Resumo: Paisagens antropicamente modificadas (HMLs) são compostas por fragmentos florestais pequenos, isolados e defaunados, imersos em áreas agrícolas e/ou urbanas. Informações sobre as espécies que habitam essas paisagens são importantes para o direcionamento de estratégias de conservação em escalas local e regional. Uma vez que as HMLs são as paisagens dominantes na Mata Atlântica, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de mamíferos em uma HML do sudeste do Brasil e propor estratégias para sua conservação. Foram coletados dados de mamíferos terrestres (pequenos, médios e grandes) e voadores em três fragmentos florestais (10, 14 e 26 ha) e áreas adjacentes, entre 2003 e 2016, usando métodos complementares: busca ativa, armadilhamento fotográfico, armadilhas de captura e redes de neblina. Adicionalmente, foram utilizados dados de literatura para complementar a lista de espécies. Foram registradas 35 espécies de mamíferos nativos (6 de pequenos, 16 de médios e grandes e 13 de morcegos) e sete espécies exóticas. A assembleia de mamíferos registrada (terrestres e voadores), embora composta por espécies generalistas, apresentou três espécies de médio e grande porte ameaçadas de extinção nacionalmente (Leopardus guttulus, Puma concolor and Puma yagouaroundi) e duas deficientes em dados (Galictis cuja and Histiotus velatus), destacando a importância dessa HML para conservação e manutenção das populações de mamíferos. Embora inserida em uma paisagem extremamente modificada, a área de estudo abriga uma riqueza significativa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, sendo um importante refúgio para a biodiversidade na região. Entretanto, essa biodiversidade está ameaçada pela baixa qualidade dos habitats, por atropelamentos e por abundantes populações de cães e gatos domésticos. Portanto, enfatizamos a necessidade de estratégias de conservação focadas nos mamíferos de médio e grande porte como grupo "guarda-chuva", o que pode beneficiar as demais espécies na paisagem. Recomendamos ações de conservação visando a restauração biológica, para melhorar a composição estrutural e conectividade dos fragmentos florestais, reduzir o número de atropelamentos e controlar as populações de cães e gatos domésticos, afim de manter e aumentar a diversidade local de mamíferos em longo prazo.

Abstract: Human-modified landscapes (HMLs) are composed by small, isolated and defaunated forest fragments, which are surrounded by agricultural and urban areas. Information on species that thrives in these HMLs is essential to direct conservation strategies in local and regional scales. Since HMLs are dominant in the Atlantic Forest, we aimed to assess the mammalian diversity in a HML in southeastern Brazil and to propose conservation strategies. We collected data of terrestrial (small-, medium- and large-sized) and volant mammals in three small forest fragments (10, 14 and 26 ha) and adjacent areas, between 2003 and 2016, using complementary methods: active search, camera trapping, live-traps, mist nets and occasional records (i.e., roadkills). In addition, we used secondary data to complement our species list. We recorded 35 native mammal species (6 small-sized, 16 medium- and large-sized, and 13 bats) and seven exotic species in the HML. The recorded mammal assemblage (non-volant and volant), although mainly composed of common and generalist species, includes three medium- and large-sized species nationally threatened (Leopardus guttulus, Puma concolor and Puma yagouaroundi) and two data deficient species (Galictis cuja and Histiotus velatus), highlighting the importance of this HML for the maintenance and conservation of mammal populations. Despite highly impacted by anthropogenic disturbances, the study area harbors a significant richness of medium- and large-sized mammals, being an important biodiversity refuge in the region. However, this biodiversity is threatened by the low quality of the habitats, roadkills and abundant populations of domestic cats and dogs. Therefore, we stress the need of conservation strategies focusing on the medium- and large-sized mammals as an umbrella group, which could benefit all biodiversity in the landscape. We recommend actions that promotes biological restoration, aiming to increase structural composition and connectivity of the forest fragments, reducing roadkills and controlling the domestic cats and dogs' populations, in order to maintain and improve the diversity of mammals in long-term.

Some bat species seem to be lunar phobic, i.e., they avoid flying in bright areas or during bright periods of the night; however, the evidence is still controversial. We think that part of this controversy comes from pooling data on bat captures and moonlight intensity according to broad categories, such as moon phases, which conceal the high variability among nights. Therefore, we used detailed, long-term field data on three phyllostomid bat species, in order to test the hypothesis of lunar phobia at two different time scales: 1) among nights, by pooling data of different nights according to moon phases and testing for differences in the distribution of captures; and 2) within a night, by analyzing the relationship between capturability and moonlight intensity (measured as illuminance) in one-hour intervals for 29 individual nights. Although most captures of the studied bat species occurred in the first half of the night, their activity pattern varied largely among nights, and was not always unimodal as commonly assumed. At the larger time scale, all studied bat species showed evidence of lunar phobia, as they were more frequently captured on dark moon phases. Nevertheless, at the smaller time scale, only Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) was less frequently captured on brighter periods of the night. We propose that the unimodal activity pattern assumed for frugivorous phyllostomid bats may be an artifact of data organization, and that activity and lunar phobia are much more variable than previously assumed.

Mammals are among the most charismatic and well-studied organisms, and Brazil harbors the largest mammal diversity of the world. The Brazilian Society of Mammalogy was established in 1985, and since 2001 it organizes the Brazilian Congress of Mammalogy. We used the proceedings of all three editions of this congress together with papers indexed in Web of Science and Scielo to evaluate trends in Brazilian mammalogy. All contributions were categorized according to mammalian order, biome, topic of research and state of authors' affiliation. Our results show that mammalian orders with higher species richness receive more attention, but the ranking is different between abstracts and papers. Higher species richness did not translate into more attention for more speciose biomes, and again the ranking was different between papers and abstracts. There are research topics that receive much higher attention than others, and also other important ones, like Taxonomy, that have been neglected. States with greater human populations produce both more papers and abstracts. We conclude that the higher number of publication in the Atlantic Forest is caused by the concentration of mammalogists in the south and southeastern regions of the country. Contrary to what is normally believed, mammalian orders received attention according to their species richness, and not their charisma, probably because richer orders provide more study models. We suggest that additional funding mechanisms should be set in place in order to encourage more research on mammalian orders, topics, and states which have been neglected so far, in order to improve the knowledge on important Brazilian mammal biodiversity.