Abstract Introduction Biomechanical assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture contributes to the evaluation of fractures risk associated with osteoporosis and plays a crucial role in planning preventive strategies. One of the most widely clinical technics used for osteoporosis diagnosis by health professionals is bone dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). However, doubts about its accuracy motivate the introduction of congruent technical analysis such as calcaneal ultrasonometry (Quantitative Ultrasonometry - QUS). Methods Correlations between Bone Quality Index (BQI), determined by calcaneal ultrasonometry of thirty (30) individuals classified as normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic, and elastic modulus (E) and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) from axial compression tests of ninety (90) proof bodies from human vertebrae trabecular bone, which were extracted from cadavers in the twelfth thoracic region (T12), first and fourth lumbar (L1 and L4). Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences for E (p = 0.001), for UCS (p = 0.0001) and BQI. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rho) between BQI and E (r = 0.499) and BQI and UCS (r = 0.508) were moderate. Discussion Calcaneal ultrasonometry technique allowed a moderate estimate of bone mechanical strength and fracture risk associated with osteoporosis in human vertebrae.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative analysis of the effects of platelet-rich plasma and centrifuged bone marrow aspirate on the induction of bone healing in rabbits. METHOD: Twenty adult, male New Zealand rabbits were randomly separated into two equal groups, and surgery was performed to create a bone defect (a cortical orifice 3.3 mm in diameter) in the proximal metaphysis of each rabbit's right tibia. In the first group, platelet-rich plasma was implanted in combination with β-tricalcium phosphate (platelet-rich plasma group), and in the second group, centrifuged bone marrow in combination with β-tricalcium phosphate (centrifuged bone marrow group) was implanted. After a period of four weeks, the animals were euthanized, and the tibias were evaluated using digital radiography, computed tomography, and histomorphometry. RESULTS: Seven samples from each group were evaluated. The radiographic evaluation confirmed the absence of fractures in the postoperative limb and identified whether bone consolidation had occurred. The tomographic evaluation revealed a greater amount of consolidation and the formation of a greater cortical bone thickness in the platelet-rich plasma group. The histomorphometry revealed a greater bone density in the platelet-rich plasma group compared with the centrifuged bone marrow group. CONCLUSION: After four weeks, the platelet-rich plasma promoted a greater amount of bone consolidation than the bone marrow aspirate concentrate.

Com a finalidade de se comparar as propriedades mecânicas do ligamento da patela e do tendão calcâneo foram realizados ensaios de tração em material obtido de 25 cadáveres humanos. A idade dos doadores foi 58 ± 14 anos (33-85), sendo 19 (76%) masculinos e 6 (24%) femininos, 23 brancos (92%) e dois negros (8%). Os materiais foram testados em seus 10 mm centrais, com velocidade de aplicação de carga de 30 mm/min. Foi obtida a área de secção dos corpos de prova para que fossem estudadas as propriedades estruturais e materiais. Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis: carga máxima (N), tensão(MPa), módulo de elasticidade (MPa), energia (Nm), alongamento absoluto (mm) e específico (%), limite de proporcionalidade (N), além da tensão (MPa) e alongamentos neste ponto. A análise estatística revelou que ambos possuem carga máxima, limite de proporcionalidade e tensão semelhantes (p>0,05). Nas outras variáveis ocorreu diferença significativa (p<0,05) com o tendão calcâneo apresentando valores maiores para energia e alongamento. O módulo de elasticidade, significativamente maior no ligamento da patela (p<0,05), foi a variável que melhor caracterizou a diferença do comportamento mecânico dos dois materiais.

Traction tests were performed in specimens obtained from 25 human cadavers, with the purpose of comparing the mechanical properties of the patellar ligament and the calcaneus tendon. Age range of donors was 58 ± 14 years (33-85). There were 19 (76%) males and 6 (24%) females; 23 whites (92%) and 2 blacks (8%). The 10-mm central portion of the specimens was tested at a load application rate level of 30 mm/min. The cross-sectional area of the specimens was obtained so that their structural and material properties could be studied. The following variables were studied: ultimate load (N), stress (MPa), elasticity modulus (Mpa), energy (Nm), absolute (mm) and specific strain (%), yield point (N), yield point stress (MPa). Statistical analysis revealed that both the patellar ligament and the calcaneus tendon, the ultimate load, proportionality limits and ultimate stress, were similar (p>0.05). The other variables showed significant differences (p<0.05). Energy and strain values were higher in the calcaneus tendon. The elasticity modulus, significantly higher in the patellar ligament (p< 0.05) was the variable that best characterized the mechanical behavior of both materials.

Análise comparativa das alterações nos fluxos de tensão do joelho nas próteses totais e unicompartimentais cimentadas. Estudo experimental em dez cadáveres humanos. Os autores comparam as alterações nos fluxos de tensão do fêmur distal e da tíbia proximal provocadas pelas próteses total e unicompartimental cimentadas do joelho, por meio de extensometria elétrica em 10 cadáveres humanos. Utilizam um dispositivo mecânico para adaptação das peças anatômicas à máquina de ensaios mecânicos Kratos 5002. Concluem: 1) A prótese total do joelho mantém o padrão de distribuição das cargas no terço distal do fêmur; 2) A prótese unicompartimental aumenta as tensões de compressão na cortical medial e as tensões de tração na cortical lateral do terço distal do fêmur; 3) Os componentes tibiais (parcial medial e total) aumentam, da mesma forma, as tensões de compressão na cortical póstero-medial da tíbia.

Load transfer changes on cemented total and unicompartmental knee prosthesis. Experimental study on ten human cadavers. The authors compare the load transfer changes on the distal femur and proximal tibia due to cemented total and unicompartmental knee prosthesis under compressive load-bearing on ten human cadavers employing strain gauges and a Kratos 5002 stress-testing system. The conclusions were: 1) The Total knee prosthesis does not alter the load transfer on the distal femur; 2) The unicompartmental knee prosthesis increases the compression load on the femoral medial cortex and increases the strain tension loads on the femoral lateral cortex; 3) The tibial components (partial medial and total) increase the compression strain tension on the postero-medial cortex of the tibia.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o enfraquecimento causado pela confecção de janela óssea cortical, os autores confeccionaram uma janela circular no osso cortical da diáfise de oito fêmures de carcaças de cães e uma janela quadrada nos oito pares destes fêmures, com diagonal semelhante ao diâmetro da janela circular contralateral. As peças anatômicas foram submetidas a teste de tensão torcional em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos; obtendo-se o torque máximo e a rigidez à torção. Os resultados mostraram que, para o fêmur com janela circular, o torque máximo médio foi de 13,65 ± 5,12 Nm, e a rigidez média foi de 1,18 ± 0,45 Nm/grau, enquanto que para a janela quadrada o torque máximo médio foi de 13, 39 ± 5,23 Nm, e a rigidez média foi de 1,05 ± 0,41 Nm/grau. A resistência nos ossos com janela circular e quadrada submetidos à tensão torcional foi praticamente igual, fato este corroborado pela análise estatística que não revelou diferença significante (p = 0,05).

With the purpose of evaluating the weakness caused by holes in the cortical bone, the authors performed circular holes in the diaphysis cortical bone of eight femurs from dog carcasses, and square holes in the diaphysis cortical bone of the contralateral femurs, the diagonals being similar to the diameters. The specimens were submitted to torsion stress test in a mechanical test machine to determine maximum torque and rigidity to torsion. Maximum mean torque for the femurs with circular holes was 13.65 ± 5.12 Nm and mean rigidity was 1.18 ± 0.45 Nm/degree, while the femurs with square holes showed maximum mean torque of 13.39 ± 5.23 Nm and mean rigidity of 1.05 ± 0.41 Nm/degree. The resistance to torsion stress in femurs with circular or square holes was very similar and the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference (p = 0.05).

Com o objetivo de avaliar a rigidez do ligamento cruzado anterior e dos enxertos preparados para sua reconstrução a partir da porção central do ligamento patelar e dos tendões dos músculos semitendíneo e grácil duplos, oriundos dos mesmos joelhos, o autor utiliza 20 joelhos de cadáveres humanos, frescos, todos masculinos, com idade média de 32,2 ± 8,9 anos, variando de 17 a 47 anos. As estruturas analisadas foram submetidas a três ensaios mecânicos de tração, com intervalos de 10 minutos para recuperação, em máquina Kratos K-5002 (eletromecânica), com velocidade de 20 mm/min até atingir 147,15 N (15 kgf), mantendo-as alongadas por um período de 15 minutos. Todas as estruturas observadas apresentam um aumento da rigidez aos sucessivos testes realizados, exceto entre o 2º e o 3º teste do ligamento cruzado anterior onde não apresentou diferença estatística. A análise estatística permite concluir que os ciclos sucessivos dos ensaios mecânicos determinam um aumento da rigidez dos enxertos analisados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stiffness of the anterior cruciate ligament and of the grafts prepared for its reconstruction from the central portion of the patellar ligament and of double semitendinosus and gracilis tendons originated from the same knees. The author utilizes 20 knees of fresh human cadavers, all male, with average age of 32,2 ± 8,9 years, ranging from 17 to 47 years. The structures analyzed were submitted to three mechanical traction tests, with 10 minutes intervals for recovery in a Kratos K-5002 (electromechanical) machine, with 20 mm/min speed up to 147, 15 N (15 kgf) and then keeping them stretched for a 15 minutes period tests. All structures tested show increase of stiffness, unless between 2º and 3º test to anterior cruciate ligament didn't have statistical difference. The statistical analysis, provided the following conclusions that repeated cycles of mechanical test determine an increase in the stiffness of the grafts analyzed.

Foram estudados, do ponto de vista mecânico, a rigidez e os pontos críticos de um implante para fixação interna da coluna lombossacra. Aplicou-se o implante sobre um modelo de madeira simulando o segmento lombossacro da coluna. Realizamos sete ensaios de flexo-compressão, sete de rigidez axial, sete de rigidez radial e um ensaio destrutivo. Os resultados demonstraram que o implante foi eficiente e seguro para uso em seres humanos.

This work consists of a mechanical analysis of the resistance and critical points of a stainless steel device for lumbossacral spinal fixation. The device was fixed into a wooden model representing the spinal lumbossacral segment. The experiment comprised seven tests of flexo-compression, seven tests of axial rigidity, seven tests of radial rigidity, and one destructive test. The critical points are the intersection of the pedicular screws threads and the attrition rate between the vise and the rod. The results demonstrated the device to be efficient and safe when used in human beings.

Foram retirados corpos de prova cilíndricos de 15 mm de diâmetro da camada cortical da face lateral de 10 pares de fêmures e tíbias oriundos de peças anatômicas. No centro de cada um destes foi feito um orifício de 3,2 mm e nele inserido, a partir da superfície externa, um parafuso cortical de 4,5 mm de diâmetro após rosqueamento com macho. Este conjunto foi submetido a um ensaio mecânico no qual o parafuso foi extraído. A espessura da camada cortical e a carga de ruptura foram medidas e a tensão de cisalhamento foi calculada. Os resultados foram agrupados de acordo com o segmento do osso de onde provinham. Os ensaios mostraram que a retenção cortical do parafuso varia ao longo do osso e que o tecido ósseo da córtex diafisária é tanto quantitativamente quanto qualitativamente mais resistente à extração do parafuso que o tecido metafisário.

Cylindrical specimens of bone measuring 15 mm in diameter were obtained from the lateral cortical layer of 10 pairs of femurs and tibias. A central hole 3.2 mm in diameter was drilled in each specimen. The hole was tapped, and a 4.5 mm cortical bone screw was inserted from the outer surface. The montage was submitted to push-out testing up to a complete strip of the bone threads. The cortical thickness and rupture load were measured, and the shear stress was calculated. The results were grouped according to the bone segment from which the specimen was obtained. The results showed that bone cortex screw holding power is dependent on the bone site. Additionally, the diaphyseal cortical bone tissue is both quantitatively and qualitatively more resistant to screw extraction than the metaphyseal tissue.