospectively describe severe cases of hospitalized patients and deaths related to the COVID-19 epidemic in the state of São Paulo, starting from the date of the first record, with symptoms onset on 02/10/2020 up to 05/20/2021. Methods: This is a descriptive study carried out using the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe - SIVEP-Gripe) database. The rates of incidence, mortality, and accumulated incidence in the period were calculated, stratified by age group and Regional Health Department (RHD). In addition, severe cases were geocoded to analyze their spread across the state; and the Effective R, which determines the spread potential of a virus within a population, was calculated. Results: There was a significant increase in severe cases and deaths recorded in the period of one year, with incidence and mortality rates being heterogeneous within the state. The most critical periods regarding the incidence of severe cases occurred between May and July 2020 and between March and April 2021. The RHD in São José do Rio Preto, Expanded São Paulo, and Araçatuba concentrated the highest incidence and mortality rates. Severe cases and deaths were more frequent in men and in the population over 60 years, while the main risk conditions related to deaths were heart disease (59%) and diabetes (42,8%). Conclusions: These results not only provide a detailed profile for more efficient control action plan, but will also allow the historical understanding of the COVID-19 evolution within the state of São Paulo.

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the indicators of burnout, to determine whether playing position affects the perception of syndrome dimensions, and to identify burnout prevalence in professional football players. Methods: The participants were 100 professional football players (mean age 24.3 ± 4.6 years and meantime as a professional athlete of 9.2 ± 4.5 years) who were divided into three groups: 27 forwards, 34 midfielders, and 39 defenders. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. Results: The results show that a) the majority of athletes had low burnout indicators, b) there was no difference in the perception of burnout dimensions by playing position, and c) the prevalence of athletes with burnout, whether mild, moderate, or severe, was 13%. Conclusion: The variable of playing position was not a determinant of perception of burnout dimensions among the forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Nonetheless, the prevalence of burnout deserves attention, as the negative effects of this syndrome may exert impacts on health, well-being, and sports performance, making athletes more likely to abandon their sport.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever, de forma retrospectiva, os casos graves de pacientes hospitalizados e os óbitos relacionados à epidemia de COVID-19 no estado de São Paulo, desde a data do primeiro registro, com início de sintomas em 10 de fevereiro de 2020 até registros disponíveis em 20 de maio de 2021. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado por meio da base de dados do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência, mortalidade e incidência acumulada no período, estratificadas por faixa etária e agrupadas de acordo com cada Departamento Regional de Saúde. Os casos graves foram geocodificados para a análise de seu espalhamento pelo estado e foi calculado o R efetivo, que estima o potencial de propagação de um vírus em uma população. Resultados: Houve aumento significativo dos casos graves e óbitos registrados no período de um ano, e as taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram heterogêneas no estado. Os períodos mais críticos em relação à incidência de casos graves ocorreram entre maio e julho de 2020 e entre março e abril de 2021. Os Departamentos Regionais de Saúde de São José do Rio Preto, Grande São Paulo e Araçatuba concentraram as maiores taxas de incidência e mortalidade. Os casos graves e óbitos foram mais frequentes nos homens e na população acima de 60 anos, e as principais condições de risco relacionadas aos óbitos foram cardiopatia (59%) e diabetes (42,8%). Conclusões: Espera-se que esses resultados ofereçam embasamento e possam contribuir para uma ação de controle mais eficiente da COVID-19, além de permitir o entendimento histórico de sua evolução no estado.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To retrospectively describe severe cases of hospitalized patients and deaths related to the COVID-19 epidemic in the state of São Paulo, starting from the date of the first record, with symptoms onset on 02/10/2020 up to 05/20/2021. Methods: This is a descriptive study carried out using the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe - SIVEP-Gripe) database. The rates of incidence, mortality, and accumulated incidence in the period were calculated, stratified by age group and Regional Health Department (RHD). In addition, severe cases were geocoded to analyze their spread across the state; and the Effective R, which determines the spread potential of a virus within a population, was calculated. Results: There was a significant increase in severe cases and deaths recorded in the period of one year, with incidence and mortality rates being heterogeneous within the state. The most critical periods regarding the incidence of severe cases occurred between May and July 2020 and between March and April 2021. The RHD in São José do Rio Preto, Expanded São Paulo, and Araçatuba concentrated the highest incidence and mortality rates. Severe cases and deaths were more frequent in men and in the population over 60 years, while the main risk conditions related to deaths were heart disease (59%) and diabetes (42,8%). Conclusions: These results not only provide a detailed profile for more efficient control action plan, but will also allow the historical understanding of the COVID-19 evolution within the state of São Paulo.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa Raízes do Brasil (1936), de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, um livro seminal na tradição ensaística brasileira. A discussão começa com os limites da busca da especificidade nacional no Brasil, de modo a considerar a formação cultural brasileira como uma projeção de suas raízes ibéricas. Neste contexto, o “homem cordial” emerge como uma metáfora para a falta de espaço público no Brasil. Por um lado, o homem cordial é um produto dos debates na virada do século sobre o excepcionalismo latino-americano, uma figura quase capaz de suportar as desilusões do mundo moderno. Por outro lado, o homem cordial oferece uma janela a Buarque de Holanda para os limites do liberalism democrático e as tradições personalistas da América Latina: um impasse discutido extensivamente, mas nunca resolvido em Raízes do Brasil. Em última instância, o livro permite um questionamento mais profundo das pulsões coletivas e dos desejos individuais que, juntos, formam a matéria a que o populismo iria responder, uma forma política temporariamente capaz de atender as expectativas das pessoas.

Abstract: This article analyzes Sérgio Buarque de Holanda’s Roots of Brazil (1936), a seminal book in the Brazilian essayist tradition. Discussion begins with the limits of Brazil’s search for national specificity, so as to consider Brazilian cultural formation as a projection of its colonial Iberian roots. In this context, the “cordial man” emerges as a metaphor for the lack of public space in Brazil. On the one hand, the cordial man is a product of turn-of-the-century debates on Latin American exceptionalism, a figure almost capable of withstanding the disillusions of the modern world. On the other hand, the cordial man offers Buarque de Holanda a window into the limits of democratic liberalism and the personalistic political traditions of Latin America: an impasse discussed at length but never resolved in Roots of Brazil. Ultimately, the book permits a deeper questioning of the collective pulses and individual desires that, together, form the matter to which populism would respond, a political form temporarily capable of meeting the people’s demands.

Introduction: Guidewire fracture is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Retained fragments can cause thrombosis, dissection, perforation of the vessel or embolize. When is impossible to withdraw or to trap the fragment during the procedure, management is debatable between surgical removal or conservative approach. When choosing to leave the fragment in place, the patient remains at risk for all of the aforementioned complications. Clinical Case: 65-year-old male patient submitted to PCI with stenting of distal right coronary artery in 2017. A proximal optimization technique was performed, with a guidewire placed in the posterior descending artery (PDA). After stenting, the protection guidewire became entrapped and after several retrieval attempts, it fractured. Wire fragment remained within the RCA and ascending aorta with a free mobile distal part in the beginning of the innominate artery. Multiple attempts went in vain for wire retrieval and a conservative approach was adopted. Two and a half years later, the patient felt a sudden chest pain and then collapsed. He was transferred to our Hospital for emergent surgery due to cardiac tamponade. Intra-operatively, cardiac surgeons found the guidewire perforating the posterior descending artery. When trying to pull it out, the guidewire fractured again. Post-intervention CTA revealed migration of the fragmented guidewire now it was entrapped in a tortuous initial portion of the right internal carotid artery and a small pseudoaneurysm was visible at the distal portion of the wire. Surgical approach was performed revealing the presence of the wire within the carotid medial wall, in a subintimal plane. The 7 cm fragment was successfully withdrawn, through a common carotid transverse incision. Pseudoaneurismectomy was performed and carotid artery bifurcation reconstruction with internal carotid artery re-implantation into the bifurcation, end-to-end anastomosis. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. Conclusion: Although leaving the wire in place remains an option, coronary guidewire fractured fragments can be associated not only with immediate complications but also with potential adverse events in the long run.

ABSTRACT Thermally modified wood undergoes chemical, physical, and mechanical modifications, resulting in changes in resistance to wood biodegrading agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance to biodeterioration of thermally modified wood by the industrial process VAP HolzSysteme® of Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus taeda and Tectona grandis, submitted to the Lentinula edodes fungi (brown rot) and Pleurotus djamor fungi (white rot), and to analyze the chemical properties, contents of holocellulose, lignin, total extracts, and ash, before and after biodeterioration. Three treatments were considered for each species: Control - wood in natura, modified wood at 140 °C and 160 °C. The specimens were made according to ASTM D 1413 (ASTM, 1994), in a total of 108 samples per species, 36 per treatment for each species, with 12 samples submitted to the fungus L. edodes, 12 to P. djamor and 12 correction blocks. Different behaviors occurred among species under fungal action. For E. grandis wood the thermal modification increased the resistance to biodeterioration of the wood under the action of the L. edodes fungus, in the opposite way occurred for the species P. taeda. There was little variation between treatments in T. grandis wood for both fungi. Thermal modification conferred chemical alterations on the wood, influencing their behavior the biodeterioration by the fungal action in P. taeda species in a negative way, (increasing the degradation level), and E. grandis in a positive way, reducing the biodeterioration. However, in T. grandis species no significant differences were identified in the different treatments by the action of different rotting fungi.

Abstract Background: The association between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Infective Endocarditis (IE) is controversial in the literature, since many controversial results have been published. However, when evaluating specifically the evidence on IE and individuals with DM using insulin, we found only two observational studies that considered this variable, with discordant results regarding the prognosis and prevalence of Staphylococcus sp in insulin users compared to non-users. Despite the lack of evidence, in clinical practice the insulin use could be interpreted as minor criteria "injection drug use", using the modified Duke criteria for IE diagnosis. Objectives: To compare the microbiological and valvar profile, as well as the outcome of non-diabetic and diabetic patients with IE who were insulin users or not. Methods: This was an observational, analytical and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with IE between 2003 and 2015 in three tertiary care centers. A total of 211 patients were included, of which 17 were diabetics and 9 were insulin users. Patients were compared using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The mortality from IE in diabetic individuals was higher than that of non-diabetic patients, but with no statistical significance (35.29% vs. 21.1%; p = 0.221), even when the groups were divided into insulin-user diabetic, non-insulin user diabetic and non-diabetic patients (33.3% vs. 37.5% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.229). There was a difference regarding the prevalence of IE caused by S. aureus (57.1% vs. 14.3% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.029) and the involvement of the tricuspid valve (33.3% vs. 0.00% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.034) among insulin users. Conclusion: In our sample, insulin use or the presence of DM did not mean higher in-hospital mortality from IE. It is not possible to generalize the microbiological and valvar findings due to the lack of studies evaluating insulin users in IE; however, particularities have been previously reported and may indicate a different behavior of IE in these patients. New studies considering the insulin use variable are required to elucidate the association between DM and IE.

Introdução: O aneurisma infecioso do tronco celíaco é um diagnóstico extremamente raro, com apenas alguns casos reportados até à data. Pretendeu-se assim realizar uma revisão da literatura relativa a esta entidade clínica, com enfâse nas estratégias de diagnósticas e terapêuticas. Métodos: Uma revisão de literatura foi realizada utilizando a base de dados da MEDLINE de acordo com as recomendações PRISMA. Resultados: No total foram identificados 11 casos de aneurisma infecioso do tronco celíaco. As opções de tratamento foram extremamente variáveis englobando cirurgia aberta e endovascular. A primeira incluiu laqueação do aneurisma ou aneurismectomia com ou sem revascularização com bypass. As opções endovasculares incluíram embolização do aneurisma e colaterais, exclusão com recurso a stentgraft do aneurisma e num caso a técnica de Chimney foi usada para excluir o aneurisma mantendo a permeabilidade do tronco celíaco. Antibioterapia foi consistentemente uma parte essencial da estratégia terapêutica. Conclusões: Dada a raridade do aneurisma infecioso do tronco celíaco, a sua história natural não é conhecida. Não obstante, a decisão de tratamento cirúrgico, independentemente do tamanho do aneurisma, é unânime. Os resultados a curto prazo do tratamento endovascular são encorajadores, mas a implantação endovascular de material protésico num ambiente infetado torna a antibioterapia de duração indeterminada aconselhável.

Introduction: Infectious celiac artery aneurysm (ICAA) is an extremely rare diagnosis, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature to date. We aimed to review this rare clinical entity, focusing on diagnosis and treatment strategies. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using MEDLINE database according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 11 cases of ICAA were identified in the literature to date. Treatment options were extremely variable and included both open and endovascular surgery. Open surgery included aneurysm ligation or aneurysmectomy with or without revascularization with bypass. Endovascular options are increasingly used and include embolization of the aneurysm and collaterals, stentgraft exclusion of the ICAA and in one case report, Chimney technique was used to exclude the aneurysm maintaining celiac trunk patency. Unsurprisingly, antibiotherapy was consistently an essential part of the treatment strategy. Conclusions: Due to the rarity of ICAA, natural history is unclear. Still, surgical treatment is unanimous regardless of aneurysm size. Short term results of endovascular treatment are encouraging, but endovascular implantation of prosthetic material in an infected environment is a concern, so lifelong antibiotherapy and close monitoring are advisable.

ABSTRACT Plants can stablish symbiosis with arburcular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), in which the fungus uses carbohydrates synthesized by plant photosynthesis in exchange for soil nutrients. AMF symbiosis may benefit plants by increasing the rates of nutrient uptake, tolerance to abiotic stresses, protection against pathogens and, by promoting resilience of forest species to adverse conditions. Knowledge about the diversity of mycorrhizas may help stablish relationships of species selection, AMF production and inoculation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compile information to identify existing patterns in AMF diversity in Brazilian forest ecosystems. Compilation was based in 74 articles (in English, Portuguese and Spanish languages) searched in the Web of Knowledge and selected for having the keywords “forest”, “diversity”, “mycorrhizal” and “Brazil”, and that identified AMF species by spore morphology. Compilation resulted in a list of 164 AMF species and indicated that AMF species are not plant host specific but they are selected by environmental conditions where the host grows. Some AMF species were ubiquitous and some were rare in forest ecosystems. Rare AMF species may be an artefact of AMF identification because, in comparison to molecular tools, spore morphology may underestimate AMF diversity. Four AMF species, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora foveata, Clareoideglomus etunicatum and Glomus macrocarpum, were ubiquitous to several biomes, existed in different stage of forest succession and seemed to be adapted to different forest managements. Therefore, A. scrobiculata, A. foveata, A. mellea, C. etunicatum and G. macrocarpum could have potential to be used as AMF inoculant in forest species.