Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos em linhagens de feijão-preto (Phaseolus vulgaris) para reação à murcha-de-fusário (RMF), produtividade e massa de 100 grãos (M100), em condições de campo naturalmente infestado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, bem como selecionar linhagens que combinem os fenótipos desejáveis para as três características simultaneamente. Para tanto, 116 linhagens obtidas de duas populações segregantes e cinco cultivarestestemunha foram avaliadas em delineamento experimental látice triplo 11×11, nas safras de inverno de 2015 e 2016, com semeadura em maio. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas foram altas: 91, 75 e 92% para RMF, produtividade e M100, respectivamente. Correlações genéticas significativas de -0,93 foram detectadas entre RMF e produtividade e de -0,28 entre RMF e M100, o que indica que linhagens mais resistentes apresentam maior produtividade e maior tamanho de grão. A seleção direta para cada uma das características levou a aumentos de 34% na resistência à MF, 11% na produtividade e 9,0% na M100. A seleção simultânea para as três características também levou a altos ganhos de 22,1% para RMF, 6,6% para produtividade e 7,7% para M100. Assim, há variabilidade genética e alta possibilidade de sucesso com a seleção. Cinco linhagens – CNFP 19237, CNFP 19346, CNFP 19320, CNFP 19291, and CNFP 19306 – apresentam maior potencial genético.

Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines for reaction to fusarium wilt (RFW), yield, and 100-seed weight (100SW) under conditions of a field naturally infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, as well as to select lines that combine the desirable phenotypes for the three traits simultaneously. For this, 116 lines obtained from two segregating populations and five check cultivars were evaluated using an 11×11 triple lattice experimental design, in the winter crop seasons of 2015 and 2016, with sowing in May. The obtained heritability estimates were high: 91, 75, and 92% for RFW, yield, and 100SW, respectively. Significant genetic correlations of -0.93 were detected between RFW and yield and of -0.28 between RFW and 100SW, indicating that more resistant lines have a higher yield and a larger grain size. Direct selection for each trait led to increases of 34% in resistance to FW, 11% in yield, and 9.0% in 100SW. Simultaneous selection for the three traits led to high gains of 22.1% for RFW, 6.6% for yield, and 7.7% for 100SW. Therefore, there is genetic variability and a high possibility of success from selection. Five lines – CNFP 19237, CNFP 19346, CNFP 19320, CNFP 19291, and CNFP 19306 – show a higher genetic potential.

ABSTRACT The iron concentration (FeC) and zinc concentration (ZnC) in common bean grain are quantitative traits, and appropriate breeding techniques are required to achieve genetic gain. The aim of this study was to obtain a recurrent selection population of black bean to increase the FeC and ZnC in the grain and to select the superior progenies for formation of the next cycle and obtain lines. The base population was formed by crosses among ten parents. A total of 351 progenies were obtained, and, after two generations of selection, the 27 best progenies were evaluated in two field trials for FeC, ZnC, 100 seed weight and yield. Analyses of variance were carried out and genetic parameters were estimated. The heritability estimates ranged from 59 to 94% for the four traits. The estimates of expected gain from direct selection for each trait (3 to 21%) and simultaneous selection (1 to 4%) indicate success from selection. The eight progenies, selected based on simultaneous selection, have superior mean values, including to those of ‘BRS Supremo’ (10% for FeC, 8% for ZnC, 5% for 100 seed weight and 3.8% for yield), the Brazilian black bean cultivar with the highest FeC and ZnC. The recurrent selection population shows high genetic variability and potential for obtaining lines superior to the cultivars currently on the market, allying high agronomic performance and high FeC and ZnC in the grain. Furthermore, this population shows potential for generating a new recurrent selection cycle, from recombination of the eight superior progenies.

Abstract BRS FS311 is a cultivar of common bean in the striped seed coat group, with high yield, larger bean grain, and visual appearance suitable for the striped seed coat standard. It also has a cycle of semi-early, upright architecture and moderate resistance to fusarium wilt and anthracnose.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o controle genético de feijãopreto (Phaseolus vulgaris) e selecionar genitores e populações segregantes com alta resistência à murcha-de-fusário, alta produtividade e maior massa de 100 grãos (M100), com uso de um dialelo parcial. Foram obtidas 25 populações de dois grupos de genitores – o primeiro com cinco genitores resistentes e o segundo com cinco genitores suscetíveis à murcha-de-fusário. As populações segregantes foram avaliadas em experimentos, em três anos/ gerações, quanto a reação à murcha-de-fusário, produtividade e M100, em uma área naturalmente infestada com o patógeno. A análise dialélica mostrou efeitos aditivos e não aditivos no controle das três características estudadas, com predominância dos efeitos aditivos. CNFP 15194, CNFP 15207 e 'BRS Esplendor' são os genótipos com estimativas de capacidade geral de combinação alta e negativa (gi = -0,59, -0,76 e -0,13, respectivamente), sendo recomendados para uso como genitores para resistência à murcha-de-fusário. Entre eles, CNFP 15194 também forma populações com maior M100 (gi = 0,69). Já a cultivar BRS FP403 é recomendada como genitor para aumentar a produtividade (gi = 218) e a M100 (gi = 1,46). Seis populações foram selecionadas para obter linhagens de feijão-preto que combinam resistência à murcha-de-fusário, alta produtividade e maior M100.

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the genetic control of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and to select parents and segregating populations with high resistance to Fusarium wilt, high yield, and greater 100-seed weight (100SW), using a partial diallel cross. Twenty-five populations were obtained from two groups of parents – the first with five parents resistant to and the second with five parents susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The segregating populations were evaluated in experiments in three years/generations for reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100SW in an area naturally infested with the pathogen. The diallel analysis showed additive and nonadditive effects in control of the three studied traits, with predominance of additive effects. CNFP 15194, CNFP 15207, and 'BRS Esplendor' are the genotypes with high and negative general combining ability estimates (gi = -0.59, -0.76, and -0.13, respectively), being recommended for use as parents for resistance to Fusarium wilt. Among them, CNFP 15194 also forms populations with a greater 100SW (gi = 0.69). The BRS FP403 cultivar is recommended as a parent to increase yield (gi = 218) and 100SW (gi = 1.46). Six populations were selected to obtain black bean lines that combine resistance to Fusarium wilt, high yield, and high 100SW.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre genótipos e ambientes para o escurecimento de grãos de feijão carioca (Phaseolus vulgaris), a fim de selecionar linhagens que associem escurecimento lento, arquitetura ereta, tolerância ao acamamento, e maior produtividade e peso de 100 grãos, com boa adaptabilidade e estabilidade para esses caracteres. Foram avaliadas 44 linhagens pré-selecionadas, oriundas de cruzamentos entre uma cultivar com escurecimento lento e arquitetura prostrada e quatro cultivares com escurecimento normal e arquitetura ereta, em experimentos de campo conduzidos em 15 ambientes (combinações de locais, épocas de semeadura e anos). Ao se considerar as médias, a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade para cada caráter isoladamente, a maior parte das linhagens apresentou desempenho satisfatório: 75% para escurecimento lento, 48% para alta produtividade, 59% para arquitetura ereta, 84% para tolerância ao acamamento e 68% para peso de 100 grãos. Os efeitos dos ambientes e da interação entre genótipos e ambientes são importantes para os cinco caracteres estudados. As linhagens CNFC 16754 e CNFC 16820 apresentam escurecimento lento dos grãos, alta produtividade e peso de 100 grãos, plantas mais eretas e alta tolerância ao acamamento, além de alta adaptabilidade e estabilidade para esses caracteres, o que mostra o seu potencial para recomendação como novas cultivares e confirma que é possível reunir fenótipos desejáveis para os cinco caracteres avaliados.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction between genotypes and environment for seed-coat darkening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds, in order to select lines that combine slow darkening, upright plants, resistance to lodging, and higher yield and 100-grain weight, with good adaptability and stability for these traits. Forty four pre-selected lines, originating from crosses between one cultivar with slow darkening and prostrate plants and four cultivars with normal darkening and upright plants, were evaluated in field trials conducted in 15 environments (combinations of locations, crop seasons, and years). Considering the mean values, adaptability, and stability for each isolated trait, most of the lines presented satisfactory performance: 75% for slow darkening, 48% for high yield, 59% for upright plants, 84% for resistance to lodging, and 68% for 100-grain weight. The effects of environments and of the genotype by environment interaction are important for the five studied traits. The CNFC 16754 and CNFC 16820 lines present slow seed-coat darkening, high yield and 100-grain weight, more upright plant architecture, and greater resistance to lodging, besides high adaptability and stability for these traits, which shows their potential for recommendation as new cultivars and confirms that it is possible to join desirable phenotypes for the five traits evaluated.

Abstract: ‘BRS FS307’ is a common bean cultivar with mulatto grain developed for the Northeast of Brazil. Presents the following characteristics: cycle semi-early, yield potential of 4.145 kg ha-1 and a mean yield of 2.703 kg ha-1, i.e., 13.9% higher than that of the control cultivars (BRS Marfim and BRS Agreste).

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos métodos de Eberhart & Russell e Lin & Binns, modificados para automação da tomada de decisão pela lógica difusa, na avaliação da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade de cultivares de feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). Foram avaliadas 18 cultivares do grupo comercial carioca em 11 ambientes, no Brasil. Todos os resultados foram obtidos por programação no programa R. Os controladores desenvolvidos foram fundamentados no sistema de inferência difusa desenvolvido por Mamdani. Este sistema foi modelado para possibilitar interpretações do método de Eberhart & Russell isoladamente ou em conjunto com o método de Lin & Binns modificado. O controlador baseado em Eberhart & Russell e o baseado em Eberhart & Russell e Lin & Binns identificaram as mesmas cultivares como tendo adaptabilidade geral, mas diferiram quanto à classificação das cultivares adaptadas a ambientes desfavoráveis. As cultivares BRSMG Pioneiro, BRS Pontal, IAC-Carioca Tybatã e IPR Juriti apresentaram adaptabilidade geral, enquanto Campeão, Pérola e BRS Estilo mostraram adaptabilidade específica a ambientes favoráveis. Os métodos de lógica difusa utilizados mostram eficiência e possibilitam a classificação de todas as cultivares avaliadas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the methods of Eberhart & Russell and Lin & Binns, modified for the automation of decision-making by fuzzy logic, in assessing the adaptability and stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Eighteen cultivars of the “carioca” commercial group were evaluated in 11 environments, in Brazil. All results were obtained by programming in the R software. The developed controllers were based on the fuzzy inference system developed by Mamdani. This system was modeled to enable interpretations of the method of Eberhart & Russell alone or together with the modified method of Lin & Binns. The controller based on Eberhart & Russell and the one based on Eberhart & Russell and Lin & Binns identified the same cultivars as having general adaptability, but differed as to the classification of cultivars adapted to unfavorable environments. The BRSMG Pioneiro, BRS Pontal, IAC-Carioca Tybatã, and IPR Juriti cultivars presented general adaptability, whereas Campeão, Pérola, and BRS Estilo showed specific adaptability to favorable environments. The fuzzy logic methods used are efficient and allow the classification of all evaluated cultivars.

Abstract BRS FC104 is a carioca seeded common bean cultivar with super-early maturity (mean of 65 days; emergence to physiological maturity) and disease resistance superior to other early maturity carioca seeded cultivars. Is is recommended for growing in 21 Brazilian states and has high yield potential (3792 kg ha-1), a mean yield of 2186 kg ha-1, and 6.9% higher mean of the relative yield compared to the control cultivars.

Abstract BRS FP403 is a common bean cultivar from the black bean market class with high grain yield and yield potential, high commercial and cooking quality, and moderate resistance to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) and root rot diseases (Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli and Rhizoctonia solani).

ABSTRACT: Despite important biotic stresses to common bean, Anthracnose (ANT) and Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) can cause losses of up to 80 % and occur in more than 60 countries around the world. Genetic resistance is the most sustainable strategy to manage these diseases. Thus, we aimed to (1) identify new SNP markers associated with ALS and ANT resistance loci in elite common bean lines, and (2) provide a functional characterization of the DNA sequences containing the identified SNP markers. We evaluated 60 inbred lines, under field conditions, which represent the elite germplasm developed by the Embrapa common bean breeding program across 22 years, in terms of severity of the ALS and ANT. The lines were genotyped with 5,398 SNPs. Then, a Mixed Linear Model was run to determine the SNP-trait associations. We observed two-significant marker-trait associations reacting to ANT, both located on chromosome Pv-02. These markers explained 25 % of the phenotypic variation. For ALS, only one significant marker-trait association was observed, which is located in chromosome Pv-10 and explained 19 % of the phenotypic variation. These markers, along with others already used, will be useful to add or keep ANT and ALS resistance loci identified in this work in the new carioca and black seeded cultivars.

ABSTRACT: The methods of Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989) are widely used in phenotypic adaptability and stability analyses in plant breeding. In spite of the importance of these methodologies, their parameters are difficult to interpret. The aim of this research was to develop fuzzy controllers to automate the decision-making process employed by adaptability and stability studies following the methods adopted by Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989) and check their efficiency using experimental data from common bean cultivars. Fuzzy controllers have been developed based on the Mamdani inference system proposed by these two methods of adaptability and stability studies. For the first fuzzy controller parameters were considered favorable environments and the recommendation index for unfavorable environments obtained by Annicchiarico's method (1992). For the second controller the parameters considered were the general mean (β0), coefficient of regression of unfavorable environments (β1) and coefficient of favorable environments (β1i + β2i) and the coefficient of determination of the method of Cruz et al. (1989). To check the performance of these drivers yield data from field trials on 18 common bean cultivars grown in 11 environments were used. The controllers were developed from established routines in the R software and, using the inference system based on the methods proposed by Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989), classified the 18 genotypes appropriately in accordance with the criteria for each method. Thus, the methods used are effective, and are prescribed for decision-making automation in yield adaptability and stability studies pertaining to recommendation of cultivars.

Abstract BRS Sublime is a common bean cultivar with carioca grains, high nutritional grain quality, and high yield potential (4667 kg ha-1). It has a normal cycle, upright growth, low loss rates in the mechanical harvest, and is recommended for planting in 19 Brazilian states, in the three main common bean cultivation regions. It is the first cultivar developed in the world with angular leaf spot resistance.

Abstract Common bean parents and populations resistant to white mold (WM, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) were selected based on estimates of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for WM severity in three field nurseries in Brazil. Twenty-seven populations were obtained by partial diallel crosses between parents from two groups: GI) three sources of partial resistance identified abroad and GII) nine Brazilian cultivars and elite lines. Populations were advanced in bulk up to the F6 generation. The overall mean of WM severity from combined analysis ranged from 2.83 to 5.03 (scale of 1 to 9 scores) in the F6 population. The score of the susceptible control BRS Requinte was 7.21. The GI parents K-59, in Oratórios, MG, and Viçosa, MG, and K-407 and PI204717, in Goianira, GO, contributed to increase resistance to WM. The most promising populations for obtaining elite lines resistant to WM were K-59/BRS Executivo, PI204717/BRS Campeiro, PI204717/Jalo Precoce, K-59/BRS Radiante, and K-407/BRS Cometa.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação de genótipos com ambientes para produtividade de grãos de linhagens e cultivares de feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) com potencial de uso em sistema de agricultura familiar. Foram analisados os dados dos ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso conduzidos em 20 ambientes do Estado de Goiás, em dois ciclos (2007/2008 e 2009/2010), nas safras da seca, das águas e de inverno. Cada ensaio foi constituído por 15 genótipos de feijoeiro-comum dos grupos comerciais carioca, roxo e rosinha. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. As metodologias utilizadas para o estudo de estabilidade e adaptabilidade foram a de Lin & Binns, a de Cruz, o modelo de efeitos aditivos principais com interação multiplicativa (AMMI) para cálculo da média ponderada de escores absolutos e produtividade (MPEAP), e a análise gráfica GGE biplot. O desempenho produtivo das linhagens e das cultivares de feijoeiro-comum é influenciado pela interação de genótipos com ambientes. As metodologias empregadas permitem selecionar cultivares para cultivo, e cultivares e linhagens como genitores com o objetivo de obter populações segregantes para seleção em sistema de agricultura familiar.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction between genotypes and environments for grain yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines and cultivars with potential for use in family farming systems. Data from value for cultivation and use tests, carried out in 20 environments in the state of Goiás, Brazil, were analyzed in two cycles (2007/2008 and 2009/2010) in the dry, rainy, and winter crop seasons. Each test consisted of 15 genotypes from the carioca, purple, and rosinha common bean commercial groups. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with three replicates. The methodologies used to test the stability and adaptability of the genotypes were the one of Lin & Binns, of Cruz, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) to calculate the weighted average of absolute scores and productivity (WAASP), and the GGE biplot graphical analysis. The productive performance of the common bean lines and cultivars is affected by genotype x environment interaction. The methodologies adopted allow the selection of cultivars for cropping, and of cultivars and lines for use as parents in order to obtain segregating populations for selection in a family farming system.

RESUMO A escolha de genitores e populações segregantes são etapas primordiais para o sucesso do melhoramento de plantas. Para a cultura do feijoeiro comum, o desenvolvimento de genótipos que associem caracteres agronômicos e de qualidade dos grãos favoráveis pode aumentar as chances de adoção de novas cultivares. Objetivou-se selecionar genitores e populações segregantes promissoras para a extração de linhagens com escurecimento lento de grãos, associado à alta produtividade, tolerância ao acamamento e baixo tempo de cocção após o armazenamento; além de investigar a relação entre escurecimento de grãos e tempo de cocção após o armazenamento. Vinte populações segregantes (gerações F3, F4 e F5) e seus genitores foram avaliados. O índice da soma de postos para caracteres combinados foi usado na seleção de populações superiores. Foram estimadas as correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre o escurecimento e o tempo de cocção dos grãos após o armazenamento. Entre os genitores, a cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola foi a mais promissora para gerar linhagens com escurecimento de grãos. As populações superiores foram BRSMG Madrepérola x IPR Saracura, BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Sublime, BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo e BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Notável. Não foi detectada associação linear entre escurecimento de grãos e tempo de cocção de grãos após o armazenamento, indicando que o primeiro atributo não é indicador adequado para inferir sobre tempo de cocção.

ABSTRACT Choosing parents and segregating populations are fundamental steps for the success in plant breeding. For the common bean crop, the development of genotypes that combine favorable agronomic traits and seed quality may increase the chances of adopting new cultivars. This study aimed to select promising parents and segregating populations to develop slow seed-coat darkening lines, together with high grain yield, lodging tolerance and short seed cooking time after storage, as well as to investigate the relationship between seed-coat darkening and seed cooking time after storage. Twenty segregating populations (F3, F4 and F5 generations) and their parents were evaluated. The sum of ranks index for combined traits was used in the selection of superior populations. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between seed-coat darkening and cooking time after storage were estimated. Among the parents, the BRSMG Madrepérola cultivar was the most promising to generate lines with seed-coat darkening. The superior populations were BRSMG Madrepérola x IPR Saracura, BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Sublime, BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo and BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Notável. A linear relationship was not found between seed-coat darkening and seed cooking time after storage, indicating that the first trait is not an adequate indicator to infer about seed cooking time.