Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender la interrelación entre el proceso de formación de la estrategia (strategizing) y los aspectos constitutivos de las rutinas organizativas. Se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa a través de un estudio de caso en la Autoridad Portuaria de Valencia, España. Los datos se recopilaron a partir de entrevistas, observación y revisión documental. Desde un análisis cualitativo de las narrativas y encuentro de patrones, se identificó una relación de permeabilidad entre strategizing y las rutinas que no permite la disociación de los elementos que la componen. La frontera entre los elementos constitutivos de la formación de la estrategia y las rutinas organizativas es tenue, incierta y estos aspectos están entrelazados en un proceso unísono e indivisible. Comprender las rutinas organizativas como la amalgama entre actores, proceso y contenido de la estrategia, el lugar espacial y temporalmente situado donde se establece el pensamiento y la acción, dependiente de su contexto e historia, sugiere la idea de que es razonable adoptar la perspectiva de la estrategia como práctica (strategizing) para ampliar su alcance.

Abstract The goal of this research was to comprehend the interrelation between the strategizing process and the constitutive aspects of organizational routines. Employing a qualitative methodology, a case study was conducted at the Port Authority of Valencia. Data collection encompassed interviews, observation, and document analysis. Through the analysis of narratives and pattern matching, a permeable relationship between strategizing and routines was identified, indicating an inseparable amalgamation of their key constituents. The demarcation between the components of strategizing and organizational routines is faint, uncertain, and intertwined within an indivisible process. Conceptualizing organizational routines as a fusion of actors, processes, and strategic content, localized spatially and temporally where reasoning and action intersect contingent upon context, underscores the relevance of approaching strategy as a practice, thereby broadening its scope.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on metabolizable energy, feed digestibility, intestinal morphometric analysis, and antioxidant parameters in broilers. A completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications of eight broilers (Cobb male) was used, and collections were carried out at 20 and 42 days of age. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde concentrations (mg/kg) were: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improved apparent metabolizable energy but did not change protein and ether extract digestibility. Supplementation increased intestinal villus height and villi:crypt ratio; in which 100 mg/kg produced the greatest villus height. Serum uric acid levels were lower in birds receiving supplementation. Improvement in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase was observed, while lower uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reactive oxygen species levels were observed. Microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improve apparent metabolizable energy and can be administered in broiler feed without risk to the bird’s health. These supplements may serve as alternative products to aid the performance of commercial poultry. digestibility analysis Cobb male used 2 4 age mgkg mg kg (mg/kg control, control , (control) 50 150 200 villicrypt villi crypt ratio 10 supplementation glutathioneStransferase S transferase observed substances bird s health poultry (control 5 15 1

Abstract This article analyzes the (formal and informal) role of control mechanisms in fostering (proactive and reactive) organizational resilience of financial technology startups (fintechs), considering the moderating effect of environmental unpredictability. First, there is little evidence on formal and informal control mechanisms in the context of organizational resilience. Second, studies on management controls focus on some resilience approaches, however, they do not address resilience from a proactive and reactive perspective. Third, the literature on the effects of environmental unpredictability on contemporary organizations, like the fintechs, is still scarce. On the one hand, new evidence is added to the literature on management control and organizational resilience, the understanding of antecedents of resilience in startups is expanded, and insights are provided on the effects of environmental unpredictability on the alignment of management controls and objects of control. On the other hand, insights are provided on control mechanisms that fintechs can benefit from to building organizational resilience, both to anticipate and prepare and to act and formulate responses in the face of business disruptions and uncertain times. The findings benefit the building and strengthening of resilience in fintechs, which becomes key for these startups to survive and consolidate themselves in the financial market. Data have been collected by survey and analyzed through structural equation modeling. Additional investigation has been conducted via fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The main results reveal that: (i) formal and informal control mechanisms foster proactive and reactive organizational resilience; (ii) in scenarios of high environmental unpredictability, greater attention given to informal controls results in higher proactive resilience levels; and (iii) there are four (five) organizational configurations that lead fintechs to high proactive (reactive) resilience. , (fintechs) First Second approaches however perspective Third organizations scarce hand expanded times market modeling fuzzyset fuzzy set analysis i (i ii (ii levels iii (iii five (five (reactive (fintechs

Resumo Este artigo analisa o papel de mecanismos de controle (formais e informais) no fomento à resiliência organizacional (proativa e reativa) de startups de tecnologia financeira (fintechs), considerando o efeito moderador da imprevisibilidade ambiental. Primeiro, existem poucas evidências sobre mecanismos de controle formais e informais no âmbito da resiliência organizacional. Segundo, os estudos de controles gerenciais enfocam algumas abordagens de resiliência, porém, não abordam a resiliência sobre a ótica proativa e reativa. Terceiro, a literatura sobre os efeitos da imprevisibilidade ambiental em organizações contemporâneas, como as fintechs, ainda é limitada. Por um lado, acrescentam-se novas evidências para a literatura de controle gerencial e resiliência organizacional, amplia-se o entendimento de antecedentes da resiliência em startups e proporcionam-se insights sobre os efeitos da imprevisibilidade ambiental no alinhamento entre controles gerenciais e objetos de controle. Por outro lado, são fornecidos insights de mecanismos de controle que as fintechs podem se beneficiar para desenvolver resiliência organizacional, tanto para antecipar e se preparar quanto para agir e apresentar respostas diante de interrupções nos negócios e momentos incertos. Os achados beneficiam a construção e desenvolvimento da resiliência em fintechs, o que se torna vital para que essas startups consigam sobreviver e consolidar-se no mercado financeiro. Os dados foram coletados por survey e analisados a partir de modelagem de equações estruturais. Uma análise adicional foi conduzida via análise qualitativa comparativa de conjuntos difusos (em inglês, fuzzy set). Os principais resultados revelam que: (i) mecanismos de controle formais e informais fomentam a resiliência organizacional proativa e reativa; (ii) em cenários de alta imprevisibilidade ambiental, maior atenção dedicada aos controles informais resulta em maiores níveis de resiliência proativa; e (iii) existem quatro (cinco) configurações organizacionais que levam as fintechs a alta resiliência proativa (reativa). reativa , (fintechs) Primeiro Segundo porém Terceiro contemporâneas limitada lado acrescentamse acrescentam ampliase amplia proporcionamse proporcionam incertos consolidarse consolidar financeiro estruturais inglês set. set . set) i (i ii (ii iii (iii cinco (cinco (reativa) (fintechs (reativa

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of the enzymes phytase and xylanase, isolated or associated, in the liquid form after feed pelletization could improve energy utilization and digestibility of calcium and phosphorus by broiler chickens. Three experiments were performed using 120 birds each, divided into five treatments with eight replicates per group (n = 3), identified as: experiment 1 (xylanase: control, 1000 IU, 1500 IU, 2000 IU, 2500 IU), experiment 2 (phytase: control, 500 FTU, 1000 FTU, 1500 FTU, 2000 FTU), experiment 3 (xylanase + phytase: control, 3000 IU + 500 FTU, 3000 IU + 1000 FTU, 3000 IU + 1500 FTU, 3000 IU + 2000 FTU). Samples for digestibility tests were collected at 14 to 21 days of age. Therefore, the inclusion of liquid phytase and liquid phytase + xylanase after pelletization in broiler diets has become a relevant way to reduce the inclusion of inorganic P, which can reduce the cost of feed and P excretion in the environment. Furthermore, it is an interesting strategy to avoid enzyme denaturation in the pelleting process. associated chickens 12 each n 3, , 3) as control 100 150 200 250 IU) (phytase 50 FTU FTU) 300 FTU. . age Therefore environment Furthermore process 10 15 20 25 5 30

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of different levels of capsaicin in the diet of female turkeys has beneficial effects on growth performance and the antioxidant and oxidant status in serum and meat. A total of 150 female turkeys were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments with five replicates per treatment and ten birds per experimental unit. Treatments were identified as control (without additive); T400 – basal diet containing 400 mg/kg of pepper extract per kg of feed; and T800 – basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg of pepper extract per kg of feed. Growth performance was measured on days 1 and 20 of the experiment. Blood samples were collected at 20 days of the experiment for analysis of the oxidant and antioxidant status, and at 20 days, five birds were euthanized per treatment for the analysis of the oxidant and antioxidant status of the meat. The turkeys fed diet supplemented with capsaicin had lower feed intake and better feed:gain ratio. Turkeys in the T800 treatment showed a reduction in serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid, and this same effect was observed for ROS in their breast meat. Capsaicin supplementation improves feed conversion and reduces feed intake without altering weight gain in female turkeys. Furthermore, the addition of 800 g/ton reduces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the serum and reduces protein oxidation in broiler turkey meat. meat 15 unit additive additive) T T40 40 mgkg mg T80 80 2 feedgain ratio (ROS acid Furthermore gton g ton T4 4 T8 8

ABSTRACT Purpose: The study aimed to understand the dynamics of the relationship between organizational resilience and the adaptive capacity of a family company from Rio Grande do Sul, aiming to sustain its performance in the midst of the pandemic caused by the coronavirus. Design / methodology / approach: The research was operationalized by means of a case study, carried out in a family company in the food industry in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Afterwards, the material was transcribed and entered into NVivo® software to perform the content analysis. Findings: The results indicate that the resilience dimensions enabled the emergence of the company’s adaptive capacity to sustain itself amidst the turbulent environment. Therefore, the findings indicate that the organizational resilience of the company analyzed in this case study provided the company’s adaptation to the pandemic context through coping, recovery and resumption of the company in the face of change and uncertainty. Limitations / implications: We highlight the non-participation of the researchers effectively in the field, due to the restrictions imposed by the pandemic. This fact prevented the expansion of data triangulation through non-participant observation of the daily life of the family business. Practical implications: The study enables managers to reflect on how to sustain their companies in crisis environments through anticipatory or reactive actions, characterized based on dimensions of organizational resilience, which enable the company’s adaptive capacity. Originality / value: The originality of this study is confirmed by a bibliometric survey that found a lack of studies which use the approaches of organizational resilience, adaptive capacity, and perceived performance together, in the light of the socioemotional wealth theory. Purpose Sul coronavirus approach Pelotas Brazil semistructured semi structured analysis Afterwards NVivo Findings companys s environment Therefore coping uncertainty implications nonparticipation non participation field nonparticipant participant business actions value together theory

RESUMO Finalidade: O estudo objetivou compreender a dinâmica do relacionamento entre a resiliência organizacional e a capacidade de adaptação de uma empresa familiar gaúcha visando sustentar seu desempenho em meio ao período de pandemia gerado pelo coronavírus. Desenho / metodologia / abordagem: A pesquisa foi operacionalizada por meio de um estudo de caso, operacionalizado em uma empresa familiar do ramo alimentício da cidade de Pelotas/RS. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturas e análise documental. Após, o material foi transcrito e inserido no software NVivo® para realização da análise de conteúdo. Constatações: Os resultados indicam que as dimensões da resiliência possibilitaram a emersão das capacidades adaptativas da empresa para se sustentar em meio ao ambiente turbulento. Portanto, os achados apontam que a resiliência organizacional da empresa analisada neste estudo de caso proporcionou a adaptação da empresa ao contexto de pandemia por meio do enfrentamento, recuperação e retomada da empresa frente a situação de mudança e incerteza. Limitações / implicações da pesquisa: Destaca-se a não participação dos pesquisadores efetivamente em campo, em virtude das restrições impostas pela pandemia. Este fato impediu a ampliação da triangulação de dados por meio da observação não participante no cotidiano da empresa familiar. Implicações práticas: O estudo possibilita a reflexão de gestores sobre a sustentação de suas empresas a ambientes em crise por meio de ações antecipatórias ou reativas, caracterizadas a partir de dimensões da resiliência organizacional, as quais promovem a capacidade de adaptação da empresa. Originalidade / valor: A originalidade deste estudo se comprova a partir de um levantamento bibliométrico que constatou a ausência de pesquisas utilizando em conjunto as abordagens de resiliência organizacional, capacidade adaptativa e percepção do desempenho à luz da teoria da riqueza socioemocional. Finalidade coronavírus abordagem PelotasRS Pelotas RS Pelotas/RS documental Após NVivo conteúdo Constatações turbulento Portanto enfrentamento incerteza Destacase Destaca campo práticas reativas valor socioemocional

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de comparar computacionalmente a resistência de 10 lajes lisas nervuradas com diferentes tamanhos de área maciça e diferentes espaçamentos das nervuras. Para isso, os ensaios das lajes foram simulados no programa computacional ANSYS até a ruptura. Foram observados os modos e as cargas de ruptura, e, através dos resultados, observou-se que os modelos com menor região maciça apresentaram menor resistência em comparação aos modelos de maior área maciça, pois sua ruptura se deu por cisalhamento nas nervuras. As lajes com maiores regiões maciças sofreram punção e se comportaram de forma semelhante a lajes lisas maciças, apresentando conformidade com as normas em relação às suas estimativas de resistência à punção, especialmente com a NBR 6118. Desta forma, a regra prática de se determinar a região maciça com 15% do vão se mostrou razoável, e observou-se que o ACI, o Eurocode 2 e a NBR 6118 subestimam as resistências ao cisalhamento das nervuras.

Abstract This research aimed to compare the ultimate load of 10 waffle flat slabs with different sizes of solid area and spacing between ribs. For this, a non-linear computational simulation of the slabs was carried out until their failure using the engineering software ANSYS. The failure modes and loads were analyzed, and the results showed that the models with less solid area presented less bearing capacity in comparison to the models with greater solid area when the failure mode was shearing of the ribs. The slabs with the largest solid regions experienced punching shear and behaved in a similar way as solid flat slabs, indicating compliance with the codes in relation to their punching shear strength provisions, especially with the NBR 6118. The results show that a square solid area whose length is 15% of the span is reasonable and that the ACI, Eurocode 2 and NBR 6118 provisions underestimate the shear strength of the ribs.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to determine choline chloride replacement effects by a vegetable choline source, compost by Trachyspermum amni, Citrullus colocynthis, Achyranthus aspera, and Azadirachta indica in broiler feed. These compounds are fonts of phosphatidylcholine, a high-disponible molecule for intestinal absorption and choline supply. A total of 640 animals were randomly allocated in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and eight repetitions (n = 20), and zootechnical performance (body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and productive efficiency index), carcass yield, cuts yield, and organs (heart, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, and small intestine) relative weights were evaluated. Were evaluated two choline chloride levels (600 and 800 mg kg-1) and two vegetable choline levels (100 and 200 mg kg-1), added in a corn-soybean meal basal diet, during 42 days of raising. Results revealed better feed conversion ratio (p < 0.001) and production efficiency index (p < 0.001) in broilers fed vegetable choline, with no differences on body weight (p = 0.372) and weight gain (p = 0.427) among broilers. Carcass, cuts yield, and organ relative weights do not alter (p > 0.05) due to different group of supplementations. Findings in this trial concludes vegetable choline can adequately replace choline chloride in broiler feed, with improvement on performance and no compromising carcass, cuts or organ development.

Resumo A Mata Atlântica (MA) é considerada um dos hotspots de biodiversidade do mundo, sendo o bioma mais degradado no Brasil. Este bioma compreende muitas fitofisionomias, como floresta ombrófila, semidecidual, e campos de altitude. Esta complexidade, aliada à enorme variação latitudinal e altitudinal, disponibiliza habitats e condições diversas à especiação dos anfíbios. Como resultado, atualmente são conhecidas mais de 600 espécies de anfíbios que ocorrem na MA. Dentro deste bioma o Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) é relevante, pois inclui o ponto mais alto da Mata Atlântica, o Pico da Bandeira com cerca de 3000 m de elevação, assim como diferentes fitofisionomias, como campos rupestres e florestas úmidas. Apesar disso, sua fauna de anfíbios é ainda pobremente descrita. Realizamos inventários de anfíbios no PNC e entorno de 2016 a 2018 e registramos 47 espécies de anuros, das quais duas são endêmicas e pelo menos seis ainda não foram descritas. Adicionalmente, compilamos dados de coletas anteriores (2004 a 2008) e dados secundários de coleções científicas. Ao juntar todos os dados registramos um total de 61 espécies de anuros de 12 famílias para o PNC e arredores, colocando esta área entre as 10 áreas mais ricas em anfíbios da MA. Algumas destas espécies estão representadas apenas por um ou dois exemplares em coleções e não foram registradas no PNC desde a década de 1980, como Thoropa lutzi e Hylodes vanzolinii. Estas espécies podem ser exemplos de declínios populacionais ou mesmo de extinções locais, destacando a necessidade de maiores esforços amostrais neste local altamente biodiverso.

Abstract The Atlantic Forest (AF) is one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world, and the most fragmented biome of Brazil. This biome includes different phytophysiognomies, as riparian, slope, cloudy forests, and grasslands. Such complexity, allied to huge latitudinal and high elevational range, provides diverse habitats and conditions for amphibian speciation. As a result, there are over 600 amphibian species known to occur in the AF. Within this biome the Caparaó National Park (CNP) is relevant, as it includes the highest peak of the biome, the Pico da Bandeira at almost 3,000 m above sea level, as well as different phytophysiognomies as rocky fields and humid forests. In spite of that, its amphibian fauna is still poorly described. We inventoried amphibians at the CNP and surrounding areas from 2016 to 2018 and recorded 47 anuran species, of which two are locally endemic and at least six have not been described yet. Additionally, we compiled data from previous surveys (2004 to 2008) and secondary data from scientific collections. All together, we registered a total of 61 anuran species from 12 families for the CNP and surroundings, placing this area among the 10 amphibian richest sites in the AF. Some of these species are represented by only one or two collected specimens and have not been registered in the CNP since the 1980’s, such as Thoropa lutzi and Hylodes vanzolinii. These species could be examples of population declines or even past local extinctions, highlighting the need of further sampling efforts in that highly biodiverse site.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the use of mixture of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde as a replacement for growth-promoting antibiotics in broiler diets on performance, intestinal quality, organ development, carcass yields and cuts, and meat quality. In the trial were used 600 male chicks, allocated in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replicates of 15 birds, reared up to 41 days of age. The treatments were: Negative Control (NC), Positive Control (PC) 30 mg/kg of virginiamycin, NC+100 mg/kg of essential oils, NC+200 mg/kg of essential oils and NC+400 mg/kg of essential oils. Essential oils were composed by a micro-encapsulated blend, with of 60% cinnamaldehyde, 30% carvacrol and 10% carrier. Birds received essential oils achieved performance equivalent to those birds received PC diets, having better development than NC broilers. No differences were found on relative organ weight, intestinal mucosa and meat quality parameters, however, higher villus:cript ratio was found in PC, NC+200 and NC+400 groups. Meat crude protein and yellowness were influenced by inclusion of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde. It was concluded microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde can replace growth-promoting antibiotic in broiler diets, ensuring performance, intestinal integrity and broiler meat quality.

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual montana (Minas Gerais) com histórico de perturbação antrópica. Os objetivos foram caracterizar a composição, estrutura e diversidade florística das epífitas vasculares e investigar a similaridade florística da comunidade com outras áreas de florestas estacionais urbanas no Brasil. Foram amostrados 61 forófitos e registradas 47 espécies de epífitas. As famílias mais ricas foram Bromeliaceae (sete) e Polypodiaceae (sete). A categoria ecológica mais comum foi a de holoepífitas acidentais com 21 espécies - um resultado inédito na Região Neotropical. O índice de Shannon foi 2,95 e o índice de uniformidade de Pielou foi 0,77, mostrando diversidade relativamente alta com certa dominância de poucas espécies, enquanto as espécies raras foram numerosas. Análises de similaridade mostraram gradiente longitudinal e forte influência da distância do oceano sobre as relações florísticas, assim como influência das florestas ombrófilas densas sobre a composição das epífitas vasculares na área estudada.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a fragment of montane seasonal semi-deciduous forest (Minas Gerais State) with a history of anthropogenic disturbance. Our goals were to characterise the composition, structure and floristic diversity of vascular epiphytes and to investigate the floristic similarities of the community with other areas of urban seasonal forests in Brazil. We sampled 61 phorophytes with 47 epiphytic species. The richest families were Bromeliaceae (seven) and Polypodiaceae (seven). The most common ecological category was accidental holoepiphytes with 21 species - an unprecedented result for the Neotropical region. The Shannon index was 2.95 and the Pielou evenness index 0.77, showing a relatively high diversity with a few dominant species and numerous rare species. Similarity analyses showed a longitudinal gradient and strong influence of the distance from the ocean on floristic relationships as well as influence of dense ombrophilous forests on the composition of the vascular epiphytes of the surveyed area.

AIM: To evaluate the bond strength to root dentin of three root canal sealers: a mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based sealer (MTA Fillapex(r)), an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus(r)), and a zinc oxide eugenol-based sealer (EndoFill(r)).METHODS: Thirty extracted single-root human teeth of similar sizes and circular canals were prepared using #3 and #2 Gates Glidden drills in the cervical portion of the canal and K3(r) rotary instruments to a size #25/0.06 to working length. Irrigation with 0.5 mL 2% chlorhexidine gel was used before and 1 mL saline after each instrument.The smear layer was removed with 3 mL 17% EDTA for 3 min. The samples were sectioned horizontally into eight 1±0.1 mm-thick serial slices and then the push-out test was carried out. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Tukey test were used for the analysis of the data with a significance level of 5%.RESULTS: AH Plus presented significantly higher bond strengths (p<0.05) than the other sealers, while MTA Fillapex showed the lowest bond strengths (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The present study concluded that EndoFill(r) sealer and MTA FillApex(r) core combination were not superior to AH Plus(r) sealer and gutta-percha core combination.

Os dados resultantes de um levantamento fornecem informações sobre a riqueza e distribuição de diversos grupos. Em Minas Gerais, trabalhos sobre inventário e distribuição de oligoquetas de ambientes lóticos em áreas preservadas são inexistentes. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou inventariar a fauna de oligoquetas límnicos de córregos de primeira ordem localizados em quatro áreas preservadas, visando ampliar as informações sobre ecologia e distribuição deste grupo. Foram inventariados 19 taxa pertencentes às famílias Naididae, Enchytraeidae e à superordem Megadrili, sendo o gênero Pristina o de maior número de espécies. O número de espécies encontradas neste trabalho corresponde a 22% das espécies de oligoquetas registrados em ambientes aquáticos brasileiros. Os resultados obtidos ampliam o conhecimento sobre a distribuição de algumas espécies de oligoquetas no Brasil, representam os primeiros registros de espécies para as quatro áreas preservadas estudadas e confirmam a primeira ocorrência de várias espécies no Estado.

Data resulting from species inventories shed light on the richness and distribution of various groups. In Minas Gerais, work on inventory and distribution of the oligochaetes of lotic environments in preserved areas are non-existent. Therefore, this study aimed to inventory the limnic oligochaetes fauna of first-order streams located in four preserved areas, to expand knowledge of the ecology and distribution of this group. In total, 19 taxa were inventoried, belonging to the families Naididae and Enchytraeidae and the superorder Megadrili (earthworms), with the genus Pristina having the largest number of species. The number of species found in this investigation corresponds to 22% of oligochaetes species recorded in Brazilian aquatic environments. The results obtained add important knowledge of the distribution of some oligochaetes species in Brazil, represent the first records of species for the four preserved areas studied and confirm the first occurrence of various species in the state.

Este trabajo examina las nociones de ilusiones y creencias, discutiendo algunas ventajas que ofrece estudiar tales fenómenos basándose en los conceptos de conducta supersticiosa, superstición y reglas supersticiosas. El trabajo pone de relieve la posibilidad de investigar estas nociones en diferentes niveles de análisis, no sólo a nivel individual, centrándose en el nivel cultural; por otra parte, se presenta el Materialismo Cultural como una propuesta antropológica basada en principios adaptativos, la cual se adecua para tratar estos fenómenos en este nivel, además, discute el Análisis Experimental de las prácticas culturales y señala cómo estos análisis pueden ayudar a entender cómo la gente, en grupo, se comporta como si tuvieran control de su ambiente (cuando, a veces, de hecho, no lo tienen). Este trabajo ofrece una propuesta integradora que facilita el diálogo entre analistas de la conducta y psicólogos sociales y ofrece algunas rutas para un análisis cultural de las ilusiones y las creencias.

This paper examines the notions of illusions and beliefs, discussing some advantages offered by the study of these phenomena based on the concepts of superstitious behavior, superstition and superstitious rules. Among these advantages, the study highlights the possibility of researching these relationships in different levels of analysis, not only at the individual level, focusing on cultural level, this paper presents Cultural Materialism as an anthropological proposal for the consideration of these phenomena on the cultural level and based on adaptive principles, besides it discusses the experimental analysis of cultural practices and points out how they can help to understand how people in groups behave such as they are being effective in the control of the surrounding environment (when, sometimes, in fact, they are not). The paper offers an integrative proposal which makes easier behavior analysts' dialogue with social psychologists and offers some routes from cultural analysis of illusions and beliefs.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, Sigrid Glenn, a partir de la proposición del concepto de 'metacontingencia', ha desarrollado una propuesta analítico-conductual que busca ampliar el tratamiento skinneriano de los procesos de selección/ evolución cultural. Este artículo presenta inicialmente una descripción del desarrollo conceptual de esta propuesta. A continuación, teniendo en cuenta la importancia que se le ha asignado a repertorios verbales en el proceso de selección cultural, se presentan las propuestas de los antropólogos Terrence Deacon y Marvis Harris que abordan la relación entre la evolución de ambientes sociales/verbales y la selección/evolución de prácticas culturales. Por último, basándose en estas propuestas, se discuten formas en que el control de la conducta individual por el grupo - y sus agencias de control - sugieren un creciente desarrollo de mecanismos de control verbal/social, lo que indica la importancia de fomentar el estudio de las relaciones entre la evolución de ambientes sociales/verbales y la selección/ evolución de prácticas culturales.

In the last decades, Sigrid Glenn, from the proposition of the concept of 'metacontingency', has developed a behavioral-analytic proposal that seeks to amplify the Skinnerian treatment given to cultural selection/evolution processes. This paper initially presents a description of the conceptual development of this proposal. Afterwards, considering the importance that has been assigned to verbal repertoire in the cultural selection process, proposals from anthropologists Terrence Deacon and Marvis Harris, who approach the relationship between the evolution of social/verbal environments and the selection/evolution of cultural practices, are presented. Finally, based on these propositions, forms in which the control of individual behavior by the group - and by their controlling agencies - seems to denote an increasing development in verbal/ social control mechanisms are discussed, indicating the importance to go more deeply into the study of relationships between the evolution of social/verbal environments and the selection/evolution of cultural practices.