Abstract Gallstone ileus is an intestinal obstruction that is secondary to the presence of gallstones in the small intestine. It is a rare complication of cholelithiasis, which represents 1-3% of the causes of intestinal obstruction. The diagnosis is difficult given that the symptoms are nonspecific with intermittent intestinal obstruction, Rigler's triad (pneumobilia, stone and abdominal distention) is pathognomonic. Among the diagnostic aids are abdominal radiography, ultrasound and abdominal tomography. Treatment should be individualized depending on the patient's conditions, with laparotomy with enterotomy being the treatment of choice.

Resumen El íleo biliar es una obstrucción intestinal secundaria a la presencia de cálculos biliares en el intestino delgado. Es una complicación rara de la colelitiasis y representa el 1-3% de las causas de obstrucción intestinal. El diagnóstico es difícil dado que la clínica es inespecífica, con un cuadro de oclusión intestinal intermitente; la tríada de Rigler (neumobilia, lito y distensión abdominal) es patognomónica. Dentro de los auxiliares diagnósticos se encuentran la radiografía de abdomen, el ultrasonido y la tomografía computarizada abdominal. El tratamiento debe individualizarse dependiendo de las condiciones del paciente, siendo de elección la laparotomía con enterotomía.

Resumen (Introducción): En las últimas décadas, fueron registradas intensas precipitaciones e inundaciones en varios países de América del Sur, afectando los bosques ribereños y de galería. Sin embargo, los conocimientos sobre la tolerancia de las especies forestales a inundaciones aún son escasos. (Objetivo): El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el comportamiento de semillas y plantas de Luehea divaricata Mart., Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan y Guibourtia hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J. Léonard a las inundaciones en condiciones ex situ. (Metodología): Las semillas de las especies seleccionadas fueron sometidas a inmersión en agua durante 7 distintos periodos de tiempo. Luego, las semillas fueron sembradas y se evaluó su porcentaje de germinación y la sobrevivencia de las plantas a los 30 días. (Resultados): La tasa de germinación de L. divaricata se redujo de 45.9 % a 23.1 % durante el ensayo. Una quinta parte de las semillas de esta especie mantuvo el poder germinativo aún con 30 días de inmersión. Sin embargo, P. rigida y G. hymenaeifolia perdieron drásticamente el poder germinativo y de sobrevivencia cuando el periodo de inmersión superó los 5 días. (Conclusiones). La respuesta de las semillas a inmersiones varió entre las especies, L. divaricata fue la que tuvo mayor tolerancia a condiciones de inundación.

Abstract (Introduction): In the last decades, several countries of South America registered intense rainfalls and floods affecting riparian and gallery forests. Yet knowledge of the flooding tolerance of forest species is very limited. (Objective): The aim of this study was to evaluate seeds and seedlings behavior of Luehea divaricata Mart., Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, and Guibourtia hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J. Léonard subjected to ex situ flooding regimes. (Methods): Seeds of the selected species were immersed in water over 7 different periods. After immersion seeds were sown and their germination percentage and seedlings survival were evaluated for 30 days. (Results): L. divaricata reduced its germination rate during the experiment from 45.9 % to 23.1 %. One fifth of seeds of this species kept the germination capability even after 30 days of the immersion treatment. A visible loss of the germination capability and seedling survival was observed in P. rigida and G. hymenaeifolia when the immersion period exceeded 5 days. (Conclusions): The response of seeds to immersions varied between species, being L. divaricata the species with better tolerance to flooding condition.

As aspirações essenciais da Revolução de 1820 foram asseguradas sobretudo em décadas posteriores e em termos algo diferentes dos inicialmente pensados. O artigo identifica três aprendizagens feitas pelos liberais, refletidas nos textos constitucionais: a do princípio da soberania da nação com que deram à Constituição de 1822 a supremacia do Parlamento, algo desligada da realidade; a do pragmatismo com que aceitaram a supremacia ao poder régio na Carta Constitucional de 1826, assim derrotando o regime absolutista em termos militares e em reformas socioeconómicas e administrativas; e a do consenso com que venceram graves discórdias internas, traduzido na reforma da Carta (Ato Adicional de 1852). Com toda esta experiência puderam consolidar o regime liberal e cumprir enfim o sonho dos revolucionários de 1820.

The essential aspirations of the Revolution of 1820 were ensured mainly in later decades and in terms different from those initially thought. The article identifies three lessons learned by liberals, reflected in constitutional texts: that of the principle of the sovereignty of the nation with which they gave the 1822 Constitution the supremacy of Parliament, somewhat disconnected from reality; that of pragmatism with which they accepted the supremacy to the royal power in the Constitutional Charter of 1826, thus defeating the absolutist regime in military terms and in socioeconomic and administrative reforms; and that of the consensus with which they won serious internal disagreements, translated into the reform of the Charter (Additional Act of 1852). With all this experience they were able to consolidate the liberal regime and finally fulfil the dream of the revolutionaries of 1820.

Abstract: The main objective of this article is to provide empirical evidence on the energy efficiency measures currently being implemented by primary and secondary schools in Spain, to attempt to identify the characteristics that could explain the different levels of adoption and to propose public policies aimed at the promotion of energy savings. Using the information provided by the Observatorio del Centro Educativo Español (2011), which delivers data for 1 969 public, private and charter Spanish schools, it has been found that the adoption of energy efficiency measures in schools is positively correlated with other indicators representative of the economic management competence of the school, and that levels of adoption of energy efficiency measures are much higher in private institutions. This conclusion of this first study holds after controlling for the influence of other variables related to the adoption of such measures, including the size of the centre, the year in which the last reform was carried out, the geographical area and the average temperature.

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este artículo es aportar datos empíricos sobre las medidas de eficiencia energética que actualmente implementan las escuelas primarias y secundarias en España, tratar de vislumbrar algunas de las características que podrían explicar los diferentes niveles de adopción, y proponer acciones para potenciar el ahorro energético. Con la información proporcionada por el Observatorio del Centro Educativo Español (2011), que tiene datos para 1 969 escuelas públicas, privadas y concertadas españolas, se ha comprobado que la adopción de medidas de eficiencia energética en las escuelas está positivamente correlacionada con otros indicadores representativos de la gestión económica del centro y que los niveles de adopción de medidas de eficiencia energética son mucho más elevados en las instituciones privadas. Esta conclusión de este primer estudio se mantiene después de controlar la influencia de otras variables relacionadas con la adopción de tales medidas, como son el tamaño del centro, el año en que se llevó a cabo la última reforma, la zona geográfica o la temperatura media de la misma.

SUMMARY Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been considered a medicinal plant for thousands of years, and it is included in several compounds for its flavor, sweetener and anti-inflammatory properties. It is not free of side effects, including high blood pressure due to its mineralocorticoid effect. In addition, there are flavonoids in licorice extract which increase serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and urinary calcium levels. We report a case of a 60-year-old woman with multiple bone fractures associated with an unusual and exaggerate consumption of pastillas Juanola (PJ), product based on licorice extract.

RESUMEN El regaliz (Glycyrrhiza glabra) se ha considerado una planta medicinal desde hace miles de años, y actualmente se utiliza en multitud de preparados por su sabor, poder endulzante y efecto antiinflamatorio. No está exento de efectos secundarios, entre ellos, la hipertensión por su efecto mineralcorticoide. Además, los flavonoides presentes en el extracto de regaliz producen un aumento de la hormona paratiroidea (PTH) y de los niveles de calcio en la orina. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 60 años con fracturas múltiples asociadas a un consumo inusual y exagerado de pastillas Juanola® (PJ®), producto a base de extracto de regaliz.

Electronic waste such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) often contains important concentrations of precious metals such as Au and Ag, which are typically recovered using pyrometallurgical methods as a first step. Understanding the phase chemistry and distribution of precious metals in alloys is of value to the pyrometallurgist, as this gives information on phase partitioning in the furnace. In the present study we aimed at determining the contributions of different phases to the Au and Ag contained in the alloy, using a combination of mineralogical techniques. Three alloy samples were first subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to distinguish the phases present. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was then performed to determine the compositions of the different phases. Modal phase abundance was obtained, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was then used to quantify Au and Ag in the identified phases. The Au and Ag deportments were derived from these inputs. The results show that Au and Ag partition into all identified alloy phases, but principally into Cu and Pb alloy phases. Cu-rich phases containing Sn are the major hosts of Au and Ag, with the Pb phase in one sample also being a major host. The study demonstrates the success of a combined mineralogical approach incorporating LA-ICP-MS as a method of choice for detecting low concentrations of precious metals in alloy phases, and contributes to our understanding of precious metal partitioning during smelting of waste PCBs.

Abstract During a parasitological survey of the olfactory sacs of 21 species of Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, copepods referable to DendraptaKabata (1964) (Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae) were found parasitizing the cuphead skate Bathyraja scaphiops (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae). Morphological analyses using both light and electron microscopy revealed that they belong to a new species. It can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the ratio between lengths of posterior process and trunk (1:0.8), the large to width ratio of trunk (1:0.7) and the armature of the antennule (1, 1, 5 + 1 aesthete). Dendrapta cameroni longiclavata is raised to full specific status, as Dendrapta longiclavata n. comb. Kabata & Gusev, 1966.

RESUMO Objetivou-se estimar herdabilidades e correlações de características ponderais com 36.505 animais, da Associação Brasileira de Criadores Zebu. O modelo incluiu efeito genético direto, materno, ambiente permanente, residual - aleatórios e efeitos de grupos contemporâneos - fixos. Os parâmetros foram estimados pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML), utilizando-se software Wombat. Os resultados das herdabilidades variaram de 0,20 a 0,25 peso à desmama e ao sobreano; 0,16 a 0,20 peso metabólico não ajustado e ajustado à desmama, 0,21 a 0,25 peso metabólico ajustado à desmama e metabólico ajustado ao sobreano. As correlações genéticas entre peso à desmama e peso metabólico não ajustado à desmama, peso à desmama e peso metabólico ajustado à desmama são, respectivamente 0,76 e 1,00. A correlação genética entre peso ao sobreano e metabólico ao sobreano não ajustado, peso ao sobreano com metabólico sobreano ajustado foram 0,97 e 1,00. Correlação genética entre peso à desmama e ao sobreano foi 0,72, peso metabólico não ajustado à desmama e metabólico não ajustado ao sobreano 0,54, peso metabólico ajustado à desmama e metabólico ajustado ao sobreano foi 0,71. Correlações genéticas entre peso à desmama e metabólico ajustado à desmama e peso ano com metabólico ano ajustado foram 1,00 e 1,00. Portanto, utilização de peso metabólico sem ajuste de idade pode viesar estimativas de parâmetros genéticos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to estimate heritability and correlations of 36,505 animals, belonging to the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders. They were estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML) using Wombat software. The model included the direct additive genetic effect, maternal, permanent maternal environment and residual as random and fixed effects of contemporary group. The results of heritability ranged from 0,20 to 0,25 for weaning weight and yearling; 0,16 to 0,20 for real metabolic weaning, 0,21 to 0,25 for metabolic adjusted weight at weaning and yearling metabolic adjusted. The genetic correlations between weaning weight with metabolic real, weaning weight adjusted with metabolic are respectively 0,76 and 1,00. The genetic correlation between yearling weight and metabolic real, yearling weight adjusted metabolic were 0,97 and 1,00. Genetic correlations between weaning weight and yearling was 0,72, real metabolic weight at weaning and yearling real metabolic was 0,54, adjusted metabolic weight at weaning and yearling metabolic adjusted was 0,71. Genetic correlations between weight at weaning and adjusted metabolic and weight-adjusted metabolic year were 1,00 and 1,00. Therefore, the use of metabolic weight without age adjustment can warn the estimates.

Abstract Abstract: Three piranha species, Serrasalmus maculatus, S. marginatus and Pygocentrus nattereri, living sympatrically in the lower Paraná River (Argentina) were examined searching for nasal monogeneans to know its diversity and distribution. Four species of monogeneans belonging to Rhinoxenus were found parasitizing the nasal cavities. Two new species are described, and new morphological data of 2 previously described species is provided. Rhinoxenus argentinensis n. sp. is characterized by having the male copulatory organ (MCO) as a coiled tube with a reel shaped-base; an elongated accessory piece articulated to base of MCO; a sinistral vagina with a sclerotized vestibule, and a sclerotized cap of the ventral anchor laterally modified forming a triangular expansion. Rhinoxenus paranaensis n. sp. is characterized by having a MCO as a coiled tube with a reel-shaped base; an accessory piece with an elongate proximal portion, a dilated distal portion with digitiform projections articulated to base of MCO; a sinistral vagina with 5-6 cuticular spine-shaped processes, and a sclerotized cap of the ventral anchor modified laterally forming a bilobate expansion. Additionally, multivariate discriminant analyses showed significant morphometric differences in the ventral anchors among Rhinoxenus species parasitizing ‘piranhas ’.

Abstract In several countries halophytes are commercially cultivated in low saline or even irrigated with seawater, as well as with saline aquaculture effluent, like a sea asparagus Sarcocornia ambigua, that show a biotechnological potential for bioactive compounds production. However, their recovery from matrix is sometimes inefficient because the lignocellulosic materials difficult the solvent action when drastic conditions are not applied. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized by a central composite rotational design for recovery free phenolic compounds (FPC) from the sea asparagus S. ambigua. Optimum conditions were validated and compared with orbital shaker extraction for S. ambigua, other Brazilian halophytes (Apium graveolens, Myrsine parvifolia, Paspalum vaginatum, and Schinus terebinthifolius), soybean and rice bran. Except for P. vaginatum, soybean and rice bran, UAE yielded 18-29% higher FPC than that of the orbital shaker. Besides this analytical performance UAE method optimized is faster than the orbital shaker, providing shorter exposure of the analyst to the extractor solvent and applicable in matrices with different compositions. It was also demonstrated that halophytes species showed to be good natural sources of FPC in a better way as soybean and rice bran. This work was the first to report FPC in M. parvifolia and P. vaginatum.

Abstract: This article will seek to reflect on a series of experiences with elementary school teachers from the city of Buenos Aires concerning ideas on slavery and Afro-descendants in the colonial period and during the wars for independence. It is an account of representations that have circulated on these topics in school events, textbooks and instructional materials. Next, the paper focuses on an educational experience aimed at the questioning of those traditions from the production of didactic sequences that considered a multisensory teaching. Thus, teachers appropriated the new knowledge and were protagonists of the curriculum development.

Resumen: Este artículo buscará reflexionar sobre una serie de experiencias en las cuales se ha abordado con maestros de escuela primaria de la ciudad de Buenos Aires las ideas sobre la esclavitud y los afrodescendientes en la época colonial y durante las guerras por la independencia. Se realiza un racconto de las representaciones que han circulado sobre estos temas en actos escolares, textos curriculares y materiales educativos. Luego el trabajo indaga sobre una experiencia de formación en la que se propuso cuestionar esas tradiciones a partir de la producción de secuencias didácticas que consideraran una enseñanza multisensorial. Así, los docentes se apropiaron de los nuevos saberes y fueron protagonistas de la construcción curricular.

Objetivo: Describir la actuación médica ante un caso de trauma raquimedular penetrante y su correlación con la arquitectura de la columna vertebral, realizando una revisión de la literatura del tema. Metodología: Presentación del caso, estudio de las situaciones de traslado y atención primaria, análisis bibliográfico sobre actuación y manejo en pacientes adultos con trauma raquimedular con cuerpo extraño alojado en canal raquídeo y manifestaciones neurológicas. Conclusión: El objetivo del cirujano radica principalmente en no hacer más daño al paciente del ya establecido, he aquí la importancia de la intervención quirúrgica temprana en trauma raquimedular. Antes de la intervención es necesario establecer con exactitud la posición del cuerpo extraño, para que al escindir sobre el campo operatorio se obtenga una visualización directa del elemento y que junto con ésta, se permita durante la inspección quirúrgica, la identificación de los daños medulares ocurridos por el objeto.

Objectives: Describe the medical procedures in case of spinal cord trauma, their proper relation to the spine and the review of the medical literature on the subject. Design:Descriptive study and case report.Methodology: Case report, study of transfer situations and Primary Care, bibliographic analysis about actions and managements in adult patients with spinal trauma withan strange body stayed in the spinal canal and neurological events. Conclusion: The surgeon’s aim is mainly not to do more damage from the already established to the patient, here the importance of early surgical intervention in spinal cord trauma. Before the intervention is necessary to pinpoint the position of the foreign body, to obtain a direct view of the element and along with it allow during the surgical inspection, the identification of spinal cord damage occurred by the object. After surgery rehabilitation mechanism will be directed to the manifestations that the patient had before and after the correction surgery and the possible consequences that may arise.

Action-Emotion Style (AES) is an affective-motivational construct that describes the achievement motivation that is characteristic of students in their interaction with stressful situations. Using elements from the Type-A Behavior Pattern (TABP), characteristics of competitiveness and overwork occur in different combinations with emotions of impatience and hostility, leading to a classification containing five categories of action-emotion style (Type B, Impatient-hostile type, Medium type, Competitive-Overworking type and Type A). The objective of the present research is to establish how characteristics of action-emotion style relate to learning approach (deep and surface approaches) and to coping strategies (emotion-focused and problem-focused). The sample was composed of 225 students from the Psychology degree program. Pearson correlation analyses, ANOVAs and MANOVAs were used. Results showed that competitiveness-overwork characteristics have a significant positive association with the deep approach and with problem-focused strategies, while impatience-hostility is thus related to surface approach and emotion-focused strategies. The level of action-emotion style had a significant main effect. The results verified our hypotheses with reference to the relationships between action-emotion style, learning approaches and coping strategies.

El Estilo Acción-Emoción (EAE) es un constructo psicológico de tipo motivacional-afectivo referido a la motivación de logro, basado en el Patrón de Conducta tipo A (pCTA), característico de los alumnos, en interacción con situaciones de estrés. La combinación de la competitividad y la sobrecarga laboral, con las emociones de la impaciencia y hostilidad, conduce a una clasificación en cinco categorías de estilo de acción-emoción (Tipo B, tipo Impaciente-hostil, Tipo Medio, Tipo Competitivo-Sobrecarga Laboral y Tipo A). El objetivo de la presente investigación fue establecer la relación entre las características del EAE con los enfoques de aprendizaje (enfoque profundo y enfoque superficial) y las estrategias de afrontamiento (centradas en la emoción y centradas en el problema). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 225 estudiantes del Programa de Licenciatura en Psicología. Se realizaron análisis de correlaciones bivariados de Pearson y análisis multivariados. Los resultados mostraron una asociación positiva y significativa de las características de la competitividad-sobrecarga con el enfoque profundo y las estrategias centradas en el problema, así como de la impaciencia-hostilidad con el enfoque superficial y las estrategias centradas en la emoción. El nivel de estilo de acción-emoción tuvo un efecto principal significativo. Los resultados obtenidos verifican las hipótesis planteadas referidas a la relación entre el estilo de acción-emoción, los enfoques de aprendizaje y las estrategias de afrontamiento.

Objetivo: En España, el vigente Real Decreto 865/2003 establece una serie de medidas destinadas a la prevención de la legionelosis que inciden especialmente en el mantenimiento de las instalaciones de riesgo relacionadas con la proliferación y transmisión de Legionella. Este trabajo pretende revisar determinados aspectos estructurales, de mantenimiento, operacionales y documentales que, desde el punto de vista del Control Oficial, podrían ser incluidos en una futura nueva norma que pudiera ser más efectiva, si cabe, en la prevención y control de la legionelosis en las instalaciones de riesgo. Materiales y Métodos: Se ha utilizado la normativa nacional vigente en materia de la legionelosis, documentación técnica de apoyo, otras normativas de aplicación en países de la Unión Europea, así como servicios en línea de información científica (ISI Web of Knowledge) y bases de datos de bibliografía médica (MEDLINE PubMed). Resultados y Discusión: Tras más de una década en vigor, es necesario que ciertos aspectos técnicos de las instalaciones de riesgo en la transmisión de la legionelosis sean revisados y adecuados al conocimiento actual y a la experiencia adquirida. Entre ellos se encuentran la clasificación de riesgo de las instalaciones, aspectos técnicos y operacionales de los sistemas de agua fría de consumo humano y caliente sanitaria, de los equipos de enfriamiento evaporativos, de los sistemas de agua climatizada y de los procedimientos de toma de muestras. Por último, se discute sobre la inclusión de técnicas analíticas basadas en la Biología Molecular (qPCR) como método oficial en la determinación de Legionella. Conclusiones: Una posible nueva normativa sobre prevención y control de la legionelosis debe contemplar una clasificación de las instalaciones en función del riesgo, que recoja las de reciente aparición que han sido asociadas a brotes. También deberá contar con anexos sobre las medidas preventivas para cada una de ellas, que desarrollen protocolos de toma de muestras específicos y modelos para la evaluación de riesgos adecuados que tengan en cuenta establecimientos especialmente sensibles, debería estudiarse la inclusión de las técnicas analíticas moleculares como métodos oficiales o complementarios a los oficiales. Esta actualización permitirá una actuación más rápida y eficaz ante la identificación de casos y la asociación de los mismos a las instalaciones de riesgo implicadas.

Objective: In Spain, Royal Decree 865/2003 establishes actions aimed at the prevention of legionellosis on the maintenance of systems related to the proliferation and transmission of the disease. This work aims to review certain structural, operational, of maintenance and documentary aspects which, from the point of view of Official Control, could be included in a future new legal regulation that might be more effective in preventing the emergence and proliferation of Legionella in the risk systems. Materials y Methods: To carry out this work Spanish legislation on Legionella, technical support documentation, other regulations from countries of EU and online services of scientific information (ISI Web of Knowledge) and databases of medical literature (MEDLINE PubMed) were used. Results and Discussion: After more a decade, it is necessary that certain technical aspects of risk systems in the transmission of legionellosis are reviewed and adapted to current knowledge and experience. These include the risk classification of the systems, technical and operational aspects of cold drinking and hot water systems, evaporative cooling equipment, spa pools and sampling procedures. Finally, the inclusion of molecular analytical techniques based qPCR as official methods in determining Legionella is discussed. Conclusions: A new legal regulation on the prevention and control of legionellosis should include a classification risk-based of the systems that collect emerging that have been associated with outbreaks. It must have annexes on preventive action to each of them, specific sampling procedures and models to assess appropriate risk that take into account sensitive establishments. Last it should be considered including molecular analytical techniques such as official or complementary methods. This update will allow a faster and more effective performance at identifying cases and associating them to risk systems.

Educational improvement is a key instrument to achieve a higher economic welfare in rural and semi-urban areas. However, these areas find a restriction for their development in the qualified people drain, who tend to emigrate to closer service centres or to areas with better labour and living conditions. The aim of this report is to identify this human capital loss and its factors, in a specific area, Ribera of Navarra, integrated by 42 municipalities, in 2008 and 2009. To accomplish this objective, a survey was conducted to young people who had studied in this area, differentiating the ones with better performance. The results obtained, that confirm the existence of a continuous brain drain in the area, can be useful to guide the actions to attract and hold the human capital in other areas, similar to Ribera of Navarra, that have the same problem with the loss of qualified young people.

La mejora de la formación es un instrumento clave para conseguir mayores niveles de bienestar en las zonas rurales y semiurbanas españolas. Sin embargo, con frecuencia estas comarcas encuentran como restricción frente a su mayor desarrollo, que los jóvenes más formados tienden a emigrar en busca de mejores oportunidades laborales o condiciones de vida. Este trabajo pretende analizar si efectivamente existe esta pérdida de capital humano, así como sus posibles determinantes en una zona concreta, la Ribera de Navarra, comarca integrada por 42 municipios, en 2008 y 2009. Los resultados, fruto de una encuesta a jóvenes en la que se analizaron por separado aquellos alumnos con mejores resultados académicos, confirman la existencia de una pérdida sistemática de capital humano. El estudio puede ayudar a orientar las actuaciones encaminadas a la atracción y retención de capital humano en otras zonas similares que padezcan un problema de emigración de jóvenes calificados.