Resumo A presente pesquisa tem como proposta investigar as bases históricas da Universidade e analisar suas influências para o surgimento dos cursos Bacharelados Interdisciplinares na Universidade Federal da Bahia. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura com o objetivo de compreender com maior clareza as novas contingências políticas, sociais e educacionais brasileiras que demandaram uma reformulação na arquitetura curricular e pedagógica, adequando-as à realidade do ensino superior no século XXI. A criação dos Bacharelados Interdisciplinares, pautada no sistema de ciclos, almeja responder as atuais demandas contemporâneas que necessitam, cada vez mais, de uma integração entre as várias áreas do conhecimento. Neste sentido, este estudo aponta para a necessidade de construção de uma nova Universidade, através da restruturação dos currículos universitários e do processo de autonomia do graduando em seu percurso formativo, fundamentado na epistemologia interdisciplinar com pilares coerentes com as novas demandas da atualidade.

Abstract This research aims to investigate the historic bases of the University and analyses its influences to the Interdisciplinary Bachelor degree programs created at the Universidade Federal da Bahia. Through a literature review, this study attempts to clearly understand the new Brazilian contingencies, whether political, social and educational, which result in a reformulation of the curricular and pedagogical structures, adapting them to the reality of the college education of the 21st century. The Interdisciplinary Bachelors programs´ conception, based on a cycle system, aims to answer the new contemporary demands which need, more and more, integration between the many parts of knowledge. Therefore, this study reflects the necessity to construct a new concept about university, through the restructuring of the university’s curriculum and the restructuring of the students’ autonomy in their academic trajectory. This new perspective must be based on an interdisciplinary epistemology, with pillars coherent with new demands.

Este artigo analisa o trabalho docente nas Universidades Federais, em especial na Universidade Federal da Bahia, entre 2005 e 2008, a partir do fenômeno da precarização social do trabalho e da consequente alienação do trabalhador, baseando-se nos resultados de pesquisa de doutorado realizada na UFBA. Descreve as dimensões fundamentais desse processo: a multiplicidade de tarefas, a captação de recursos internos e externos para a pesquisa, as contradições entre a formação e as demandas do sistema universitário, a sobrecarga de trabalho e suas consequências, como ausência do lazer, perda de controle sobre o projeto acadêmico e adoecimento. Conclui que a principal contradição vivida pelo docente é a de que a autonomia percebida por ele não é a exercida, uma vez que está submetido a diversos controles internos e externos do sistema meritocrático, cujas exigências ultrapassam a capacidade física e psíquica do professor para responder adequadamente. Entretanto, compreender o processo de alienação é a base para a transformação e emancipação daqueles que possuem o papel fundamental de desenvolver as capacidades do outro.

This paper examines the teaching work in public universities, especially at the Federal University of Bahia in Portuguese, UFBA, between 2005 and 2008, from the phenomenon of the precarization of labor and the consequent alienation of the worker, based on the results of doctoral research in UFBA. It describes the fundamental dimensions of this process: the multiplicity of tasks, , internal and external fundraising for research, contradictions between training and the demands of the university system, work overload and its consequences, such as absence of leisure, loss of control over the academic project and illness. It concludes that the main contradiction experienced by the teachers is that the autonomy perceived by them is not the one exercised, since it is subjected to various internal and external controls of the meritocratic system, whose demands exceed the physical and psychic capacity of the teacher to respond appropriately . However, understanding the process of alienation is the basis for transformation and emancipation of those who have a fundamental role in developing the capacities of others.

Cet article présente le travail des professeurs dans les Universités Fédérales et tout spécialement au sein de l'Université Fédérale de Bahia, entre 2005 et 2008. On y analyse le phénomène de précarisation sociale du travail et, par conséquent, d'aliénation des travailleurs à partir des donnés de la recherche de doctorat réalisée à UFBA. On y décrit les dimensions fondamentales de ce processus: la multiplicité des tâches, la demande de fonds internes et externes pour la recherche, les contradictions entre la formation et les exigences du système universitaire, la surcharge de travail et ses conséquences tels que l'absence de loisirs, la perte de contrôle du projet académique et le fait de tomber malade. On en arrive à la conclusion que la principale contradiction pour l'enseignant est celle de l'autonomie dont il ne dispose pas comme il le devrait, étant donné qu'il est soumis à divers contrôles internes et externes du système méritocratique dont les exigences vont au-delà de ses capacités physiques et psychiques pour qu'il puisse y répondre de manière adéquate. Cependant la compréhension de ce processus d'aliénation constitue la base de la transformation et de l'émancipation de ceux qui jouent un rôle fondamental dans le développement des capacités de l'autre.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar e monitorar a implantação de um projeto voltado para a ampliação do acesso e a humanização do acolhimento aos usuários da rede básica de Salvador, entre novembro de 2005 e maio de 2008. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma avaliação da implantação do projeto em três momentos, tanto de uma perspectiva externa, por equipe de consultores, quanto resultado de uma autoavaliação por parte dos Gerentes de Unidades. Com esse objetivo, foi elaborado um modelo lógico da intervenção, do qual foi derivada uma matriz com critérios para a avaliação. RESULTADOS: ao final do primeiro ano, a implantação dos componentes do programa variou entre 45% e 82% das unidades. Seis meses após, verificou-se uma ampliação da implantação. No terceiro e último ano, em 2008, avaliação feita em amostra de 24 Unidades revelou persistência da implantação do projeto, porém com importantes retrocessos. CONCLUSÕES: o elevado grau de implantação verificado, com a redução das filas evitáveis e melhoria da acessibilidade às unidades de saúde, no primeiro ano, pode estar relacionado à estratégia de implantação, bem como a algumas características da gestão municipal. Os autores discutem ainda as possíveis razões dos obstáculos encontrados no contexto da gestão municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate and monitor the implementation of a project aiming to broaden access and humanization of user embracement for users of the primary health care in Salvador, Brazil, between November 2005 and May 2008. METHODS: the implementation of the project was evaluated at three points in time, both externally, by a team of consultants, and internally as part of a self-evaluation by Unit Managers. An intervention logic model was designed for this purpose and a set of evaluation criteria derived from this. RESULTS: at the end of the first year, the implementation of program components varied from 45% to 82% of units. Six months later, implementation was more extensive. In the third and last year, in 2008, an evaluation carried out in a sample of 24 units revealed continued implementation of the project, albeit with a considerable setbacks. CONCLUSIONS: the high degree of implementation observed, with a reduction in the size of avoidable waiting queues and improvement in access to health units in the first year, may be related to the implementation strategy adopted and to some of the specific features of municipal administration. The authors also discuss the possible reasons for the obstacles encountered within the municipal administration of the Brazilian National Health System.

The recruitment of circulating eosinophils by chemokines and chemokine receptors plays an important role in the inflammation process in acute human schistosomiasis. Our main focus has been on the plasma chemokines (CXCL8/CCL2/CCL3/CCL24) and chemokine receptors (CCR2/CCR3/CCR5/CXCR1/CXCR2/CXCR3/CXCR4) expressed by circulating eosinophils from acute Schistosoma mansoni infected patients (ACT). Our studies compared ACT patients and healthy individuals as a control group. Our major findings demonstrated a plethora of chemokine secretion with significantly increased secretion of all chemokines analysed in the ACT group. Although no differences were detected for beta-chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5) or alpha-chemokine receptors (CXCR3 and CXCR4), a significantly lower frequency of CXCR1+ and CXCR2+ eosinophils in the ACT group was observed. The association between chemokines and their chemokine receptors revealed that acutely infected schistosome patients displaying decreased plasma levels of CCL24 are the same patients who presented enhanced secretion of CCL3, as well as increased expression of both the CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokine receptors. These findings suggest that CCL24 may influence the kinetics of chemokines and their receptors and eosinophils recruitment during human acute schistosomiasis mansoni.

This paper reports an outbreak of acute schistosomiasis among 38 tourists who rented a country house in the district of Igarapé, the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, during a holiday period in 2006. A total number of 32 individuals were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. Results of stool examinations revealed individual S. mansoni egg counts per gram of faeces (epg) ranging from 4-768 epg with a geometric mean egg count of 45. The most frequent clinical symptoms were abdominal pain (78.1%), headache (75%), fever (65.6%), dry cough (65.2%) and both diarrhoea and asthenia (59.4%). A malacological survey of the area, where 22 specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata were collected, revealed three (13.6%) specimens eliminating Schistosoma cercariae. This investigation re-confirms a recently described pattern of schistosomiasis infection, resulting in the acute form of the disease and connected to rural tourism, which contributes to the spread of the disease among the middle-class and into non-endemic areas. The lack of specific knowledge about acute schistosomiasis among health services causes an increased number of unnecessary diagnostic procedures and delays in accurate diagnosis and treatment, resulting in considerable discomfort for the patients.

Herein we have focused attention on major phenotypic features of peripheral blood eosinophils from chronic Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients. For this purpose, detailed immunophenotypic profiles of a range of cell surface markers were performed, including activation markers (CD23/CD69/CD25/HLA-DR), co-stimulatory molecules (CD28/CD80/CD86), chemokine receptors (CXCR1/CXCR2/CCR3/CCR5) besides L-selectin-CD62L and adhesion molecules (CD18/CD54). Our major findings pointed out increased frequency of CD23+-cells, besides decreased percentages of CD69+-eosinophils, suggesting a chronic activation status with low frequency of early activated eosinophils in chronic S. mansoni-infected patients (INT) in comparison to non-infected individuals (NI). Moreover, a dichotomic expression of beta-chemokine receptors was observed during human schistosomiasis mansoni with higher CCR5 and lower levels of CCR3 observed between groups. Enhanced expression of co-stimulatory receptors (CD28/CD86) and adhesion molecules (CD54/CD18), besides striking lower frequency of L-selectin+ were reported for eosinophils from INT group as compared to NI. Interestingly, the frequency of CD62L+-eosinophils and a range of cell activation related molecules pointed out an opposite pattern of association in NI and INT, where only INT patients that display lower frequency of CD62L+-eosinophils (first CD62L tertile) kept the unusual relationship between the expression of L-selectin and the CD23 activation marker. These findings suggest that distinct dynamic of activation markers expressed by eosinophils may occur during chronic S. mansoni infection.