RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken’s feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0μg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.

This study evaluated the sedative and anesthetic effects of the essential oils (EO) of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Quantitative chemical differences between the EOs obtained from leaves and inflorescences were verified, and a new chemotype rich in globulol was described. Although there were no significant differences in the time of induction for sedation and anesthesia between the EOs, only the leaf EO at 344 mg/L anesthetized all fish without side effects. Fractionation of the leaf EO was carried out by column chromatography. The isolated compounds [(+)-1-terpinen-4-ol and (-)-globulol] showed different activity from that detected for the leaf EO in proportional concentrations and similar sedation to a eugenol control at 10 mg/L. However, fish exposed to 1-terpinen-4-ol (3 and 10 mg/L) did not remain sedated for 30 min. Anesthesia was obtained with 83-190 mg/L globulol, but animals showed loss of mucus during induction and mortality at these concentrations. Synergism of the depressor effects was detected with the association of globulol and benzodiazepine (BDZ), compared with either drug alone. Fish exposed to BDZ or globulol+BDZ association showed faster recovery from anesthesia in water containing flumazenil, but the same did not occur with globulol. In conclusion, the use of globulol in aquaculture procedures should be considered only at sedative concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L, and its mechanism of action seems not to involve the GABAA-BDZ system.

O óleo essencial das partes aéreas de Senecio selloi Spreng DC. foi extraído por hidrodestilação e analisado por CG/EM. Dezenove constituintes foram identificados, representando 99,9% do total. Os principais compostos fornecidos foram sesquiterpenos hidrocarbonetos (71,3%), a maioria destes com esqueleto bisabolano (59,4%). O constituinte majoritário foi a-zingibereno (54%), seguido do monoterpeno a-isolimoneno (16%). O óleo essencial foi testado contra duas cepas Gram-positivas e duas Gram-negativas, três fungos e uma alga. De todas as linhagens testadas somente Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 mostrou suscetibilidade (CIM e CBM = 4400 µg/mL) para o óleo essencial.

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Senecio selloi Spreng. DC. was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Nineteen compounds were identified, representing 99.9% of the total. The main compounds were found to be sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (71.3%), most of them with a bisabolane skeleton (59.4%). The major constituent was α-zingiberene (54%), followed by monoterpene α-isolimonene (16%). The essential oil was also tested against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial species, three yeasts, and an algae. From the strains assayed, only Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 showed susceptibility (MIC and MBC = 4400 µg/mL) to the essential oil.

Identificou-se o efeito das aflatoxinas (AFs) sobre o gene p53 de frangos de corte, de linhagem comercial, separados em: grupo experimental, tratado (GT) com ração comercial contendo 2,8ppm de AFs totais durante 21 dias consecutivos, e grupo-controle (GC), sem exposição às AFs. Macroscopicamente, as alterações caracterizaram-se por hepatomegalia e aspecto pálido-amarelado com alguns focos hemorrágicos e, histologicamente, por desarranjo trabecular, pleomorfismo hepatocítico com cariomegalia, degeneração vacuolar intracitoplasmática, necrose com infiltração linfocítica e hiperplasia de ductos biliares. A PCR com os primers GSPT53c-1 com base no gene candidato a p53 (GenBank XM_424937.2) gerou um produto de aproximadamente 350 pares de base. O amplicon sequenciado a partir do DNA dos frangos do GT não apresentou mutação ou deleção, assim como padrão de bandas do PCR-RFLP não foi distinto entre ambos os grupos experimentais e a sequência depositada no banco de genes. Os resultados sugerem que não ocorreu transversão devido à exposição às AFs no fragmento amplificado. Conclui-se que a PCR-RFLP e o sequenciamento do produto da PCR não são ferramentas apropriadas para diagnóstico da exposição de frangos às AFs nas condições experimentais empregadas.

To identify the effects of aflatoxins (AFs), Cobb lineage poultry were separated in an experimental group in which they were treated with commercial ration containing 2.8ppm of total AFs during 21 days (TG) and a control group without AFs exposure (CG). In the liver of poultries exposed to AFs, alterations were microscopically observed, which were characterized by hepatomegaly, a pale yellowish aspect with some hemorrhagic spots, and histologically a trabecullar disarranging pleomorphic hepatocytes with cariomegaly, intracytoplasmatic vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, lymphocytic infiltration and hyperplasia of biliary ducts. The PCR with GSPT53c-1 primers based on p53 candidate gen (GenBank XM_424937.2) generated a product of approximately 350 base pairs. The sequenced amplicon obtained from the DNA of treated poultry did not display any mutation or deletion, and the PCR- RFLP bands patterns were also not distinct in both experimental groups. The results indicated that transversion did not occur in the fragment amplified due to AFs exposure. As a consequence of results obtained with p53 gene (NM_205264.1) we concluded that PCR-RFLP and sequencing of PCR product are not appropriate diagnostic tools for the detection of poultry exposure to AFs, at least in the experimental conditions performed.

The objective of this study was to identify the possible involvement of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of Lippia alba essential oil (EO). We propose a new animal model using silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to an anesthetic bath to study the mechanism of action of EO. To observe the induction and potentiation of the anesthetic effect of EO, juvenile silver catfish (9.30 ± 1.85 g; 10.15 ± 0.95 cm; N = 6) were exposed to various concentrations of L. alba EO in the presence or absence of diazepam [an agonist of high-affinity binding sites for benzodiazepinic (BDZ) sites coupled to the GABA A receptor complex]. In another experiment, fish (N = 6) were initially anesthetized with the EO and then transferred to an anesthetic-free aquarium containing flumazenil (a selective antagonist of binding sites for BDZ coupled to the GABA A receptor complex) or water to assess recovery time from the anesthesia. In this case, flumazenil was used to observe the involvement of the GABA-BDZ receptor in the EO mechanism of action. The results showed that diazepam potentiates the anesthetic effect of EO at all concentrations tested. Fish exposed to diazepam and EO showed faster recovery from anesthesia when flumazenil was added to the recovery bath (12.0 ± 0.3 and 7.2 ± 0.7, respectively) than those exposed to water (9.2 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.3, respectively). In conclusion, the results demonstrated the involvement of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of L. alba EO on silver catfish.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate performance, vulvae morphology, visceral organs and reproductive tract weight in pre-puberal gilts fed diets containing aflatoxins or zearalenone during 28 days. Eighteen animals with an average initial weight of 11 kg were used. Three treatments (control diet - CD; CD + 1 mg kg-1 of aflatoxins; CD + 2 mg kg-1 of zearalenone) were utilized in a completely randomized design with six replications. Feed intake, weight gain and final live weight were reduced (p<0.05) by 30% (CD x CD + aflatoxins: 1.087 x 0.758 kg), 27% (0.608 x 0.441 kg) and 16% (27.4 x 22.9 kg) for animals fed diets containing aflatoxins. Feed intake (CD x CD + zearalenone: 1.087 x 0.986 kg), feed conversion ratio (1.85 x 1.86) and final live weight (27.4 x 25.5 kg) were not affected (p>0.05) by zearalenone in comparison to control group. The relative weight of liver and heart were not altered (p>0.05) by mycotoxins. However, zearalenone increased (p<0.05) the bulk of vulva, the length and weight of reproductive tract. Feeding diets with aflatoxins or zearalenone prejudices performance and stimulates estrogenic effects in gilts.

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho, a morfologia vulvar e os pesos de órgãos viscerais e de trato reprodutivo em leitoas pré-púberes alimentadas com dietas contendo aflatoxinas ou zearalenona durante 28 dias. Foram utilizados 18 animais com peso médio inicial de 11 quilogramas. Três tratamentos (dieta controle - DC; DC + 1 mg kg-1 de aflatoxinas; DC + 2 mg kg-1 de zearalenona) foram utilizados em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições. As aflatoxinas reduziram (p<0,05) em 30% o consumo de ração (DC x DC + aflatoxinas: 1,087 x 0,758 kg), em 27% o ganho de peso (0,608 x 0,441 kg) e em 16% o peso vivo dos animais ao final do experimento (27,4 x 22,9 kg). A zearalenona não alterou (p>0,05) o consumo de ração (DC x DC + zearalenona: 1,087 x 0,986 kg), a conversão alimentar (1,85 x 1,86), o ganho de peso (0,608 x 0,539 kg) e o peso vivo dos animais (27,4 x 25,5 kg) em relação ao grupo controle. Os pesos relativos de fígado e coração também não foram alterados (p>0,05) pelas micotoxinas. Porém, a zearalenona aumentou (p<0,05) o volume vulvar, o peso e o comprimento do trato reprodutivo. Os resultados indicam efeitos estrogênicos associados à zearalenona e perdas em produtividade às aflatoxinas presentes nas dietas.

O desempenho, o peso de alguns órgãos e a morfologia vulvar de leitoas pré-púberes, alimentadas por 28 dias com dietas contendo zearalenona, foram avaliados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com dois tratamentos, dieta controle (DC) e dieta controle + 2mg kg-1 de zearalenona (DZ), e seis repetições cada. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para consumo médio diário de ração (1,24 x 1,19kg), ganho médio diário de peso (0,68 x 0,71kg), conversão alimentar (1,86 x 1,71) e peso vivo (PV); (30,9 x 30,4kg). A zearalenona não alterou (P>0,05) os pesos absoluto e relativo do coração (137 x 141g e 0,45 x 0,45% PV), fígado (699 x 699g e 2,31 x 2,26%PV), rins (47 x 49g e 0,15 x 0,16%PV) e baço (166 x 171g e 0,55 x 0,55%PV). Houve aumento (P<0,05) no comprimento (17 x 27cm) e no peso (23 x 157g e 0,07 x 0,51%PV) do trato reprodutivo das leitoas do grupo DZ. O volume vulvar ao final do período foi 820% maior (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com zearalenona (941 x 8658mm³/kgPV0,6). Os resultados indicam que em suínos a zearalenona e seus metabólitos possuem atividade estrogênica, mas não interferem no desempenho dos animais.

The performance, the weights of some organs, and the vulvae morphology in pre-pubertal gilts fed diets containing zearalenone were evaluated during 28 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (control diet, ZD - control diet + 2mg kg-1 of zearalenone) and six replications of each were done. No differences (P>0.05) between treatments for daily feed intake (1.24 x 1.19kg), average daily gain (0.68 x 0.71kg), feed conversion ratio (1.86 x 1.71), and live weight (30.9 x 30.4kg) were observed. Zearalenone did not change (P>0.05) the absolute and relative weights of heart (137 x 141g and 0.45 x 0.45%BW), liver (699 x 699g and 2.31 x 2.26%BW), kidneys (47 x 49g and 0.15 x 0.16%BW), and spleen (166 x 171g and 0.55 x 0.55% BW). However, zearalenone increased (P<0.05) the length (17 x 27cm) and weight (23 x 157g and 0.07 x 0.51%BW) of the reproductive tract. The final vulvae volume was 820% larger (P<0.05) in gilts fed diets containing zearalenone than those fed control diet (941 x 8658mm³/kgBW0.6). Results suggested that zearalenone and its metabolites have an estrogenic activity in pigs without changing the animal performance.

The optimization of the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method to determine aflatoxins in feedstuffs and the evaluation of their occurrence in feedstuffs for milk-yielding does in the state of Bahia were studied. Eighty feedstuff samples were collected from five farms, located in the Recôncavo Baiano, from November 2000 to August 2002. The samples were analyzed using TLC modified method. In this study, the detection and quantification limits were 5 and 8m g/kg, respectively. The percentage of average recoveries obtained for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 were 81.0; 97.2; 89.3; and 90.3%, respectively; and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.83 to 4.1%. The results revealed that the optimization of TLC methodology is efficient to analyze aflatoxins in feedstuffs. The presence of these aflatoxins was not detected in any of the analyzed samples, demonstrating good quality of those products, regarding the contamination by these toxins.

RESUMO Correlacionou-se a concentração de ergosterol com o número de unidades formadoras de colônias fúngicas e aflatoxina em 40 amostras de milho. A extração do ergosterol foi realizada através de irradiação em forno microondas e a quantificação por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). As unidades formadoras de colônias foram contadas a partir da semeadura das amostras em meio de cultura DRBC, nas diluições de 10-2 a 10-5 e incubadas por um período de até 7 dias a 28° C. A quantificação da aflatoxina foi realizada por cromatografia em camada delgada. O nível de ergosterol das amostras variou de 1,11 a 32,6 ppm e as unidades formadoras de colônias de 3,33 x 103 a 2,23 x 105. A presença de aflatoxinas foi constatada em 62,5% das amostras. A correlação entre a quantidade de ergosterol e as unidades formadoras de colônias fúngicas foi de r = 0,94, demonstrando alta relação entre estas variáveis. No entanto, a correlação entre concentração de ergosterol e presença de aflatoxina apresentou-se baixa (r = 0,4). Os resultados indicam que a determinação dos níveis de ergosterol representa uma possibilidade de avaliação do grau de contaminação fúngica do milho, em substituição à técnica de contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias. Correlacionouse Correlacionou se 4 milho HPLC. HPLC . (HPLC) DRBC 102 10 2 10- 105 5 28 C delgada 111 1 11 1,1 326 32 6 32, 333 3 33 3,3 223 23 2,2 625 62 62,5 094 0 94 0,94 variáveis entanto apresentouse apresentou 0,4. 04 0,4 0,4) (HPLC 1, 3, 22 2, 62, 09 9 0,9 0,

ABSTRACT Ergosterol concentration was correlated with the number of fungal colonyforming units and aflatoxin in 40 corn samples. Ergosterol extraction was made through irradiation in a microwave oven, and quantification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The colony forming units were counted from the sowing of samples in DRBC culture medium at dilutions from 10-2 to 10-5 and next incubated for a period until 7 days at 28° C. Aflatoxin quantification was made by thin-layer cromathography. The ergosterol levels of the samples varied from 1.11 to 32.6 ppm, and the colony-forming units from 3.33 x 103 to 2.23 x 105. Presence of aflatoxins was noticed in 62.5 % of the samples. The correlation between the ergosterol quantity and the colony forming units was r = 0.94, demonstrating high relations between these variables. However, the correlation between ergosterol concentration and presence of aflatoxin showed to be low (r = 0.4). The results indicate that the determination of ergosterol levels represent a possibility of an evaluation of the corn's degree of fungal , in substitution of the counting technique of colony-forming units. 4 oven HPLC. HPLC . (HPLC) 102 10 2 10- 105 5 28 C thinlayer thin layer cromathography 111 1 11 1.1 326 32 6 32. ppm 333 3 33 3.3 223 23 2.2 625 62 62. 094 0 94 0.94 variables However 0.4. 04 0.4 0.4) corns s (HPLC 1. 3. 22 2. 09 9 0.9 0.

RESUMO Avaliou-se a ocorrência de fumonisina B1 em cereais e rações do sul do Brasil. Foram analisadas 407 amostras provenientes de diferentes granjas e indústrias agropecuárias, coletadas entre os meses de janeiro de 1996 e junho de 1998. A extração da fumonisina foi realizada com acetonitrila-água (50+50, v/ v) e clarificação com colunas de sílica C18 encapada. A fumonisina foi submetida a derivatização com o-ftaldialdeido e 2-mercaptoetanol e quantificada por cromatografia líquida com detecção por fluorescência. Das amostras analisadas, 32% apresentaram positividade. As concentrações foram de 0,086 até 78,92 mg/g. As maiores concentrações foram: arroz, 14,21 µg/g; rações, 68,33 µg/g; milho, 78,92 µg/g; trigo, 24,35 µg/g; aveia, 0,17 µg/g e cevada, 2,43 µg/g. Não se detectou presença de fumonisina em farelo de soja. Os resultados obtidos indicam a ocorrência da fumonisina B1 em alimentos colhidos no sul do Brasil. Considerando que os cereais e rações analisadas são amplamente empregados na composição da dieta alimentar, os níveis de contaminação detectados no presente trabalho representam uma ameça à saúde humana e animal. Avaliouse Avaliou B Brasil 40 agropecuárias 199 1998 acetonitrilaágua acetonitrila água 50+50, 5050 50 (50+50 v C C1 encapada oftaldialdeido o ftaldialdeido 2mercaptoetanol mercaptoetanol 2 fluorescência 32 positividade 0086 0 086 0,08 7892 78 92 78,9 mgg mg g mg/g arroz 1421 14 21 14,2 µgg µg 6833 68 33 68,3 milho trigo 2435 24 35 24,3 aveia 017 17 0,1 cevada 243 43 2,4 soja alimentar animal 4 19 50+50 505 5 (50+5 3 008 08 0,0 789 7 9 78, 142 1 14, 683 6 68, 24, 01 0, 2, 50+5 (50+ 00 50+ (50 (5 (

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted to evaluate fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination in cereals and feeds of southern Brazil. A total of 407 samples was obtained from different local warehouses and feed industries between January 1996 and June 1998. Extraction of FB1 was performed with acetonitrilewater (50+50, v/v) and cleanup with end-capped C18 silica columns; the extracted mycotoxin was resolved by liquid chromatography with o-phthaldialdehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol derivatization, and identified by fluorescence. Positive results were found in 32.2% of the samples assayed. FB1 concentrations varied from 0.086 to 78.92 µg/g, and the highest levels recorded were: 14.21 µg/g in rice; 68.33 µg/g in feed; 78.92 µg/g in corn; 24.35 µg/g in wheat; 0.17 µg/g in oat; and 2.43 µg/ g in barley. No detectable levels of this mycotoxin were found in soybean meal samples. The results demonstrate that cereals harvested in southern Brazil were contaminated with FB1. Considering that these products are consumed in large amounts either directly or as components of foods and feeds, the levels of contamination reported herein indicate a potential threat to animal and public health. B FB (FB1 40 199 1998 50+50, 5050 50 (50+50 v/v vv v endcapped end capped C C1 columns ophthaldialdehyde o phthaldialdehyde 2mercaptoethanol mercaptoethanol 2 derivatization fluorescence 322 32 32.2 assayed 0086 0 086 0.08 7892 78 92 78.9 µgg µg 1421 14 21 14.2 rice 6833 68 33 68.3 corn 2435 24 35 24.3 wheat 017 17 0.1 oat 243 43 2.4 barley health (FB 4 19 50+50 505 5 (50+5 3 32. 008 08 0.0 789 7 9 78. 142 1 14. 683 6 68. 24. 01 0. 2. 50+5 (50+ 00 50+ (50 (5 (