Abstract Groupers (Epinephelidae and Serranidae) have attracted special attention to fish farming, and their species offer good opportunities for successful hybridizations. Cytogenetic data allow a better understanding of the role of karyotypic diversification in the acquisition of post-zygotic reproductive isolation (RI). Thus, chromosomal analyses were performed on E. striatus (Caribbean Sea), E. coioides and E. tauvina (Indo-Pacific Region), using standard procedures and mapping of six repetitive DNA classes by the in situ hybridization. The three species have 2n=48 chromosomes. The karyotypes of E. coioides and E. striatus are composed only of acrocentric chromosomes (FN=48), while E. tauvina has 8 submetacentric chromosomes (FN=56). Heterochromatin has a preferential centromeric distribution, and the microsatellite repeats are dispersed throughout the chromosomes of all species. The 18S and 5S rDNA sites are unique but show a colocalization arrangement in E. tauvina and E. striatus. The chromosomal organization suggests that the three species still maintain a significant amount of syntenic regions. The range of the karyotype divergence and the RI levels showed low, but goes turn proportionally greater in relation to the divergence time between the parental species. The slow acquisition of postzygotic RI is consistent with the high karyotype homogeneity presented by Epinephelidae family. Serranidae farming hybridizations post zygotic RI. . (RI) Thus E Caribbean Sea, Sea , Sea) IndoPacific Indo Pacific Region, Region Region) hybridization 2n48 n 2n 48 2n=4 FN=48, FN48 FN FN=48 (FN=48) FN=56. FN56 FN=56 56 (FN=56) distribution S regions low family (RI 2n4 4 2n= FN4 FN=4 (FN=48 FN5 FN=5 5 (FN=56 FN= (FN=4 (FN=5 (FN= (FN

Epinephelidae forma um grupo de espécies de grande interesse biológico e econômico. Seus padrões filogeográficos são pouco conhecidos, principalmente nas populações distribuídas na região oeste do Oceano Atlântico. Entre seus representantes está a pequena espécie Cephalopholis fulva, Coney, a qual apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, policromia e hermafroditismo, além de estar se tornando um alvo crescente da exploração pesqueira comercial. Os dados genéticos e histórico-demográficos foram obtidos através da análise de sequências parciais da Região Controle de seis localidades do litoral brasileiro, desde o Nordeste até o Sudeste do Brasil, incluindo as ilhas oceânicas do Atol das Rocas e do arquipélago Fernando de Noronha. As amostras analisadas revelaram uma alta variabilidade genética e um forte fluxo gênico entre as localidades amostradas. Além disso, os dados genéticos relevaram expansões populacionais provavelmente relacionadas às mudanças no nível do mar ocorridas durante o Pleistoceno. A ampla conectividade populacional presente em Coney constitui uma condição relevante para a sua conservação biológica.

The Epinephelidae form a group of species of high biological and economical interests. It´s phylogeographic patterns are not well known especially the distributed populations in the western region of the Atlantic Ocean. Among the representatives is a small species called Cephalopholis fulva, Coney, which presents a wide geographical distribution, polychromia, hermaphroditism and is quickly becoming a large target for the exploration of commercial fishing. The genetic and historical demography were obtained through the partial sequence analysis of Control Region from six locations on the coastline of Brazil from the northeast coast to the southwest coast, including the oceanic islands of Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. The analyzed samples revealed a high genetic variability and a strong gene flow among the sampled locations. Additionally, the genetic data revealed that population expansions probably occurred due to the changes in the sea levels that occurred during the Pleistocene. The large population connectivity found in Coney constitutes relevant conditions for their biological conservation.

Mecanismos de acúmulo baseados em deriva centromérica típica ou de cromossomos portadores de inversões pericêntricas mostram-se adequados à diferenciação cariotípica mais ampla nas principais ordens de Actinopterygii. Aqui nós mostramos que a deriva meiótica nos peixes é também apoiada pela fixação preferencial de sistemas de cromossomos sexuais e cromossomos B em ordens com cariótipos predominantemente formados por elementos bi-braquiais. O mosaico de tendências cromossômicas que atuam em nível infra-familiar em peixes poderia ser explicado pela interação do processo direcional de deriva meiótica agindo como pano de fundo, modulada em menor escala por fatores adaptativos ou propriedades cariotípicas específicas de cada grupo, conforme proposto pelo modelo de ortoseleção.

Mechanisms of accumulation based on typical centromeric drive or of chromosomes carrying pericentric inversions are adjusted to the general karyotype differentiation in the principal Actinopterygii orders. Here, we show that meiotic drive in fish is also supported by preferential establishment of sex chromosome systems and B chromosomes in orders with predominantly bi-brachial chromosomes. The mosaic of trends acting at an infra-familiar level in fish could be explained as the interaction of the directional process of meiotic drive as background, modulated on a smaller scale by adaptive factors or specific karyotypic properties of each group, as proposed for the orthoselection model.

Phylogeographic studies are currently used to infer historical demographic processes such as gene fow, determination of effective population sizes, colonisation dynamics, and population botlenecks, as well as for the determination of species boundaries and the identification of possible conservation units. We present a review of the main contributions of this approach, and its applications and implications for canid conservation. Studies performed in canids have shown that the number of named subspecies is often larger than that of phylogeographic units. In recent times, the fragmentation of habitats has increased and one of the major concerns of conservation biologists is the occurrence of inbreeding. Large-sized canids have demonstrated to have enough physiological and behavioural plasticity to survive in open habitats, while smaller species that depend on closed habitats are more susceptible to fragmentation. Another process that strongly affects canids is hybridisation because contacts between wild and domestic populations have increased, leading to gene introgression into natural populations. Canids are a key element in food chains; thus, a precise knowledge of intraspecific subdivision is of the utmost relevance for their management before these carnivores disappear, with unknown social, economic, and ecological consequences. In this sense, phylogeographic studies constitute a fundamental tool.

Los estudios filogeográficos son actualmente usados para inferir procesos demográficos históricos como el flujo génico, la determinación de tamaños efectivos de población, dinámicas de colonización y cuellos de botella poblacionales, así como la determinación de límites entre especies y la identificación de posibles unidades de conservación. Presentamos una revisión de las principales contribuciones de este enfoque y sus aplicaciones e implicaciones a la conservación de los cánidos. Estudios realizados en cánidos han mostrado que el número de subespecies nominales es con frecuencia mayor que el de las unidades filogeográficas. En épocas recientes, la fragmentación de los habitats se ha incrementado y una de las mayores preocupaciones de los biólogos conservacionistas es la ocurrencia de endogamia. Los cánidos de gran tamaño han demostrado poseer suficiente plasticidad fisiológica y comportamental para sobrevivir en hábitats abiertos, en tanto que las especies más pequeñas que dependen de hábitats cerrados son más susceptibles a la fragmentación. Otro proceso que afecta fuertemente a los cánidos es la hibridación, ya que han aumentado las zonas de contacto entre poblaciones silvestres y domésticas llevando a la introgresión de genes en el acervo génico de las poblaciones naturales. Los cánidos son un elemento clave de las cadenas alimentarias por lo que un conocimiento preciso de sus actuales subdivisiones evolutivas es de máxima importancia para su manejo antes de que estos carnívoros desaparezcan produciendo consecuencias sociales, económicas y ecológicas aún desconocidas. En este sentido, los estudios filogeográficos constituyen una herramienta fundamental.

Cytogenetic studies were done on three Pomacentridae species of the genus Chromis. The karyotype of C. multilineata consisted of 48 acrocentric chromosomes (FN = 48), C. insolata had 2n = 46-47 (3-4M+6SM+36-38A; FN = 56) and C. flavicauda had 2n = 39 (9M+6SM+24A; FN = 54). Robertsonian polymorphisms were detected in C. insolata and C. flavicauda. All three species had small heterochromatic blocks restricted to centromeric regions. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were detected in the telomeric position of a medium acrocentric chromosome pair in C. multilineata and in non-homologous chromosomes in both C. flavicauda and C. insolata. FISH with a telomeric probe detected no internal telomeric sequences in C. flavicauda and C. insolata. 5S rRNA genes were observed in a pericentromeric region of two large metacentric chromosome pairs in C. flavicauda and two large acrocentric pairs in C. insolata. The karyotype structure and the number and location of the 5S rDNA loci in these two species indicated that the 5S rRNA-bearing acrocentric chromosomes were directly involved in the origin of the polymorphisms observed. These data reinforce the idea that Robertsonian rearrangements have been involved in molding the karyotype in the subfamily Chrominae.