Abstract Staphylus evemerus Godman & Salvin, 1896 is a species with a unique set of morphological characters within Carcharodini. Also, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences analysis demonstrated a large genetic distance with other related genera of the tribe. Therefore, this paper aims to describe a new genus for this species, which is named as Uniphylus gen. nov. Besides the morphological redescription of the male of Uniphylus evemerus (Godman & Salvin, 1896) new comb., the description of the female is provided for the first time, as well as an updated distributional map with all records known so far for this species.

ABSTRACT Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) are commonly known by the leaf miner habit found in the larval stage of most species. By using worldwide, public databases on species diversity and DNA sequences available for extant gracillariid species, we determined changes in the rate of taxonomic species descriptions through time, mapped their spatial distributions, examined their phylogenetic diversification, and estimated the number of species yet to be described for the family in the Neotropics. We recovered 185 species, a number that is smaller than that found in any other biogeographic region. However, it was estimated that at least 3875 additional species remain to be described in the region. Phylogenetic diversification showed a pattern of expanding diversity. A few entomologists have been involved with gracillariid taxonomy in the Neotropics, having 39% of the species been described by a single taxonomist. In most of such cases, descriptions were based on the adults only. A few species have been described from biomes known to have some of the greatest diversity on earth, such as the Atlantic Forest. Thus, such a scenario results from low sampling and scarce taxonomic activity that has prevailed for this family of moths in the Neotropics. It may also be associated with their small body size and to the fact that gracillariids do not seem to be attracted to light traps as much as other moths, which make their collection and identification by non experts difficult. We also suggested scientific and political actions that could be adopted to overcome such an unfavorable scenario.

A riqueza e abundância das assembleias de espécies em uma comunidade é uma forma de fundamentar os padrões de diversidade encontrados ao redor do mundo. Este estudo descreve as assembleias de Saturniidae e Sphingidae em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana, Tijucas do Sul, Paraná, Brasil, 880m, 25º50'8.93"S, 49º02'55.20"W. Amostragens foram coletadas entre Novembro de 2010 e Setembro de 2011 durante duas noites de cada um dos 12 novilúnios do período com armadilha luminosa equipada com lâmpada de luz negra (ultravioleta) de 46 watts entre duas lâmpadas de luz mista de mercúrio HWL 250 watts das 18:00 até as 06:00 h. O esforço amostral totalizou 288 horas, resultando na coleta de 1235 exemplares, representados por 124 espécies, dos quais: 858 exemplares e 86 espécies de Saturniidae e, 377 exemplares e 38 espécies de Sphingidae. Ressalta-se a amostragem de 10 novas espécies, sendo uma do gênero de Automerella Michener, 1949; duas de Hylesia Hübner, [1820], uma de Lonomia Walker, 1855 e seis de Periga Walker, 1855 que serão descritas.

The richness and abundance of the assemblage of species in a community are a way to understand the patterns of diversity found around the world. This study describes the assemblages of Saturniidae and Sphingidae in an area of Montana Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, Tijucas do Sul, Paraná, Brazil, 880m, 25º50'8.93"S, 49º 02'55.20"W. Samples were collected between November 2010 and September 2011 during two nights at the twelve new moons periods with a light trap equipped with black light lamp (ultraviolet) of 46 watts between two mercury mixed-light lamps HWL 250 watts from 6:00 p.m to 06:00 a.m. The sampling effort totaled 288 hours. This sampling effort was responsible for the capture of 1235 specimens, distributed in 124 species: 858 specimens and 86 species of Saturniidae, and 377 specimens and 38 species of Sphingidae. It is noteworthy the sampling of 10 new species: one of Automerella Michener, 1949, two of Hylesia Hübner, [1820], one of Lonomia Walker, 1855 and six of Periga Walker, 1855, that will be described.

A morfologia externa do abdome do adulto de Almeidaia aidae Mielke & Casagrande, 1981 é descrita e ilustrada pela primeira vez. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outras espécies de Saturniidae. É uma espécie rara e endêmica da região do Cerrado. Estudos sobre sua biologia foram publicados pelo quarto autor. Esta é a terceira contribuição sobre a morfologia da espécie tendo sido as anteriores sobre a cabeça e o tórax.

The external morphology of adult abdome of Almeidaia aidae Mielke & Casagrande, 1981 is described and illustrated for the first time. The results obtained were compared with others species of Saturniidae. This species is rare and endemic of the Cerrado region. Biological studies were published by the fourth author. This is the third of a series of papers about the species, the previous two were about head and thorax morphology.

Descriptions of the fourth and fifth larval instars and pupa of Dasyophthalma creusa creusa (Hübner [1821]) from material reared in southern Brasil are presented and illustrated. The larva feed on leaves of Geonoma schottiana Martius (Arecaceae).

The following species is excluded from the neotropical fauna: Hesperia yva Plötz, 1886, mentioned by EVANS (1955) as Mucia yva, is an Asian species, probably a synonym of Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798). The following species are transferred to the neotropical region: Aurina dida EVANS, 1939, described from Sierra Leoa, Africa, and Hesperia subviridis Plötz, 1886, a species of Penicula EVANS, 1955, described from São Paulo, Brazil, was erroneously transferred by EVANS (1957) to Ceylon (=Sri Lanka). The types species of two genera are changed: Hydraenomia aberrans Draudt, 1924 is the new type of Clito EVANS, 1953, and Cantha calva EVANS, 1955 is the new type of Cantha EVANS, 1955 (ICZN, Art.70.3.2.). Popilio clito Fabricius, 1787, designated by EVANS(1953) as the type species of CLito,is a species of Milanion Godman & Salvin, 1895. Cyclopides celeus Mabille, 1891, designated by EVANS(1955) as the type species of Cantha, is a species of Vehilius Scudder, 1872. The following taxa are nom. nov.: Enosis schausi for Hesperia misera Schaus, 1902, praeocc. (Lucas, 1856); Jongiana for Surina de Jong, 1983, praeocc. (Walker, 1869 [Lepidoptera]). The following taxa is a nom. nud.: Polygonus mimeticus J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968. The following taxa are sp. rev.: Aethilla haber (Mabille, 1891);

The following new genera with their type-species are described: Oxynetrini: Cyclopyge gen. n. - type-species: Pyrrhopyge roscius Hopffer, 1874; Pyrrhopygini: Arnysoria gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] galgala Hewitson, 1866, Chalypyge gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] chalybea Scudder, 1872, Creonpyge gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] creon H. Druce, 1874, Cyanopyge gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyge sangaris Skinner, 1921, Gunayan gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] rhacia Hewitson, 1875, Jonaspyge gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] Jonas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Melanopyge gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] maculosa Hewitson, 1866, Mimardaris gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyga [sic] sela Hewitson, 1866, Mysarbia gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyge sejanus Hopffer, 1874, Ochropyge gen. n. - type species: Pyrrhopyge ruficauda Hayward, 1932. Apyrrothrix Lindsey, 1921 and Yanguna Watson, 1893 are revalidated. The following are revalidated combinations: Apyrrothrix araxes (Hewitson, 1867), Apyrrothrix arizonae (Godman & Salvin, 1893), Yanguna cometes cometes (Cramer, 1770), Yanguna cometes cometides Mabille & Boullet, 1908, Yanguna cometes staudingeri (Plštz, 1879), Yanguna cosyra (H. Druce, 1875), Yanguna spatlosa spatlosa (Hewitson, 1871), Yanguna spatlosa aspllos Mabille & Boullet, 1908, Yanguna spatlosa mabillei H.H. Druce, 1909, Yanguna tetricus Bell, 1931, Yanguna thelersa (Hewitson, 1866), The following are new combinations: Cyclopyge roscius roscius (Hopffer, 1874), Cyclopyge roscius flavomaculata (Bell, 1937), Cyclopyge roscius iphimedia (Plštz, 1886), Yanguna erebus (Plštz, 1879), Gunayan rhacia (Hewitson, 1875), Gunayan rubrlcollts (Sepp, [1841]), Gunayan timaeus (Bell, 1931), Chalypyge chalybea chalybea (Scudder, 1872), Chalypyge chalybea chlorts (Evans, 1951), Chalypyge zereda zereda (Hewitson, 1866), Chalypyge zereda hygieia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867), Chalypyge zereda insana (Staudinger, 1876), Chalypyge zereda rufinucha (Godman & Salvin, 1879), Chalypyge zereda rufipectus (Godman & Salvin, 1879), Chalypyge zereda zepha (Evans, 1951), Ochropyge ruficauda (Hayward, 1932), Melanopyge cossea (H. Druce, 1875), Melanopyge erythrosticta (Godman & Salvin, 1879), Melanopyge hoffmannl (Freeman, 1977), Melanopyge maculosa (Hewitson, 1866), Melanopyge mulleri (Bell, 1934), Jonaspyge Jonas (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859), Jonaspyge aesculapus (Staudinger, 1876), Jonaspyge tzotzlll (Freemann, 1969), Creonpyge creon creon (H. Druce, 1874), Creonpyge creon lillana (Nicolay & Small, 1969), Creonpyge creon laylori (Nicolay & Small, 1981), Cyanopyge sangaris (Skinner, 1921), Mysarbia sejanus sejanus (Hoppfer, 1874), Mysarbia sejanus erythrostigma (Ršber, 1925), Arnysoria galgala (Hewitson, 1866), Mimardaris aetata (Godman & Salvin, 1879), Mimardaris Umax (Evans, 1951), Mimardaris mlnthe (Godman & Salvin, 1879), Mimardaris montra (Evans, 1951), Mimardaris pityusa (Hewitson, 1875), Mimardaris porus poms (Evans, 1951), Mimardaris porus mortis (Evans, 1951), Mimardaris sela sela (Hewitson, 1866), Mimardaris sela aequatorea (Róber, 1925), Mimardaris sela chanchamayonis (Draudt, 1924), Mimardaris sela periphema (Hewitson, [1875]), and Mimardaris sela peruviana (Draudt, 1921). The following is a new synonym: Tamyris hygieia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 of Pyrrhopyga [sic] zereda Hewitson, 1866. Mysarbia sejanus stolli Mielke, ssp. n. is a replacement name for Papilio thasus Stoll, 1781, preoccupied by Stoll, 1780.

The holotype of Stylura brusiliensis Lima, 1928 was found at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, and the holotype of Iscadia montei Lima, 1936 is probably lost.

Larvae of Hemiargus hanno (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae) are for the first time reported to be attended under field conditions by ants of the formicine genus Brachymyrmex Mayr, 1868 (Myrmelachistini). Structural features of the last instar larva and pupa of H. hanno are described and illustrated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A cladistic study of the four monophyletic tribes of Pyrrhopyginae is presented. Passovini, Oxynetrini, and Zoniini are new tribes.

Data on the life cycle and morphology of immature stages of Actinote carycina Jordan, 1913 are presented. The larvae feed on leaves of Eupatorium inulaefolium H.B.K. (Asteraceae).

This is the first of a series of contributions concerning exoskeletal morphology of neotropical lycaenid butterflies (blues and hairstreaks). The cephalic capsule morphology of Hemiargus hanno (Stoll, 1790) is herein presented with drawings and SEM photographs.

The species of Cephise Evans, 1953 are divided in two groups: "cephise" group (hind wing without long tails) and "procerus" group (hind wing with long tails). In the "cephise" group the following species are included: Cephise cephise (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) with his synonyms Thymele hydarnes Mabille, syn.n., Eudamus zopyrus Plötz, 1881, Telennades injuncta Plötz, 1882, nom. nud., Eudamus maneros Mabille, 1883, syn.n., Nascus orima Schaus, 1902, syn.n., Nascus orita Schaus, 1902; Cephise impunctus sp.n. from Rondônia, Brazil; Cephise glarus (Mabille, 1888), sp. reval.; Cephise nuspesez Burns, 1996; Cephise malesedis sp.n. from Rondônia, Brazil; Cephise maculatus sp.n. from Rondônia, Brazil; Cephise burnsi sp.n. from Espírito Santo, Brazil; Cephise mexicanus sp.n. from Oaxaca and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. In the "procerus" group are included: Cephise procerus (Plötz, 1880); Cephise aelius (Plötz, 1880) sp. reval.. comb.n.. with its synonyms Eudamus auginulus Godman & Salvin, 1893, syn.n. and Eudamus callicina Schaus, 1902, syn.n.; Cephise callias (Mabille, 1888); and Cephise guatemalaensis (Freeman, 1977). Lectotypes are designated for Eudamus cephise Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Thymele hydarnes Mabille, 1877, Telegonus glarus Mabille, 1988, Eudamus callias Mabille, 1888, Goniurus procerus Plötz, 1888, and Goniurus aelius Plötz, 1880. Neotypes are designated for Eudamus zopyrus Plötz, 1881, and Thymele maneros Mabille, 1883. A pseudotype of Thymele hydarnes is identified, this is actually a female of Cephise impunctus sp.n. Six species of Cephise occur sympatrically in Rondônia, Brazil.

The poorly known phenomenon of copula "inter mares" (a male insect copulating with another male) is reported in Pirascca sagaris satnius (Dalman, 1823) (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae, Riodininae).

Description of the fifth larval instar and pupa of Dasyophthalma rusina rusina (Godart, [1824]) from material reared in southern Brasil are described and illustrated. The larva feed on leaves of Geonoma schottiana Martius (Arecaceae).