Abstract Background Agriculture in South America (SA) had a great expansion in the last decades and weed control changed accordingly with region and crop practices. Objective The objective of this review is to present the history of herbicide use and discuss the main changes in weed management in SA. Methods Herbicide use quantities were obtained from official institutions and commercial organizations in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Data were summarized per active ingredient, herbicide mode of action or crop. The evolution of the cultivated area of the main crops in each country, and the crop and weed management associated to it were considered to discuss the importance and the consequences of the main herbicides used. Results In 2019 the most used herbicides in Brazil were glyphosate, 2,4-D, atrazine, paraquat and diuron representing 62, 15, 7, 5 and 2% of the total amount used. In Argentina, the increasing selection of herbicide resistant populations (4 cases/year), resulted in utilization of older chemistries. Weed control in Uruguay is traditionally benefited from crop/pasture rotations but recently is also facing problems of continuous cropping systems. Agriculture in Chile is more diverse, but similar patterns and problems of herbicide use are present. Conclusions Intensification of agriculture, no-tillage, glyphosate resistant crops, and herbicide resistant weeds were the most important drivers of herbicide use changes in SA. Integrated weed management is unpostponable to provide sustainable increasing food production in SA.

Abstract: Background: Eragrostis plana is an invasive plant in native grassland areas associated with degradation of the Pampa biome. Selective control of E. plana is difficult due to its similarity to other grassland species. There is a lack of information about E. plana control using selective herbicide application equipment. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a pressurize rope wick applicator for controlling the invasive plant E. plana as function of different salts of glyphosate, application volumes, and year seasons. Methods: The studies were carried out under field conditions and repeated. The first study evaluated glyphosate salts of isopropylamine, dimethylamine, monoammonium, diammonium, and potassium at doses of 720 and 1440 g ha-1 and clethodim at 60 and 120 g ha-1. The second study assessed application volumes of 8, 24, 40, and 56 L ha-1 using isopropylamine and potassium salts of glyphosate. Results: Glyphosate applied in summer was more effective at controlling E. plana, with less regrowth than glyphosate application in winter. The glyphosate diammonium was more effective at controlling E. plana than isopropylamine, dimethylamine, monoammonium, or potassium salt formulations at 1440 g ha-1. Application volume of glyphosate between 8 and 40 L ha-1 provided similar control of E. plana and pasture selectivity. Conclusions: Glyphosate applied with a rope wick selective applicator was effective in controlling E. plana clumps and was selective to grassland. The control efficacy varied as a function of glyphosate salts and year season, but not due to application volume of 8 and 40 L ha-1.

Abstract Mixing herbicides is a common practice in agriculture, to optimize farm management practices, widen the weed control spectrum, enhance application efficiency, and manage herbicide resistance. Interactions between herbicides can occur within the spray tank, on the leaf surface, and/or inside the plant, resulting in physicochemical and physiological interactions. Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects can result from these interactions. Given the range in plant response and the potential for negative and positive outcomes for weed management, predicting herbicide interactions before using mixtures would be of great value. Therefore, the physiological responses in the literature can help to ensure efficient weed control and avoid unwanted effects in the field. This review compiles information on physiological and physicochemical interactions between herbicides, addressing the most known cases of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, as well as their physiological bases, and the methods for evaluating herbicide interactions. Reference models for herbicide interactions have been reported and they usually interfere interpretation of the mixture effect. Antagonistic interactions can increase the evolution of weed resistance by favoring the survival of individuals exposed to the herbicide. Physicochemical incompatibility in the spray tank usually causes herbicide antagonism, whereas both synergism and antagonism can result from increased or decreased uptake/translocation and from physiological changes in the plant. agriculture practices spectrum efficiency surface andor Additive synergistic value Therefore field additivity bases effect uptaketranslocation uptake translocation

Abstract Background: The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool to control weeds, however the tolerance of soybean to these herbicides can vary according to the type of soil. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sulfentrazone and diclosulam soybean selectivity in a sandy soil, in order to establish these herbicides as supporting tools in weed control. Methods: The treatments consisted of six doses of sulfentrazone (150 to 400 g ha-1) and diclosulam (25.2 to 75.6 g ha-1), and an untreated control. A field study was repeated in two growing seasons (2013/14 and 2014/15) in a sandy soil. Results: The occurrence of injury depended on the growing season. The first season presented lower rainfall rates during the crop cycle. The recommended dose of sulfentrazone (200 g ha-1) caused 26% and 10% of plant injury at 15 days after the treatment for the first and second season, respectively. For diclosulam, the recommended dose of 35.3 g ha-1 caused 20% and 8% of plant injury, respectively, for the first and second season. However, at the recommended doses, only for diclosulam and in the rainy season there was a reduction in soybean productivity. Conclusions: The herbicide sulfentrazone, although causing visual soybean plant injury, present satisfactory selectivity at recommended doses and can be used as an important tool on weed control on sandy soils. Similar response was observed for diclosulam in 2013/14. However, in a rainfall season diclosulam impacted on soybean yield at the recommended dose for sandy soils, with selectivity depending of the growth season.

Os afilhos são importantes estruturas para as plantas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), porque podem contribuir para o aumento do número de espigas por área e aumentar o rendimento de grãos. Estresses na fase inicial da cultura podem afetar esse processo. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a emissão de afilhos e o acúmulo de massa seca, em condições ambientais adversas ao afilhamento, para determinar a sensibilidade desse processo em comunidade de plantas. No primeiro experimento simulou-se a semeadura a diferentes profundidades, no segundo reduziu-se artificialmente a área foliar e no terceiro experimento cultivou-se plantas em diferentes níveis de alumínio no solo. Os experimentos foram realizados em Lages, SC, nos anos de 2000 e 2001, em telado (condições naturais de radiação e com irrigação) e em caixas. A desuniformidade de profundidade de semeadura, os danos causados às plantas pelo corte de folhas do colmo principal e o desequilibro nutricional causado pelos níveis de correção do solo com calcário reduziram a emissão de afilhos e o acúmulo de massa seca.

Tillers are important structures for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) because they contribute to increase the number of spikes per area, enhancing grain yield. Stresses during plants early growth have a sizable effect on tiller production. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of stresses induced by unevenness in sowing depth, defoliation and differences in soil pH on tiller emission and dry mass accumulation of wheat cultivars. The experiments were carried out in Lages, Southern Brazil, during the winter growing seasons of 2000 and 2001. They were performed in square boxes, under natural conditions of radiation and irrigation. In the first experiment, five types of sowing depths were tested to simulate different systems of unevenness in plant emergence of cultivar Embrapa 16. In the second experiment, two wheat cultivars (BRS 177 and BRS 179) were submitted to four types of main stem defoliation. The third experiment assessed the effects of three levels of soil acidity correction on the tillering pattern of Fundacep 29. Unevenness in sowing depth, alternating pairs of seeds at 3 cm and 5 cm deep, reduced tiller emission and dry mass accumulation. The removal of the first and second main stem leaves reduced significantly BRS 179 tiller dry mass and number and did not affect the tillering pattern of BRS 177. The lack of liming restricted tiller emission and reduced plant dry mass accumulation.

A competição entre plantas é um processo importante tanto em comunidades naturais quanto em ambientes agrícolas. O impacto vegetativo das ervas daninhas em agroecossistemas é considerado competição se houver redução no montante de recursos disponíveis para a cultura e, neste contexto, o desenvolvimento das raízes influencia na competitividade e na sobrevivência das plantas. Uma planta que apresenta sistema radical bem desenvolvido em extensão e em comprimento tem sido associada com aumento na habilidade competitiva devido ao maior potencial de absorção de água e nutrientes. A competição entre os sistemas radicais das ervas daninhas e das culturas interfere tanto na disponibilidade de água e nutrientes quanto nas interações por luz, na parte aérea. Entretanto, somente ocorrerá competição quando a zona de depleção das raízes da cultura e das ervas daninhas se sobreporem. A intensidade de competição entre raízes das ervas e da cultura pelos recursos abaixo da superfície do solo dependerá do tipo e da disponibilidade dos recursos e da espécie vegetal e de sua capacidade em desenvolver sistema radical extenso, com diâmetro reduzido e com ampla área superficial.

Competition between plants is an important process as much in natural communities as in agricultural environments. The impact of weeds in agroecossystems is refered as competition if there is a reduction in the amount of resources available for the crop and, in this context, root development influences plant competitivity and survival. A plant which presents a well developed root system in extension and in length has been associated with increased competition hability due to a greater absorption capacity of water and nutrients. Competition between root systems of weeds and crops interferes in water and nutrients availability, as well as in interactions for light in the aerial system. However, competition will only occur when depletion zone of crop and weed roots has surpassed themselves. Intensity of competition between roots of weeds and crops by underground resources will depend on type and availability of resource, and on plant species, and capacity to develop an extensive root system, with a reduced diameter and a high surface area.

Conduziu-se um experimento em casa-de-vegetação na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, com objetivo de verificar a atividade dos herbicidas flumetsulam e trifluralin aspergidos em solo com diferentes valores de pH (5,1 e 6,4) e densidade do solo (1,3 e 1,6g cm-3). A atividade desses herbicidas foi avaliada utilizando-se aveia como planta indicadora. Flumetsulam e trifluralin foram aspergidos a 24g ha-1 e 180g ha-1, respectivamente. Nas doses utilizadas, flumetsulam foi mais ativo do que trifluralin. Não ocorreu interação entre herbicida, pH e densidade, indicando que a atividade desses produtos não foi influenciada pela interação entre pH e densidade do solo. A atividade do flumetsulam não variou com as diferentes densidades do solo utilizada; no entanto, a elevação do pH do solo de 5,1 para 6,4 aumentou a atividade desse herbicida. A atividade de trifluralin não foi influenciada pelas variações nos valores de pH e densidade do solo.

A greenhouse experiment was carried out at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in order to verify the activity of flumetsulam and trifluralin herbicides on soils with different values of pH (5.1 and 6.4) and density (1.3 e 1.6g cm-3). The herbicide activity was avaluated using Avena sativa L. as indicator plant. Flumetsulam and trifluralin were sprayed at rates of 24g ha-1 and 180g ha-1, respectively. Flumetsulam was more active than trifluralin. There was not interaction among herbicide, pH, and soil density indicating that the herbicide activity is not influenced by pH or soil density. Flumetsulam activity was not affected by soil density, but the elevation of soil pH from 5.1 to 6.4 increased activity of this herbicide. Trifluralin activity was not affected by either soil density or soil pH.

A obtenção de cultivares resistentes aos herbicidas possibilita o aumento da diversidade dos herbicidas utilizados seletivamente para o controle de plantas daninhas em uma determinada cultura. O aumento da disponibilidade destes herbicidas na cultura da soja pode proporcionar maior facilidade no controle de plantas daninhas de difícil eliminação, de espécies com características biológicas semelhantes à cultura e de plantas daninhas resistentes aos herbicidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência cruzada da cultivar COODETEC 201 a três herbicidas inibidores da ALS, não seletivos para a cultura da soja. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação através da semeadura em vasos, o qual foi disposto em delineamento completamente casualizado em arranjo fatorial. Os tratamentos constaram das cultivares de soja COODETEC 201 e OCEPAR 14 e dos herbicidas imazapyr, metsulfuron e nicosulfuron, aplicados em cinco doses. A aplicação destes produtos foi realizada 30 dias após a emergência, quando as plantas de soja estavam no estádio V4. A área foliar e a fitoxicidade aos 14 e 35 dias após a aplicação do herbicida metsulfuron foram menos afetadas na cultivar COODETEC 201 do que na OCEPAR 14. A determinação da restrição do crescimento das plantas em função da matéria seca das plantas demonstrou que as duas cultivares são igualmente sensíveis ao herbicida imazapyr. A cultivar COODETEC 201 apresentou maior tolerância aos herbicidas metsulfuron e nicosulfuron, sendo 10,25 e 3,25 vezes, respectivamente, mais resistente do que a cultivar OCEPAR 14.

Herbicide resistant crops can increase the availability of herbicides for selective use in soybean, can provide weed control of tolerant weed species, weed with identical biological characteristics to the crop, and resitant weeds to herbicides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cross resitance in the soybean cultivar Coodetec 201 to three ALS inhibitor herbicides not selective to this crop. The trial was conducted in greenhouse, in a completely randomized design in factorial arrangemant. The treatments consisted of soybean cultivars Coodetec 201 and Ocepar 14, and the herbicides imazapyr, metsulfuron and nicosulfuron at five rates each. The herbicides were sprayed 30 days after soybean emergence, in the fenological stage V4. The leaf area and injury 14 and 35 days after treatments with metsulfuron were smaller in Coodetec 201 than in Ocepar 14. Both cultivars were suscetibible to imazapyr. The cultivar Coodetec 201 was 10,25 and 3,25 times more tolerant to metsulfuron and nicosulfuron, respectivety, than Ocepar 14.

O controle contínuo de plantas daninhas através da aplicação de herbicidas que apresentam atividade em um único local de ação nas plantas favorece a seleção de biótipos resistentes a estes herbicidas, em certas espécies vegetais. Quatro experimentos foram conduzidos em condições casa-de-vegetação, na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, com os objetivos de avaliar a ocorrência de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) em vários biótipos de leiteiro ou amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla EPHHL) e avaliar a ocorrência de resistência múltipla a herbicidas com atividade em outros locais de ação. Biótipo oriundo de Passo Fundo foi resistente ao imazethapyr, enquanto biótipo oriundo de Porto Alegre foi suscetível. O biótipo de Passo Fundo apresentou resistência cruzada aos herbicidas imidazolinonas: imazapyr, imazaquin e imazethapyr; sulfoniluréias: chlorimuron, nicosulfuron e metsulfuron; e sulfonanilida: flumetsulan. Este biótipo não foi resistente aos herbicidas com os seguintes mecanismos de ação: inibidores de EPSPs, mimetizadores de auxina, inibidores dos fotossistemas I e II e inibidores de PROTOX. A confirmação de resistência aos inibidores de ALS em biótipos oriundos de Nãome-Toque, Passo Fundo e Rio Pardo sugere ampla dispersão no Rio Grande do Sul de resistência de E. heterophylla aos herbicidas deste mecanismo de ação.

The continuous weed control with herbicides of only one site of action selects biotypes resistant to these herbicides. Four experiments were conducted in greenhouse of UFRGS, Brazil, to confirm the occurence of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) biotypes resistance to herbicides inhibitors of acetholactate synthase (ALS), and to determine whether there was cross resistance to herbicides with other site of action. A biotype from Passo Fundo -RS was resistant to imazethapyr, whereas a biotype from Porto Alegre -RS was susceptible to this compound. The biotype from Passo Fundo was resistant to the following ALS-inhibitors: imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, chlorimuron, nicosulfuron, metsulfuron e flumetsulan. This biotype was not resistant to herbicides from the following modes of action: EPSPs inhibitors, auxin agonists, fotossystems I and II inhibitors, and PROTOX inhibitors. The confirmation of resistance to ALS inhibitors in biotypes from Não-me-Toque, Passo Fundo and Rio Pardo suggests a wide spread of wild poinsettia resistance to compounds of this mode of action in the Rio Grande do Sul state.