RESUMO Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a extensão da proteção contra a infecção pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina tipo 2 (BVDV-2) através da vacinação com uma vacina combinada inativada contendo o vírus da diarréia viral bovina tipo 1 (BVDV-1) e vírus da rinotraqueíte de bovinos infecciosos (IBRV). Cinco bezerros com 3 a 4 meses de idade foram vacinados via intramuscular com uma dose única da vacina combinada e reforçados com a mesma dose três semanas após a primeira vacinação, com cinco bezerros imunizados em simulação servindo como grupo controle. Vinte e um dias após a segunda vacinação, todos os bezerros foram desafiados com a cepa BVDV-2 SX08 por spray na narina. Os animais não vacinados desenvolveram sinais clínicos típicos, como alta temperatura retal, diarréia com erosões e queda drástica na contagem de leucócitos. Estes sinais tiveram ocorrência significativamente menor em todos os animais vacinados, cuja temperatura retal, leucopenia e virarmia eram significativamente menores do que os bezerros simulados. É possível concluir que a vacinação com a vacina combinada inativada proporciona proteção cruzada contra os efeitos clínicos de uma infecção provocada pela cepa BVDV-2 SX08, embora tenha sido parcialmente protegida.

ABSTRACT This study was designed to evaluate the extent of the protection for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) infection, afforded by vaccination with a combo inactivated vaccine, which contains bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). Five 3-4-month-old calves were intramuscularly vaccinated with a single dose of the combo vaccine and boosted with same dose three weeks after the first vaccination, with five mock immunized calves serving as a control group. Twenty-one days after the second vaccination, all calves were challenged with BVDV-2 SX08 strain by spray into nostril. The unvaccinated animals developed typical clinical signs of high rectal temperature, diarrhoea with erosions and a dramatic drop in leukocyte counts. These signs occured markedly less in all vaccinated animals, the rectal temperature, leukopenia and virarmia of which, were significantly less than the mock immunized calves. It can be concluded that vaccination with the combo inactivated vaccine affords cross-protection against clinical effects of a challenge-infection with BVDV-2 SX08 strain, although it was part protection.

ABSTRACT Aim: To investigate the radiographic anatomical characters of the bones in the fractured calcaneus by using tangential X-rays. Methods: Fifty-seven patients (114 sides) with normal calcaneus and thirty patients (42 sides) with fractured calcaneus were radiographed along the line connecting the midpoint of the 4th and 5th metatarsal heads with the lateral margin of the corpus calcanei. The anatomical characters of the calcaneus on the tangential X-ray views were analysed, including radius and fractal geometry. Results: On a tangential X-ray view of the fractured calcaneus, the projection of sustentaculum tali resembled a duck beak, which was just under the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint. The corpus calcanei appeared oval, which was just under the talocalcaneal joint articular surface. The lateral calcaneal wall did not exceed the vertical line extending from medial of the lateral malleolar fossa (the Z-W line). From the scan picture, the fractured calcaneus seemed to be widened as its lateral wall crossed the Z-W line. The longitudinal axis of this oval-shaped projection was 3.52 ± 0.41 cm (a), the horizontal axis was 2.56 ± 0.28 cm (b), and the a/b ratio was 1.40 ± 0.11. In the normal calcaneus, the a/b ratio is higher than 1.40 and the differences of the values in these two groups were significant. Therefore, the a/b ratio of the calcaneal oval-shaped projection can be used to evaluate the degree of its deformity after fracture. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the tangential X-ray view of the calcaneus can be used to evaluate its radiographic anatomy and to measure the radii of the oval-shaped corpus calcanei.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar las características anátomo-radiográficas de los huesos en el calcáneo fracturado, mediante el uso de rayos x tangenciales. Métodos: Cincuenta y siete pacientes (114 lados) con calcáneo normal y treinta pacientes (42 lados) con fractura del calcáneo fueron radiografiados a lo largo de la línea que une el punto medio de la 4ta y 5ta cabezas metatarsianas con el margen lateral del cuerpo calcáneo (corpus calcanei). Se analizaron los rasgos anatómicos del calcáneo observados en los rayos x tangenciales de rayos x, incluyendo el radio y la geometría fractal. Resultados: En la vista tangencial de la radiografía del calcáneo fracturado, la proyección del sustentaculum tali, se asemejó a un pico de pato, justamente debajo de la cara media de la articulación talocalcáne a. El cuerpo calcáneo de apariencia oval, se hallaba justo debajo de la superficie articular de la articulación talocalcánea. La pared lateral calcánea no excedía la línea vertical que se extiende desde la fosa maleolar medial a la lateral (línea Z-W). En la imagen escaneada, el calcáneo fracturado parecía haberse anchado cuando su pared lateral cruzó la línea Z-W. El eje longitudinal de esta proyección ovalada medía 3.52 ± 0.41 cm (a), el eje horizontal medía 2.56 ± 0.28 cm (b), y el cociente de a/b fue 1.40 ± 0.11. En el calcáneo normal, el cociente a/b es mayor de 1.40, y las diferencias de los valores en estos dos grupos fueron significativas. Por lo tanto, el cociente a/b de la proyección ovalada del calcáneo, puede usarse para evaluar su grado de deformidad después de la fractura. Conclusión: Estos resultados demostraron que la radiografía tangencial del calcáneo puede usarse para evaluar su anatomía radiográfica y medir los radios del cuerpo calcáneo ovalado.

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term survival and risk factors of traditional open surgical repair (OSR) vs thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) for complicated type-B aortic dissection (TBAD). A total of 118 inpatients (45 OSR vs 73 TEVAR) with TBAD were enrolled from January 2004 to January 2015. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards analysis were performed to identify the long-term survival rate and independent predictors of survival, respectively. Meta-analysis was used to further explore the long-term efficacy of OSR and TEVAR in the eight included studies using Review Manager 5.2 software. An overall 10-year survival rate of 41.9% was found, and it was similar in the two groups (56.7% OSR vs 26.1% TEVAR; log-rank P=0.953). The risk factors of long-term survival were refractory hypertension (OR=11.1; 95%CI=1.428-86.372; P=0.021] and preoperative aortic diameter >55 mm (OR=4.5; 95%CI=1.842-11.346; P=0.001). Long-term survival rate did not differ significantly between OSR and TEVAR (hazard ratio=0.87; 95%CI=0.52-1.47; P=0.61). Compared with OSR, TEVAR did not show long-term advantages for patients with TBAD. Refractory hypertension and total aortic diameter >55 mm can be used to predict the long-term survival of TBAD in the Chinese Han population.