The objective of this work was to assess, through consumption and utilization of natural food measurements, whether mulberry cultivars, Morus spp., could be recommended to rear the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., in a commercial scale. The mulberry cultivars Miura (standard), Korin and Tailandesa and the hybrids FM 3/3, FM 86, SK 1 and SK 4 were tested. Seventy five fifth-instar commercial hybrid larvae were individualized in gerbox® unities and maintained in a rearing room (25 ± 3ºC and 80 ± 10% RH).The mulberry leaves of each of the five cultivars used to feed the silkworm larvae were submitted to bromatological analysis. The dry weight of larvae at the beginning and at the end of the fifth instar, the food consumed and the feces eliminated were recorded to determine the following indexes: relative consumption rate (RCR), relative metabolic rate (RMR), relative growth rate (RGR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), metabolic cost (MC). The bromatological composition analysis of mulberry leaf cultivars revealed that the hybrid SK 4 presented superior nutritional quality compared to the standard cultivar Miura, due to its higher content in crude protein and ethereal extract, and lower detergent fiber content. The hybrid SK 4 was the most adequate food to the silkworm larvae because it was ingested in small amounts, thus providing good digestibility to the larvae, low metabolic cost, good growth rate and one of the highest efficiencies in the conversion of the ingested food and ingested and digested in biomass.

The cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum, hosts various pests that damage different structures. Among these pests, Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) and Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are considered important. The objectives of this study were to characterize and to quantify the potential damage of S. eridania and S. cosmioides feeding on different structures of cotton plants. For this purpose, newly-hatched larvae were reared on the following plant parts: leaf and flower bud; leaf and boll; flower bud or boll; and leaf, flower bud and boll. The survival of S. cosmioides and S. eridania was greater than 80% and 70% for larvae fed on cotton plant parts offered separately or together, respectively. One larva of S. eridania damaged 1.7 flower buds, but did not damage bolls, while one larva of S. cosmioides damaged 5.2 flower buds and 3.0 cotton bolls. Spodoptera eridania and S. cosmioides can be considered species with potential to cause economic damage to cotton plants because they can occur throughout cotton developmental stages causing defoliation and losses of reproductive structures. Therefore, the results validate field observations that these two species of Spodoptera are potential pests for cotton.

O êxito da sericicultura depende em grande parte da disponibilidade de cultivares de amoreira com características agronômicas que maximizem a produção e a qualidade dos casulos do bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori L. Os efeitos das cultivares Miura (padrão) e Korin, e dos híbridos SM 14, SM 63, SK 1, SK 4 e FM 86 sobre o desenvolvimento, produção e qualidade do casulo do bicho-da-seda foram avaliados no Instituto Agronômico de Paraná, IAPAR, Londrina, PR (23 ± 3°C; 61 ± 8% RH). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Lagartas alimentadas com folhas do híbrido SK 4 ou da cultivar Korin tiveram aumento significativo de peso em comparação com as alimentadas com folhas da cultivar padrão. O peso de casulos (ambos os sexos) e o peso de pupa (macho), obtidos com insetos criados com ‘SK 4’, foram superiores aos de insetos criados com a cultivar Miura; não houve diferença entre os demais tratamentos. O teor de seda líquida não foi influenciado pelas cultivares testadas. O peso de casca sérica obtido com lagartas alimentadas com ‘Miura’ foi similar ao de lagartas alimentadas com os demais materiais. O encasulamento concentrou-se nos dois primeiros dias e foi superior a 90% em todos os tratamentos. A porcentagem de casulos de primeira variou de 80% (‘SK 4’) a 90%. Em geral, os resultados obtidos com as cultivares estudadas foram semelhantes ou superiores ao padrão ‘Miura’, com ênfase para o híbrido SK 4, demonstrando o potencial de uso dessas cultivares na sericicultura paranaense.

The success of sericiculture greatly depends on the availability of mulberry cultivars with agronomic characteristics that maximize the production and quality of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., cocoons. The effect of the cultivars Miura (standard) and Korin, and the hybrids SM 14, SM 63, SK 1, SK 4 and FM 86 was evaluated on silkworm development, and on cocoon production and quality, at the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, in Londrina, PR, Brazil (23 ± 3°C; 61 ± 8% RH). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. Larvae feeding either on ‘SK 4’ or on ‘Korin’ showed a higher weight compared to that of larvae feeding on ‘Miura". Cocoon weight (both sexes) and pupae weight (male) obtained with larvae fed on SK 4 were higher compared with that of insects that fed on ‘Miura’; there was no difference among the remaining treatments. Silk net weight was independent of the cultivar used. Cocoon shell weight was similar amongst insects raised on ‘Miura’ and on the other mulberry materials. The percentage of cocoon spinning was higher than 90% in all treatments, with the spinning concentrating in the first two days. The proportion of first grade cocoons varied from 80% (SK4) to 90%. The results obtained with the studied cultivars were either similar or superior to that of the standard cultivar Miura with emphasis to ‘SK 4’, thus showing the potential use of these cultivars in sericulture in the state of Paraná.

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) está associada a várias espécies de frutíferas na América do Sul. Esse tortricídeo foi detectado pela primeira vez em citros, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck no Brasil em pomares comerciais no norte do Paraná, durante a safra de 1994/95. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia do lepidóptero em condições de laboratório (28 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% RH, 14h fotofase) utilizando a cultivar Pêra. Lagartas obtidas a partir de massas de ovos, coletadas em pomar comercial de citros, em Rolândia, PR, foram individualizadas em frascos de vidro (8,5 x 2,5 cm) dentro dos quais foram inseridas folhas dos ponteiros de ramos de citros até que atingissem o estágio de adulto. Casais foram transferidos para gaiolas de acrílico (13 x 10 cm) contendo um bouquet de folhas de citros que serviram como substrato para oviposição. Os adultos foram alimentados com solução de mel a 10%. A duração do período de ovo a adulto foi de cerca de 36 dias. A. sphaleropa apresentou período de pré-oviposição ao redor de dois dias, período de oviposição de aproximadamente dez dias e período embrionário de cerca de seis dias. A longevidade de machos e de fêmeas foi de aproximadamente 15 e nove dias, respectivamente e a fecundidade de cerca de 180 ovos.

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) is associated with various fruit species in South America. This tortricid was first detected in citrus, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, in Brazil, in commercial groves in northern Paraná, during the 1994/95-crop season. The aim of this work was to study the biology of this lepidopteran under laboratory conditions (28 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% UR, 14h photofase) using the citrus cultivar Pêra. Larvae obtained from egg masses collected in a commercial citrus grove in Rolândia, PR, were individually placed on citrus terminal leaves inside glass shell vials (8.5 x 2.5 cm) until adulthood. A male and a female moth were then transferred to acrylic cages (13 x 10 cm) containing inside a bouquet made with new citrus flush to serve as oviposition substrate. Adults were fed daily with a 10% honey solution. The biological parameters evaluated were duration of development of egg, larval and pupal stages; pupae weight; duration of pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, fecundity and longevity. The length of the egg to adult stage was around 36 days. The pre-oviposition period was almost two days, the oviposition period approximately ten days and the embryonary period around six days. Adult longevity was almost 15 days for females and nine days for males, and the lifetime fecundity was slightly over 180 eggs.

Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. é uma bactéria gram-negativa, limitada ao xilema de plantas e responsável por doenças de importância econômica em diversas culturas, como a requeima-da-folha ou atrofia-dos-ramos em cafeeiro. É transmitida por insetos sugadores de xilema e quatro espécies de cigarrinhas já foram descritas como transmissoras do patógeno para cafeeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o grau de infectividade natural por X. fastidiosa em cinco espécies de cigarrinhas Cicadellidae potencialmente transmissoras da bactéria para cafeeiro: Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg), Dilobopterus costalimai Young, Oncometopia facialis (Signoret) e Sonesimia grossa (Signoret). As coletas foram realizadas em lavouras cafeeiras de cinco municípios das regiões Norte e Noroeste do Paraná, de outubro de 1998 a novembro de 2001. O total de 806 amostras contendo de três a cinco insetos foi examinado para presença de X. fastidiosa utilizando os testes de PCR e nested PCR. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a presença de X. fastidiosa em amostras de todas as cinco espécies de cigarrinhas nas duas regiões cafeeiras. O potencial infectivo natural das amostras foi de 30,4% e variou de 2,2% para O. facialis a 68,8% para A. citrina. As cigarrinhas coletadas na primavera apresentaram tendência para menor infectividade natural de X. fastidiosa quando comparadas com as amostras coletadas nas outras três estações do ano. Os resultados obtidos revelaram o grande potencial de disseminação de X. fastidiosa por insetos vetores em cafeeiros no Paraná.

Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., a gram-negative and xylem limited bacterium, causes significative economic on several crops, such as the leaf scorch in coffee. It is transmitted by xylem feeding insects and four sharpshooters species have been reported as vectors of X. fastidiosa in coffee. The objective of this study was to determine the natural infectivity of X. fastidiosa in five species of sharpshooters from coffee trees: Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg), Dilobopterus costalimai Young, Oncometopia facialis (Signoret) and Sonesimia grossa (Signoret). Samples were collected from coffee plantations in five counties of the North and Northwest regions of the State of Parana, Brazil, from October 1998 through November 2001. A total of 806 samples containing three to five insects were examined for the presence of X. fastidiosa by using PCR and nested PCR tests. X. fastidiosa was present in samples of all five species of sharpshooters collected in the two coffee regions. The average level of natural infectivity potential was 30.4%. However, this natural infectivity ranged from 2.2% for O. facialis to 68.8% for A. citrina. Sharpshooters collected in the spring tended to have lower natural infectivity of X. fastidiosa as compared to those collected in other seasons. The results obtained showed the high potential of dissemination of X. fastidiosa by different insect vectors in coffee trees in Parana.

Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) é uma praga em expansão nas culturas de algodão e de soja no cerrado, necessitando de estudos de biologia em diferentes hospedeiros. Com o objetivo de conhecer a biologia e o consumo foliar de S. eridania em algodoeiro, soja e corda-de-viola (Ipomoea grandifolia), este inseto foi criado em laboratório (27± 2ºC, UR 60± 10%, fotofase de 14h), a partir de lagartas recém-eclodidas e individualizadas. Foram observados parâmetros relacionados à biologia, ao consumo foliar e à reprodução quando alimentadas nos três hospedeiros. O período de desenvolvimento larval foi menor nos insetos alimentados com algodoeiro e corda-de-viola do que em soja, embora a sobrevivência em soja tenha sido satisfatória (80%). Lagartas alimentadas com folhas de algodoeiro e corda-de-viola tiveram peso médio de pupas semelhante, porém 1,3 e 1,4 vezes maior do que o obtido por pupa macho e fêmea, respectivamente, em folhas de soja. A soja, também influenciou negativamente a sobrevivência de pré-pupa e pupa, contrastando com os valores, acima de 91,8%, nos outros dois hospedeiros. Em geral, a folha de soja foi a menos adequada para S. eridania, causando 6,3% de deformidade em pupas. Variáveis como períodos de pré-oviposição, oviposição, número de posturas/fêmea e o total de ovos/fêmea, não foram afetados pelas dietas. Embora as folhas de algodoeiro tenham sido as menos consumidas, elas proporcionaram um bom desenvolvimento do inseto. Comprovou-se que a planta invasora corda-de-viola é um hospedeiro alternativo adequado para a espécie, possibilitando o seu desenvolvimento e a sua reprodução na ausência de hospedeiros cultivados.

Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) is a pest under expansion in cotton and soybean fields in the cerrado, and biology studies are needed on different hosts. In order to gain knowledge about the biology and leaf intake of S. eridania on cotton, soybean and morning glory (Ipomoea grandifolia), newly-hatched caterpillars were individualized and reared in the laboratory (27 ± 2ºC, R.H. 60 ± 10%, photophase of 14h). Parameters related to biology, leaf intake and reproduction were observed. The larval development period of caterpillars was shorter when fed on cotton and morning glory leaves than on soybean leaves, even though, the survival on soybean had been satisfactory (80%). Caterpillars fed on cotton and morning glory leaves had similar mean pupal weights, however 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than those obtained for male and female pupae, respectively, on soybean leaves. The soybean also influenced prepupal (37.5%) and pupal survival (68.3%) negatively, in contrast with the values obtained on the two other hosts, which were above 91.8%. In general, the soybean leaves were the least suitable for the development of S. eridania, causing 6.3% of pupal deformities. Variables like the pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, number of egg clutches/female and total number of eggs/female were not affected by the diets. Even though cotton leaves were less consumed, they provided good development to the insect. The morning glory weed was shown a suitable alternate host for the species, allowing its development and reproduction in the absence of cultivated hosts.

Comparou-se dietas artificiais para a criação de Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), com diferentes fontes protéicas, utilizando fontes alternativas de ácidos graxos [óleos de linhaça (Linum usitatissimun) de colza (Brassica campestris) e de girassol (Helianthus annuus)]. Os insetos foram criados por cinco gerações sucessivas, em câmaras climatizadas a 30 ± 0,5 °C, 60 ± 10% UR e fotofase de 14 h, sendo analisada a duração e a viabilidade do período lagarta-adulto; a duração dos períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição; o número de ovos por fêmea e a longevidade; a partir destes dados foram confeccionadas tabelas de vida de fertilidade. Verificou-se que os óleos de colza e girassol podem ser utilizados como fonte de ácidos graxos, na dieta à base de milho Zea mays cv. 'Opaco', levedura de cerveja e germe-de-trigo (Triticum aestivum) nas quais E. lignosellus apresentou desempenho semelhante ao observado na dieta padrão contendo ácido linoléico.

Artificial diets for rearing the lesser cornstalk borer Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), containing different protein sources, and alternative fatty acid sources were compared. Results of five sucessive generations, including period of life cycle, mortality, fecundity, life span, and fertility indicated that the diet with 'Opaco' corn (Zea mays) meal, yeast and wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ, including colza (Brassica campestris) or sunflower, (Helianthus annuus) oils as a fatty acid source may be used to replace the standard diet, that contains linolenic or linoleic acids.