In this study, xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei) native endemic cactus from the Brazilian semiarid was used for the first time as a natural carbon source (“green precursor”) for the synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). These CDs were successfully used to develop a fast, low-cost, eco-friendly fluorescence method for the determination of tannins in teas. This method was automatized employing a flow-batch system coupled to an inexpensive ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) used as an excitation source and a cheap handheld spectrometer used as a detector. CDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The proposed method presented a linear range from 2.0-30.0 mg L-1, relative standard deviation (RSD) < 3.0%, limit of detection (LOD) = 0.102 mg L-1, and recovery rates from 90.5-109.1%. A paired t-test at a 95% confidence level indicated no statistically significant difference between the proposed and reference methods, revealing that it is a useful alternative for the determination of tannins.

Abstract In Malignant Hilar Biliary Stricture (MHBS) palliative biliary drainage is a frequent strategy, improving the quality of life, reducing pruritus, loss of appetite and relieving cholangitis. The endoscopic approach is an effective, although challenging procedure. This study aimed to evaluate technical and clinical success rates of biliary drainage by ERCP. This is a retrospective study including all patients with MHBS referred to Instituto do Cancer do Hospital de São Paulo (ICESP) submitted to biliary drainage by ERCP, between January 2010 and December 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate predictors of clinical failure, as total bilirubin levels, Bismuth classification, number of hepatic sectors drained and presence of cholangitis. In total, 82 patients presenting unresectable MHBS were included in this study. 58.5% female and 41.5% male, with a mean age of 60±13 years. Bismuth classification grades II, IIIA, IIIB and IV were noted in 23.2%, 15.9%, 14.6% and 46.3%, respectively. Technical and clinical success was achieved in 92.7% and 53.7% respectively. At multivariable logistic-regression analyses, Bismuth IV strictures were related to higher clinical failure rates when compared to other strictures levels, with an Odds Ratio of 5.8 (95% CI 1.28‒20.88). In conclusion, endoscopic biliary drainage for malignant hilar biliary stricture had a high technical success but suboptimal clinical success rate. Proximal strictures (Bismuth IV) were associated with poor drainage outcomes.

Objective: to identify the evidence related to the risks of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in healthcare workers and the interventions adopted. Method: systematic literature review in eight scientific databases and three gray literature repositories. Results: 26 studies identified as risk factors: scarcity, inadequate use or reuse of personal equipment; low adherence to precautionary measures; working in intensive care and COVID-19 sectors; long stay in a closed work environment; sharing eating areas without the use of masks and distance; low knowledge and unpreparedness for disease management. 12 studies identified as interventions: health surveillance programs with early detection, diagnosis and early withdrawal; organization of care flows; double triage; telemedicine; limitation of visits; creation of exclusive sectors for care to COVID-19; qualification and training with virtual tools and simulation. Conclusion: besides the risk of infection, individual, psychosocial and organizational factors made the healthcare work environment unsafe. Interventions should be adopted to mitigate the risks and decrease the professionals' morbidity and mortality.

Objetivo: identificar as evidências relacionadas aos riscos de exposição ao SARS-CoV-2 em profissionais de saúde e as intervenções adotadas. Método: revisão sistemática de literatura em oito bases de dados científicas e três repositórios de literatura cinzenta. Resultados: 26 estudos identificaram como fator de risco: escassez, uso inadequado ou reuso de equipamentos individuais; baixa adesão às medidas de precaução; atuação em terapia intensiva e setores COVID-19; longa permanência em ambiente de trabalho fechado; compartilhamento de espaços para alimentação sem uso de máscara e distanciamento; baixo conhecimento e despreparo para atendimento à doença. 12 estudos identificaram como intervenções:  programas de vigilância em saúde com detecção precoce, diagnóstico e afastamento precoce; organização de fluxos de atendimento; triagem dupla; telemedicina; limitação de visitas; criação de setores exclusivos para atendimento à COVID-19; capacitações e treinamentos com ferramentas virtuais e simulação. Conclusão: além do risco de infecção, fatores individuais, psicossociais e organizacionais tornaram o ambiente de trabalho em saúde inseguro. Intervenções devem ser adotadas para mitigar os riscos e diminuir a morbimortalidade dos profissionais.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, o turismo vem sendo interpretado, pelas narrativas oficiais da gestão pública brasileira, como uma via possível para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e para a inclusão social. Desta forma, muitas experiências vem ocorrendo no mundo com este objetivo, dentre as quais, aquelas relacionadas ao denominado turismo de base comunitária ou TBC, que, em tese, busca o desenvolvimento das localidades turísticas, a partir de premissas centrais de conservação dos recursos naturais, valorização da cultura e protagonismo local. Sob essa inspiração, este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a maneira pela qual as premissas conceituais relativas ao TBC vêm sendo expressas nas narrativas de políticas públicas de turismo, no caso brasileiro, buscando contribuir para a construção de uma linha de base para orientar um debate qualificado sobre o tema, em um cenário pós-pandemia da Covid-19. Para tal, a metodologia adotada partiu de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, considerando, como universo de análise, as políticas públicas de turismo, no período entre 2003 e 2018. A análise realizada sugere que, apesar de algumas das premissas teóricas que orientam o TBC estarem expressas nos documentos mais recentes, de maneira geral interpretado, predominantemente, pela lógica do mercado nas narrativas de políticas públicas, em contradição com a base teórica, que tem orientado o debate sobre o tema. Assim, considerando essa tendência e, em um cenário de incertezas pós-pandemia da Covid-19, parece evidente o risco de instrumentalização dessa prática nas narrativas oficiais, para atender aos interesses do mercado, por meio do falso discurso de combate às desigualdades sociais.

Abstract For the past few years, tourism has been interpreted by official narratives of public policies in Brazil, as a possible route for socioeconomic development and for social inclusion. Thus, many experiments took place in the world for this purpose and, among them, the community based tourism or CBT, which in theory, seeks the development of tourist locations, based on central premises for the conservation of natural resources, valuing culture and local protagonism. Under this inspiration, this article aims to analyze the way in which the conceptual premises related to CBT has been expressed in the narratives of public tourism policies, in the Brazilian case, seeking to contribute to the construction of a baseline to guide a qualified debate on the topic, in a post-pandemic scenario of Covid-19.Therefore, the methodology adopted was based on bibliographic and documentary research, considering public tourism policies in the period between 2003 and 2018 as the universe of analysis. The analysis suggests that, despite some of the theoretical premises that guide CBT being expressed in the most recent documents, in general, this has been interpreted, predominantly, by the logic of the market in the narratives of public policies, in contradiction with the theoretical basis, which has guided the debate on the theme. Thus, considering this trend in a scenario of post-pandemic uncertainties in Covid-19, the risk of instrumentalising this practice in official narratives seems to be evident, in order to meet the interests of the market, through the false discourse of fighting social inequalities.

Resumen En los últimos años, el turismo ha sido interpretado, por narraciones oficiales de gestión pública, en Brasil, como una posibilidad para el desarrollo socioeconómico y para la inclusión social. De esta manera, se dieron muchas experiencias en el mundo con este objetivo y, entre ellas, el turismo comunitario o TBC, que, en teoría, busca el desarrollo de lugares turísticos, desde premisas centrales de conservación de recursos naturales, valorización de la cultura y protagonismo loca. A partir de esa inspiración, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la manera por la cual las principales premisas conceptuales relacionadas con TC se han expresado en las políticas públicas de turismo, en el caso brasileño, contribuyendo para la construcción de una línea de base para guiar un debate calificado sobre el tema, en un escenario posterior a la pandemia de Covid-19. Para ello, la metodología adoptada se basó en la investigación bibliográfica y documental sobre las políticas públicas de turismo en el período desde 2003 hasta 2018. El análisis sugiere que, aunque algunas de las premisas teóricas que guían el TBC se expresan en los documentos más recientes, de manera general, es interpretado por la lógica del mercado en las narrativas de políticas públicas, en contradicción con la base teórica, que ha guiado el debate sobre el tema. Por lo tanto, teniendo en cuenta esta tendencia y, en un escenario de incertidumbres pos pandémicas de Covid-19, el riesgo de instrumentalizar esta práctica en las narrativas oficiales parece ser evidente, para satisfacer los intereses del mercado, a través del falso discurso de combatir las desigualdades sociales.

Neste trabalho descrevemos e analisamos o processo de transição dos pressupostos teóricos para descrição e fundamentação do efeito Faraday, ocorrido na segunda metade do século XIX. A partir dos artigos científicos originais, publicados nos periódicos da época, procuramos caracterizar como tais esforços buscaram inspiração inicial na lei de Biot da atividade óptica natural e na teoria da birrefringência circular de Fresnel. Daí surgiram as tentativas de descrição elastodinâmica do fenômeno. Os continuadores da obra eletromagnética de Maxwell, por sua vez, promoveram a transição para a fundamentação eletromagnética do mesmo e, conforme indicamos, tal abordagem somente se tornou viável com a hipótese iônica da matéria e a descoberta do elétron, no encerramento do século.

In this work we describe and analyze the process of transition of the theoretical assumptions for the description and foundation of the Faraday effect, which took place in the second half of the 19th century. From the original scientific articles, published in the journals of the time, we tried to characterize how such efforts sought initial inspiration from Biot’s law of natural optical activity and from Fresnel’s theory of circular birefringence. Hence, the attempts at elastodynamic description of the phenomenon emerged. The followers of Maxwell’s electromagnetic work, in turn, promoted the transition to its electromagnetic foundation and, as we have indicated, such an approach only became viable with the ionic hypothesis of matter and the discovery of the electron, at the end of the century.

ABSTRACT Soil Education aims to give individuals a transforming formative process for conscious actions related to the soil in their life experiences in and with the world. As such, the educational methodologies addressing soil-related contents should be in dialogue with the purpose of this educational process. On the perspective of education for social transformation, it is recommended that professors of Higher Education avoid from pedagogical actions with traditional approaches, and start using other strategies and methodologies centered on students and their context. With the challenge of addressing the implementation of emancipatory principles in educational procedures within the disciplinary structure of a traditional paradigm of education and achieving the aim of Soil Education, we put forward the Alternative Methodology of Problem Cases (AMPC), which was shaped up from two methodologies with constructivist principles, P roblem-Based Learning (PBL) and Team-Based Learning (TBL). This methodology is divided into three phases (preparation, application, and reflection), which are in turn divided into seven steps that complement each other (recovery of socio-historical knowing and knowledge; study of the themes; problem case resolution; team guidance; individual activity report; and individual and collective feedback). In addition, the steps contain individual and team assignments, which revolve around the resolution of problem cases related to the future profession. The AMPC is different from PBL and TBL as the former is grounded on emancipatory principles that facilitate the development of educational processes that value the socio-historical knowing and knowledge of individuals and enable the development of students’ autonomy, creativity, critical thinking, and awareness for actions in real life. The challenges through which individuals can develop relational, complex, and critical thinking, apply them to professional life situations, confront and reframe their knowledge and knowing, as well as create solutions and plan future scenarios with the practice of solving problem cases about soils consist in the capacity of AMPC to be efficient to soil learning.

Resumo: Neste artigo, analisamos a constituição dos modelos de formação profissional no Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial do Espírito Santo entre 1948 e 1992. Orientados pelo materialismo histórico-dialético, dialogamos com a bibliografia e operamos com a análise documental. A pesquisa nos permitiu produzir uma periodização articulada às práticas pedagógicas da instituição que, para além da história institucional, aponta três subperíodos (1948-1963; 1963-1981; 1981-1992), nos quais os modelos monotécnico e multitécnico se alternam, possibilitando, ou não, a oferta articulada com a educação básica escolar e sinalizando a coexistência de projetos em disputa que se desenvolveram de modo complexo e não linear.

Abstract: In this article we analyze the constitution of professional training models in the National Industrial Learning Service of Espírito Santo between 1948 and 1992. Guided by historical-dialectical materialism, we dialogue with bibliography and operate with documentary analysis. The research allowed us to produce a periodization articulated to the pedagogical practices of the institution, that, in addition to institutional history, it points out three subperiods (1948-1963; 1963-1981; 1981-1992) in which the monotechnical and multitechnical models alternate, allowing, or not, the offer articulated with basic school education, signaling the coexistence of projects in dispute that develops in a complex and non-linear way.

Resumen: En este artículo analizamos la constitución de modelos de formación profesional en el Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje Industrial de Espírito Santo entre 1948 y 1992. Guiados por el materialismo histórico-dialéctico, dialogamos con la bibliografía y operamos con el análisis documental. La investigación nos permitió producir una periodización articulada a las prácticas pedagógicas de la institución, que, además de la historia institucional, señala tres subperíodos (1948-1963; 1963-1981; 1981-1992) en los que se alternan los modelos monotécnicos y multitécnicos, permitiendo, o no, la oferta articulada con la educación escolar básica, señalando la convivencia de proyectos en disputa que se desarrolla de manera compleja y no lineal.

Resumo Depreendendo de uma abordagem construtivista, este artigo se baseia nas relações entre o Brasil e o mundo afro-asiático a partir dos escritos do diplomata Bezerra de Menezes, que defendeu um maior compromisso da política externa brasileira com o Sul Global. O autor agiu tanto como um empreendedor de normas (norm entrepreneur)que problematizava o pertencimento brasileiro ao Ocidente, quanto como um historiador prático-intuitivo (practical-intuitive historian) que usava o passado para mostrar que os laços que uniam o Brasil à Ásia e à África eram mais estreitos do que aqueles que o uniam à Europa.

Abstract Drawing from constructivist scholarship, this article dwells on the relations between Brazil and the Afro-Asian world based on the writings of diplomat Adolpho Justo Bezerra de Menezes, who advocated a larger commitment of the Brazilian foreign policy to the Global South. The author acted both as a norm entrepreneur who problematized Brazilian belonging to the West and a practical-intuitive historian who used the past to show that the ties uniting Brazil to Asia and Africa were tighter than those uniting it to Europe.

Objective: To review the literature regarding adolescent suicide risk and explore the associations between treatment compliance (expressed as a concept including measured adherence to treatment and/or mental health service utilization) and risk and protective factors for suicidal behavior (SB), as well as the association between treatment compliance and reattempts. Methods: PubMed, LILACS, and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: (adolescent*) AND (suicide*) AND (risk factor OR protective factors) AND (treatment compliance OR treatment attrition OR treatment adherence OR treatment drop out OR treatment retention OR mental health utilization). We retrieved studies that focused on the relation of treatment compliance to risk and protective factors for SB and that had only adolescent samples. Results: Of 4,841 articles, 30 original articles were selected for review. Most studies indicated high mental health service (MHS) utilization and poor treatment adherence by SB patients. Social minority status and conduct disorder were associated with less treatment adherence, while female sex, parental perceived need for treatment, and major depression were associated with greater treatment adherence. Inpatient and intensive emergency care after SA and family interventions improved MHS utilization and treatment compliance. However, we found no substantial protective effect of treatment compliance against reattempts. Conclusion: Effective treatment planning for compliance requires considering psychopathology, treatment planning, and social, familial, and individual factors.

RESUMO: Diante dos impactos socioambientais gerados pelo turismo contemporâneo, o turismo étnico indígena, vem sendo debatido como uma via possível para a conservação dos recursos naturais e das tradições culturais. Para um país como o Brasil, reconhecido, internacionalmente, por sua riqueza em termos de patrimônio natural e pela sua diversidade cultural, esse tende a ser um debate de importância central. Com base neste breve contexto e, utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental para a construção de um balizamento preliminar sobre o tema, este artigo visa interpretar, criticamente como se expressa a noção de turismo étnico indígena, na produção acadêmica nacional é nas narrativas de políticas públicas, com foco na Instrução Normativa no. 03/2015 , o instrumento legal de referência sobre o tema no caso brasileiro, se busca, complementarmente, delinear algumas das principais potencialidades e desafios para a implementação destas iniciativas turísticas no país. Os resultados desta pesquisa de caráter exploratório parecem indicar que não existe ainda uma perspectiva conceitual consensual sobre o turismo étnico indígena e são inúmeros os desafios e potencialidades para sua consolidação no país. A descaracterização cultural e o desenvolvimento de mecanismos para o fortalecimento do protagonismo nas populações indígenas no processo de implementação dos projetos turísticos em seus territórios, constituem exemplos dos desafios, nesse sentido.

ABSTRACT: Faced with the socio-environmental impacts generated by contemporary tourism, indigenous ethnic tourism has been discussed as a possible means of preserving natural resources and cultural traditions. This article uses bibliographic and documentary research to construct a preliminary definition of the theme, aiming to critically interpret how the notion of indigenous ethnic tourism is expressed in the national academic production and in the narratives of public policies. It focuses specifically on Normative Instruction no. 03/2015, the main legislative instrument on the subject in Brazil. The results of this research seem to indicate that there is no consensus as to the conceptual perspective of indigenous ethnic tourism. There are potentialities in this regard, but there are also numerous challenges to its consolidation in the country, such as cultural mischaracterization and the need to develop mechanisms to strengthen the role of indigenous peoples in the implementation of tourism projects in their territories.

RESUMEN: Frente a los impactos socio ambiéntales generados por el turismo contemporáneo, el turismo étnico indígena comienza a entrar en discusión como un camino posible para la conservación de los recursos naturales y de las tradiciones culturales. Así, basándose de una investigación bibliográfica y documental para la construcción de una definición preliminar acerca del tema, este artículo tiene como reto interpretar, críticamente, como se expresa la noción de turismo étnico indígena, en la producción académica nacional y las narrativas de políticas públicas, con enfoque en la Instrução Normativa nº.03/2015, el instrumento legal de referencia acerca del tema en Brasil. Los resultados de esta investigación parecen indicar que aún no existe una perspectiva conceptual consensual sobre el turismo étnico indígena, aunque sean muchas las posibilidades en esta dirección, los retos para su consolidación en el país también son ilimitados. La errónea caracterización cultural y el desarrollo de mecanismos para el fortalecimiento del protagonismo en las poblaciones indígenas en la implementación de proyectos turísticos en sus territorios constituyen ejemplos de los desafíos en este sentido.

Objective: To translate and adapt culturally the Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19 questionnaire to the Brazilian context, to develop and evaluate a “Socio-demographic and occupational questionnaire: risk assessment and exposure management for health workers and students in the context of COVID-19 ”. Method: a methodological study, whose cultural adaptation process for the Brazilian context of the first questionnaire was carried out in f

Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o questionário Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19 para o contexto brasileiro, elaborar e avaliar um “Questionário sociodemográfico e ocupacional: avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes de saúde no contexto da COVID-19”. Método: estudo metodológico, cujo processo de adaptação cultural para o contexto brasileiro do primeiro questionário foi realizado em cinco etapas:

OBJECTIVES: Strategic planning for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) care has dominated the agenda of medical services, which have been further restricted by the need for minimizing viral transmission. Risk is particularly relevant in relation to endoscopy procedures. This study aimed to describe a contingency plan for a tertiary academic cancer center, define a strategy to prioritize and postpone examinations, and evaluate the infection rate among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the endoscopy unit of the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP). METHODS: We created a strategy to balance the risk of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to mitigate the effects of postponing endoscopic procedures in oncological patients. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on all endoscopies between March and June 2020 compared with those during the same period in 2019 was carried out. All HCWs were interviewed to obtain clinical data and SARS-CoV-2 test results. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 outbreak, there was a reduction of 55% in endoscopy cases in total. Colonoscopy was the most affected modality. The total infection rate among all HCWs was 38%. None of the senior digestive endoscopists had COVID-19. However, all bronchoscopists had been infected. One of three fellows had a serological diagnosis of COVID-19. Two-thirds of all nurses were infected, whereas half of all technicians were infected. CONCLUSIONS: In this pandemic scenario, all endoscopy services must prioritize the procedures that will be performed. It was possible to maintain some endoscopic procedures, including those meant to provide nutritional access, tissue diagnosis, and endoscopic resection. Personal protective equipment (PPE) seems effective in preventing transmission of COVID-19 from patients to digestive endoscopists. These measures can be useful in planning, even for pandemics in the future.

Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o questionário Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of covid-19 para o contexto brasileiro e elaborar e avaliar um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e ocupacional para compor o questionário adaptado. Método: cinco etapas foram realizadas para adaptação do questionário Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of covid-19: tradução, síntese das traduções, avaliação por comitê de juízes, retrotradução e pré-teste. Quanto ao questionário complementar, foi construído e avaliado por um comitê de juízes e realizado pré-teste. Resultados: os questionários foram validados e a etapa de pré-teste foi realizada com trabalhadores e estudantes da área de saúde. Conclusão: a versão final adaptada para o contexto brasileiro foi denominada Questionário de avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes de saúde no contexto da covid-19 e está disponibilizada para uso, juntamente com a versão final do questionário sociodemográfico e ocupacional: avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes da área de saúde no contexto da covid-19. Estes questionários podem auxiliar na mitigação dos riscos de infecção, adoecimento e morte de trabalhadores e estudantes da área de saúde pela covid-19.

Objective: to translate and culturally adapt the Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of covid-19 questionnaire to the Brazilian context and to develop and evaluate a sociodemographic and occupational characterization questionnaire to compose the adapted questionnaire. Method: five stages were conducted to adapt the Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of covid-19 questionnaire, namely: translation, synthesis of the translations, evaluation by a committee of judges, back translation and pre-test. As for the complementary questionnaire, it was elaborated and evaluated by a committee of judges and a pre-test was carried out. Results: the questionnaires were validated and the pre-test stage was conducted with health workers and students. Conclusion: the final version adapted to the Brazilian context was called Questionário de avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes de saúde no contexto da covid-19 and is available for use, together with the final version of the Sociodemographic and occupational questionnaire: Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers and students in the context of covid-19. These questionnaires may assist in mitigating the risks of infection, illness and death of health workers and students due to covid-19.

Objetivo: traducir y adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of covid-19 al contexto brasileño y elaborar y evaluar un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica y ocupacional para formular el cuestionario adaptado. Método: se llevaron a cabo cinco pasos para adaptar el cuestionario Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of covid-19: traducción, síntesis de traducciones, evaluación por un comité de jueces, retrotraducción y pretest. En cuanto al cuestionario complementario, fue elaborado y evaluado por un comité de jueces y se realizó una prueba previa. Resultados: se validaron los cuestionarios y se realizó la etapa de pretest con trabajadores y estudiantes del área de la salud. Conclusión: la versión final adaptada al contexto brasileño se denominó Questionário de avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes de saúde no contexto da covid-19 y está disponible para su uso, junto con la versión final del Questionário de avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes de saúde no contexto da COVID-19. Estos cuestionarios pueden ayudar a disminuir los riesgos de infección, enfermedad y muerte de los trabajadores y los estudiantes del área de la salud por covid-19.