This study showed that laboratory markers of recent infection by dengue, Zika or chikungunya arboviruses were detected in the biological samples of approximately one-third of patients with encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis or Guillain-Barré syndrome, in a surveillance programme in Piauí state, Brazil, between 2015-2016. Fever and myalgia had been associated with these cases. Since in non-tropical countries most infections or parainfectious diseases associated with the nervous system are attributed to herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and Campylobacter jejuni, the present findings indicate that in tropical countries, arboviruses may now play a more important role and reinforce the need for their surveillance and systematic investigation in the tropics.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among children from developing countries. Human adenovirus (HAdV) and sapovirus (SaV) are among the agents that cause AGE. The present study aimed to detect and genotype HAdV and SaV in 172 fecal samples from children with AGE, collected during a surveillance study carried out in a low-income community in Belém, Pará, between 1990 and 1992. METHODS: HAdV was detected by nested PCR, using primers Hex1deg/Hex2deg and NeHex3deg/NeHex4deg. SaV was assayed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), nested PCR, and quantitative PCR. The nucleotide sequence was determined by direct cycle sequencing. RESULTS: Overall, 43% (74/172) of samples were positive for HAdV, of which 70.3% (52/74) were sequenced and classified as belonging to five different species, mostly A and F. For SaV, positivity was 5.2% (9/172) and genotypes GI.1, GI.7, GII.1, and GV.2 were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The present results reinforce the need for further studies to obtain epidemiological data about the circulation of these viruses in Brazil, especially in the Amazon Region, where data from the early 1990’s are scarce. Furthermore, the study describes for the first time the detection of SaV genotypes GI.7 and GV.2 in Brazil, showing that these types circulated in the region more than 25 years ago.

ABSTRACT Gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases during childhood, with norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) being two of its main causes. This study reports for the first time the incidence of these viruses in hospitalized children with and without gastroenteritis in São Luís, Maranhão. A total of 136 fecal samples were tested by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for the detection of NoV and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of both NoV and SaV. Positive samples for both agents were subjected to sequencing. The overall frequency of NoV as detected by EIA and RT-PCR was 17.6% (24/136) and 32.6% (15/46), respectively in diarrheic patients and 10.0% (9/90) in non-diarrheic patients (p < 0.01). Of the diarrheic patients, 17% had fever, vomiting and anorexia, and 13% developed fever, vomiting and abdominal pain. Of the 24 NoV-positive samples, 50% (12/24) were sequenced and classified as genotypes GII.3 (n = 1), GII.4 (6), GII.5 (1), GII.7 (2), GII.12 (1) and GII.16 (1). SaV frequency was 9.8% (11/112), with 22.6% (7/31) in diarrheic patients and 4.9% (4/81) in nondiarrheic (p = 0.04) ones. In diarrheic cases, 27.3% had fever, vomiting and anorexia, whereas 18.2% had fever, anorexia and abdominal pain. One SaV-positive sample was sequenced and classified as GII.1. These results show a high genetic diversity of NoV and higher prevalence of NoV compared to SaV. Our data highlight the importance of NoV and SaV as enteropathogens in São Luís, Maranhão.

Noroviruses (NoVs) are important cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Genotype GII.4 is responsible for the majority of outbreaks reported to date. This study describes, for the first time in Brazil, the circulation of NoV GII.4 variant Sydney 2012 in faecal samples collected from children aged less than or equal to eight years in Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil, during July-September 2012.

Several viruses have been associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE), and group A rotavirus (RVA) and nor-ovirus (NoV) are the most prevalent. This study aimed to assess their prevalence among children hospitalised for diarrhoea during a three-year surveillance study. From May 2008-April 2011, overall positivity rates of 21.6% (628/2904) and 35.4% (171/483) were observed for RVA and NoV, respectively. The seasonality observed indicated distinct patterns when both viruses were compared. This finding may explain why hospitalisation for AGE remains constant throughout the year. Continuous AGE monitoring is needed to better assess the patterns of infection.

IntroductionThis study investigated the occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis infestation and coinfection with HTLV-1/2 in Belém, Brazil.MethodsS. stercoralis was investigated in stool samples obtained from individuals infected with HTLV-1/2 and their uninfected relatives.ResultsThe frequency of S. stercoralis was 9% (9/100), including six patients infected with HTLV-1 (14.3%), two patients infected with HTLV-2 (11.1%), and one uninfected relative. Two cases of hyperinfestation by S. stercoralis were characterized as HTLV-1.ConclusionsThese results support the need for the routine investigation of S. stercoralis in patients with HTLV-1, in an attempt to prevent the development of severe forms of strongyloidiasis.

Objetivando verificar a freqüência de enterovírus (EV), leptospiras e arbovírus como agentes causais da síndrome da meningite asséptica (SMA), em períodos não-epidêmicos, e comparar os pacientes com e sem diagnóstico etiológico determinado, foram selecionados 112 pacientes de idade entre 3 meses e 15 anos, com suspeita clínica de SMA, referenciados para Hospital Couto Maia, especializado em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (Salvador, Bahia), Em 44,6% (n=50) a etiologia foi determinada: enterovírus em 37,7% (n=42) dos casos, pelo teste de PCR Amplicor, por cultura do líquor e/ou de fezes; a Leptospira sp. em 7,1% (n=8), pelo método da micro-aglutinação, e nenhum caso de arbovírus foi detectado (inibição da hemaglutinação passiva). Entre os 14 enterovírus dos 22 isolados, foram identificados seis diferentes sorotipos, sendo o Echovirus-4 predominante (27,2%; 6/22) entre outros (Coxsackie B2, B3, B6 e B9; EV 71). Conclui-se que, os enterovírus foram os agentes mais freqüentes, e que a leptospirose deve ser lembrada no diagnóstico diferencial da SMA. Uma vez que as características clínicas e liquóricas dos pacientes dos grupos com e sem determinação do agente etiológico foram semelhantes, pode-se supor que o diagnóstico presuntivo de SMA é de provável etiologia viral ou pela leptospira.

For the purpose of identifying the frequency that enterovirus, leptospires, arbovirus cause aseptic meningitis syndrome (AMS) during non-epidemic periods and comparing patients with and without laboratory evidence for an etiologic agent, 112 patients were selected aged between 3 months and 15 years and a clinical suspicion of AMS and were referred to Couto Maia Hospital, the Infectious and Parasitic Disease Reference Center for Salvador, Bahia. In 44.6% (n=50), the etiologic agent for the diagnosis was laboratory-confirmed: enterovirus was identified in 37.7% (n=42) of the cases by the PCR Amplicor diagnostic kit, cerebrospinal fluid or fecal culture isolation; Leptospira sp. in 7.12% (n=8) by the microagglutination test; and arbovirus in non of the cases by inhibition of passive hemagglutination. In 14 of the 22 enteroviral isolates that were evaluated, 6 different serotypes were identified with Echovirus-4 being the major serotype (27.2%; 6/22) among all found (Coxsackie B2, B3, B6 and B9; Enterovirus 71). In conclusion, enteroviruses were the most frequent etiologic agent of AMS and that leptospirosis should be included in the differential diagnosis. In addition, patients with and without laboratory-confirmed identification of the etiologic agent had similar demographic and clinical characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid findings (p >0.05), therefore suggesting that patients without a confirmed diagnosis had enteroviral or leptospiral etiologies.

Amostras de líquido céfalo raquidiano colhidas de 81casos (principalmente meningite asséptica e deficiência motora) foram recebidas na Seção de Virologia do Instituto Evandro Chagas em Belém, Pará no período de janeiro de 1995 a janeiro de 1996, para investigação etiológica. Todas as amostras foram inoculadas em células HEp-2 e em camundongos recém nascidos, com resultados negativos. A probabilidade de se isolar vírus por esse método é reduzida devido à baixa concentração de partículas virais nesses espécimes. Com o objetivo de se obter mais informações sobre a etiologia desses casos, um grupo de 15 amostras, foram testadas usando a reação em cadeia de polimerase com transcrição reversa uma técnica mais sensível que o isolamento. Foram usados "iniciadores" específicos direcionados à região de seqüências conservadas dos enterovírus, considerando que este grupo de vírus é mais freqüentemente relacionado a desordens neurológicas. A idade dos pacientes variou de 1 a 55 anos, e quase todos viviam em Belém, Pará, norte do Brasil. Das 15 amostras analisadas, nove (60%) foram positivas - 6 (66,6%) relacionadas a deficiência motora e 3 (33,3%) a meningite asséptica. Esses resultados, indicam a importância de investigar enterovírus como etiologia dessas síndromes.

Eighty-one cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples mainly from cases of aseptic meningitis and motor deficiency syndrome were sent to the Virology Section of Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém Pará, in the period of January 1995 to January 1996 in order to isolate viruses. All samples were inoculated onto HEp-2 cell culture and newborn mice, with negative results. The probability of isolating viruses by these methods is reduced because of the low concentration of viral particles in these specimens. In order to obtain more information about the etiology of these cases, a group of 23 samples were selected to be tested by a more sensitive technique than the virus isolation - the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Specific primers directed to conserved regions in the enterovirus genome were used, considering that this group of viruses is frequently associated with these neurological disorder. The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 55 years and nearly all of them lived in Belém, State of Pará, North of Brazil. Of 15 samples analyzed by RT PCR nine (60%) were positive; of these, 6 (66.6%) had motor deficiency and 3 (33.3%) developed aseptic meningitis. These results show that it is important to investigate enterovirus as cause of these syndromes.

Num período de 12 meses, 201 espécimes fecais de 61 crianças foram examiandos com vista a detecção de Cryptosporidium. Cento e quinze espécimes foram obtidos durante os episódios diarréicos e 86 de crianças sem diarréia (grupo controle). Todos os espécimes fecais foram examinados pelo método de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Cryptosporidum foi identificado em seis (5,2%) das 115 amostras das crianças com diarréia. Em nenhum dos controles foi obtida a presença desse parasito. O presente estudo sugere que o Cryptosporidium é um agente causal de diarréia auto-limitada em crianças imunocompetentes em Belém, Pará.

Two hundred and one samples obtained from 61 children were examined for Cryptosporidium infection during a period of 12 months. One hundred fifteen specimens were collected during diarrhoea episodes and the remaining 86 obtained out of diarrhoea period, as controls. All samples were examined by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Cryptosporidium was detected in 6 (5.2%) of 115 samples from diarrhoeic children. All non-diarrhoeic control patients were negative for Cryptosporidum. The present study suggests that Cryptosporidium is an agent of self-limited diarrhoea among immunocompetent children from Belém, Pará.

Amostras de Cryptosporidium sp foram detectadas das fezes de três crianças com diarréia aguda. Em dois casos nenhum outro agente foi registrado, concomitantemente, e no terceiro caso, esse coccidio estava associado com Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Chilomastix mesnili e Pentatrichomonas hominis.

Cryptosporidium sp was detected in faeces from three children suffering from acute diarrhoea. In two cases no other concomitant agents were detected and in a 3rd. this agent was associated with Entamoeba histolytic, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Chilomastix mesnili and Pentatricbomonas hominis.

Amostras de soro de 125 crianças, com idades entre 0 e 10 anos, da população de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, geraram um índice de prevalência de anticorpos para rotavirus (ensaio imunoenzimático) de 82,4%. Aparentemente, o maior risco de infecção pelo vírus se dá no grupo de 1 a 3 anos. Não existe diferença de infecção de acordo com o sexo. Informações soroepidemlológicas a nível nacional, são de grande importância para o melhor conhecimento do comportamento do vírus na população em risco, principalmente quando existe a possibilidade de uma futura imuno-profilaxia. O teste imuno-enzimático em comparação com a contraimuno-eletro-osmoforese, mostrou-se mais sensível para a detecção de anticorpos para rotavirus.

A sample of 125 sera from children aged 0-10 years old from Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, yielded an 82.4% prevalence rate of antibodies to rotavirus (through an enzyme immunoassay). In this study, the 1-3 year old group shows the highest risk of infection with rotavirus. No sex difference was evident. Regional seroepidemiological data is of the utmost importance in order to identify the behaviour of the virus in the population at risk, specially with the advent of a vaccine for the agent. The enzyme imu- noassay test was compared to counterimmuno-electro-osmophoresis and was shown to be more sensitive for the detection of antibodies.