Abstract: The finishing quality of wood products depends on the material's surface and its intrinsic properties. Dynamic wettability is a simple and efficient way to understand the behavior of materials related to solid-liquid interactions according to theoretical and practical perspectives. Thus, we sought to investigate the wettability of Imbuia (Ocotea spp.), Red oak (Quercus spp.), and Pine (Pinus elliottii) woods and its effects before and after sanding. Through the sessile drop technique, we evaluated contact angle and work of adhesion. Sanding changed the samples’ surface quality due to the decrease in contact angle and the increase in the work of adhesion. In addition, the droplet spreading and adsorption observed on the surface of the woods are an indicator of wettability. Pine and Red oak had their dynamic contact angle reduced by up to 43 %. However, Imbuia was less susceptible to the effects of sanding, since it was found to be a more hydrophobic species; thus, this wood has a more stable surface in terms of dynamic wettability. This may be a result of the effect of low molecular weight compounds on the surface of Imbuia wood. The preparation of the wood surface depends on a synergy between the finishing processes and the chemical composition of the surface. Therefore, the results found can indicate which coatings are more suited to these woods.

ABSTRACT In the Brazilian planted forest sector, most of the species used are from the genus Eucalyptus. Even though Southern Brazil has a suitable climate for species of the genus Pinus, the planting of frost-resistant Eucalyptus species has been increasing annually. The objective of this study was to evaluate the basic density, fiber dimensions, and chemical composition of Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus saligna, and Eucalyptus cloeziana woods. The trees used were from a six-year-old experimental plantation located in Canoinhas, state of Santa Catarina. For each species, three trees were selected, and discs were removed from each tree at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the commercial stem height. To evaluate the quality of the wood, the basic wood density, fiber dimensions, and chemical composition of the wood were determined by comparing the values between species and between the heights in the stem. The highest basic density was that of the wood of E. cloeziana; this species also had the greatest length and width of fibers. E. dunnii had the lowest levels of lignin and the highest levels of holocellulose. The highest lignin content was found in the wood of E. benthamii, E. saligna, and E. cloeziana. The relationship between wood properties and stem height was not relevant. The results highlight the tendency for higher extractives to be found at taller heights (100%), and holocellulose and lignin content are similar at all heights.

RESUMO No setor de florestas plantadas brasileiro, a maioria das espécies utilizadas são do gênero Eucalyptus. Embora o Sul do Brasil tenha clima propicio para espécies do gênero Pinus, o plantio de espécies de Eucalyptus resistentes à geada vem aumentando anualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a densidade básica, as dimensões das fibras e a composição química da madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus cloeziana. As árvores utilizadas foram provenientes de um plantio experimental de seis anos localizado em Canoinhas, estado de Santa Catarina. Para cada espécie, três árvores foram selecionadas e os discos foram removidos de cada árvore a 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura do caule comercial. Para avaliar a qualidade da madeira, a densidade básica, as dimensões das fibras e a composição química foram determinadas comparando-se os valores entre as espécies e entre as alturas no fuste. A maior densidade básica foi a da madeira de E. cloeziana; esta espécie também apresentou o maior comprimento e largura das fibras. E. dunnii apresentou os menores teores de lignina e os maiores teores de holocelulose. O maior teor de lignina foi encontrado na madeira de E. benthamii, E. saligna e E. cloeziana. A relação entre as propriedades da madeira e a altura do fuste não foi relevante. Os resultados destacam a tendência de maiores extrativos serem encontrados nas partes mais altas (100%), e os teores de holocelulose e lignina são similares em todas as alturas.

ABSTRACT Background: In the study of biologically-based materials, nanocelluloses have been showing great prominence and positioned themselves as promising alternatives for the production of different industrialized materials. This polymer has received significant attention recently because it is produced from renewable sources and has unique properties offered by its organic nature and semi-crystalline structure. This work aimed to study the structural properties of suspensions and films by increasing MCC concentration in the form of powder with variations of 5 % (m/m) from 5 % to 30 %. Results: As expected, incorporating MCC increased the Segal index. The morphological analysis showed an increase in the diameters of the structures (NFC / MCC) in the suspensions when the presence of MCC was more significant, and films with cluster formations were observed. The films showed air permeability. Due to the MCC increase, the surface charge had results close to electrostatically stabilized nanosuspensions. An increase in the resistance to thermal degradation of the films was also observed Conclusion: NFC has promising properties for different applications; it provides a film with a stable structure and is resistant to oxygen and tensile stresses. In addition, MCC has excellent potential due to its high crystallinity, structural characteristics, and nature. The increase of the MCC content altered the properties of the suspensions and films produced with NFC, forming a cohesive and resistant film, and influencing the performance of the different properties of the materials evaluated in this study, like air permeability, suspension stability, and thermal resistance.

Abstract: Thermal modification is a treatment that seeks to improve the properties of wood and reduce the heterogeneity in its color. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the anatomical, chemical, physical, mechanical, colorimetric, and thermal stability properties of teakwood. For this, teakwood samples were treated by an industrial autoclave at final cycle temperature of 160 ºC. The reduction of cell wall thickness, the formation of cross-fissures and the crystallization of the wax inside the pores were observed in the anatomical structure. Chemically, the extractives evaporated and the polysaccharides ruptured, of which hemicellulose was the most affected. The heat treatment promoted lower equilibrium moisture, reducing the hygroscopicity and improving the dimensional stability of the wood. Considering the mechanical properties, the rupture modulus and the longitudinal and tangential hardness decreased after the heat treatment. The color of the wood changed significantly, from pink to dark brown. The treated wood had higher thermal stability, with greater weight loss at higher temperatures than the untreated wood.

ABSTRACT The basic density is the main technical property of the wood due to the fact of the easy determination and correlation with the others wood properties. In this article, it was evaluated wood chips from a five-years-old Eucalyptus grandis in three different silvicultural treatments for pulp and paper production. First, a conventional kraft pulping was executed in the same conditions and then submitted to some elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching process to achieve the target brightness of 88 ± 1% ISO. The bleached pulps were refined in a Jokro Mill at 0, 2250, 4500 and 6750 revolutions and their physical, mechanical and optical properties were analyzed. The statistical analysis indicated a difference in the wood basic density from the different silvicultural treatments. The yield of the pulping process was not affected by the variation of the wood basic density. The denser wood had the advantage of a lower specific wood consumption while the disadvantage was a greater difficulty in the delignification and a decrease in the selectivity of the pulping process. The denser wood was the one with the best bleachability and the one that most consumed chlorine in the bleaching process. The increase of the wood density caused gains in the fisical and optical properties of the bleached pulp and losses in the mechanical properties.The optical properties of the pulps from denser woods are more resistant than the negative effects of mechanical properties.

Abstract: The modification of wood by thermal treatments produces characteristic changes in its chemical composition and surface color and can improve the structural and esthetic quality. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of near infrared and visible spectroscopy to predict the modifications in chemical composition of Eucalyptys grandis and Pinus taeda after thermal treatment. Near infrared and visible spectra were collected directly on the longitudinal surface of wood samples. The thermally modified wood of both species showed higher content of lignin and extractives than the untreated wood. There was darkening of thermally modified wood, as a result of chemical modification caused by heat. The Near infrared/visible technique identified the groups that were modified by treatment. NIR and visible spectroscopy can be used to predict chemical composition of natural or thermally treated Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus taeda.

RESUMO Foram avaliadas as características da polpa kraft com branqueamento (c/b) e sem branqueamento (s/b) em diferentes tempos de refino da espécie Acacia mearnsii De Wild. A composição química mostrou baixas concentrações de lignina ácida insolúvel, extrativos totais e solubilidade em NaOH a 1%. O rendimento bruto de 47,62% foi regular devido às características da fibra. O Kappa foi 4,5 (c/b) e 12,3 (s/b), ambos baixos. O índice de drenabilidade 26 oSR com T30’ de refino (c/b) ficou próximo do ideal. Os maiores índices nas propriedades mecânicas foram: tração, com 66,17 N.m/g em T30’ de refino s/b; rasgo, com 12,94 mN.m2/g em T15’ de refino c/b; estouro, com 5,21 KPa.m2/g em T30’ de refino c/b, e nas propriedades ópticas, a alvura, com 81,8% em T0’ de refino c/b e opacidade em 97,1%, com T0’ de refino s/b. Com essas características, a espécie apresenta potencial para o setor na fabricação de papéis sanitários tissue, decorativos, dentre outros.

ABSTRACT Were evaluated the characteristics of bleached (w/b) and unbleached (u/b) Kraft pulp at different refining times of the species acacia mearnsii De Wild. The chemical composition showed lower concentrations of insoluble lignin acid, total extractives and solubility in NaOH to 1%. The raw yield of 47.62% was regular due to the fiber characteristics. The Kappa was 4.5 (w/b) and 12.3 (u/b), both considered low. The drainability index 26oSR with T30’ refining (w/b) was near to ideal. The highest indexes in the mechanical properties were: tensile with 66.17N.m/g in refining T30’ (u/b); tear with 12.94mN.m2/g in refining T15’(w/b); burst with 5.21KPa.m2/g in refining T30’(w/b) and the whiteness optical properties of 81.8% in refining T0 (w/b) and opacity of 97.1% in refining (u/b).With these characteristic, the species has industry potential for the manufacturing of sanitary “tissue”, decorative, among others papers.

Na deslignificação com oxigênio, a lignina é removida da polpa através da aplicação de elevada pressão de oxigênio, em condições alcalinas, resultando em uma menor demanda por produtos químicos na etapa de branqueamento. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tipo de lavagem (convencional e ácida) entre dois estágios de deslignificação com oxigênio sobre a quantidade de lignina residual e o teor de metais de transição presentes em amostras de polpa kraft de pinus com número kappa inicial de 48,5. Observou-se a redução do número kappa e da viscosidade da polpa após o tratamento com O2 em duplo estágio, além do aumento da alvura final das polpas produzidas. O teor de metais da polpa durante a deslignificação com oxigênio sofreu influência do processo de lavagem, sendo que a lavagem ácida retirou maior quantidade de íons metálicos do que a lavagem convencional. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a retirada do elemento manganês. A lavagem ácida entre dois estágios de deslignificação contribuiu para o controle de metais de transição, o que otimizou a utilização de reagentes químicos do branqueamento nas etapas seguintes. Conclui-se que a lavagem intermediária melhorou o desempenho do oxigênio na deslignificação de polpas de número kappa elevado realizada em dois estágios.

In the oxygen delignification lignin is removed from the pulp by applying high pressure oxygen, under alkaline conditions, resulting in a lower demand for chemicals in bleaching. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of washing (conventional and acid) between two stages of O2 on the amount of residual lignin and transition metal present in samples of Pine Kraft pulp with 48.5 initial kappa. The reduction of kappa number and pulp degradation after two stages of O2 treatment with increase of final brightness on sheet produced were observed. The metal content of pulp during oxygen delignification was influenced by washing process, and the acid wash removed more percentage of metallic ions than conventional wash. The best results were obtained with the removal of the element manganese. The acid wash between two stages of delignification contributed to the control of transition metals, which optimize the use of bleaching reagents in the following steps. We concluded that the intermediate washing improves the performance of the oxygen delignification of high kappa number pulps performed in two stages.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de resíduos de madeira de quatro espécies amazônicas para fins energéticos, além de calibrar propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal utilizando a técnica NIRS. Foram utilizadas costaneiras das espécies cardeiro (Scleronema micranthum Ducke), cedrinho (Scleronema sp.), louro (Ocotea sp.) e piquiarana (Caryocar villosum Pers.), tendo sido determinadas as seguintes propriedades: densidade básica, composição química, análise química imediata e poder calorífico superior da madeira; rendimentos em carvão vegetal; análise química imediata, poder calorífico e friabilidade do carvão vegetal. Foram adquiridos espectros NIR e gerados modelos para calibração de cada propriedade energética. Os resultados indicam que todas as espécies possuem potencial como fonte bioenergética. Entretanto, as melhores espécies foram o cardeiro e o piquiarana, devido à maior densidade básica e energética, além do louro, com maior teor de lignina e carbono fixo, que apresentou, consequentemente, maior poder calorífico. A espectroscopia NIR mostrou-se como uma ferramenta possível para calibração de propriedades energéticas da biomassa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy-related potential of wood residues of four Amazonian species and calibrate the properties of wood and charcoal using the Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) technique. Residue slabs of cardeiro (Scleronema micranthum Ducke), cedrinho (Scleronema sp.), louro (Ocotea sp.), and piquiarana (Caryocar villosum Pers.) wood were used. The following properties were determined: density, chemical composition, immediate chemical analysis, and superior calorific value of wood; and yield, immediate chemical analysis, calorific value, and friability of charcoal. NIR spectra were obtained and calibration models were generated for each energy property. The results indicate that residues of these forest species can be used as a renewable energy source. NIR spectroscopy has proved to be a possible tool for calibrating energy properties of wood.

RESUMO O bambu é uma planta monocotiledônea de origem tropical, de rápido crescimento, sendo considerado um importante regenerador ambiental devido ao seu sistema radicular. O Dendrocalamus giganteus é popularmente conhecido por bambu-gigante, sendo uma espécie entouceirante de grande porte, cujos colmos podem variar de 24 a 40 metros de altura, com diâmetros entre 10 e 20 cm. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar quimicamente os colmos do bambu-gigante visando fornecer informações sobre a sua composição química nas idades de 2 a 6 anos. Os colmos do bambu foram coletados na área Experimental Agrícola do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da UNESP-Bauru, onde é realizado o manejo sistemático de diversas espécies de bambu para fins de pesquisas e divulgação dessa planta. Foram retiradas amostras da base entre bambus com idade de 2 a 6 anos de uma mesma touceira, totalizando 5 amostras, com 2 metros de altura cada, colhidas na lua minguante no mês de março. As análises químicas foram feitas com os entrenós, utilizando as normas e procedimentos da TAPPI. A porcentagem média de extrativos em água quente, extrativos em água fria, extrativos totais e teor de cinzas não apresentaram relação direta com a idade. A maior porcentagem de extrativos em água quente, com valor de 12,04%, extrativos em água fria, com 10,25%, e extrativos totais, com 12,91%, foi observada aos 2 anos de idade. A maior porcentagem de cinzas foi obtida aos três anos, com valores de 1,09%. O teor médio de extrativos em NaOH diminui de 25,72% aos dois anos para 20,17% aos seis anos de idade. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os extrativos em etanol tolueno, diminuindo de 10,91% para 4,61%. O teor médio de lignina não sofreu influência da idade, variando de 22,66 a 24,11%.

ABSTRACT Bamboo is a monocotyledon of tropical origin which grows fast and is considered an important environment regenerator because of its root system. Dendrocalamus giganteus is popular learned by giant bamboo, being a big bush species, its culms can be from 24 to 40 meters high, with diameters from 10 and 20 centimeters. This work had the objective of a chemical analysis from giant bamboo to aim at giving information from its chemical composition from 2 to 6 years of age. Bamboo culms were collected in the Agriculture Experimental area of the Mechanical Engineering Department of UNESP - Bauru, where it is carried out the systematic handling from different bamboo species to this plant research and divulgation. Samples from base were collected from 2 and 6 years in the same bush, in total of 5 samples, with 2 high meters each, cropped in March, half-moon. Chemical analysis was done with internodes using TAPPI Methods. The average percentage extractives from hot water, cool water, total extractives and ash content were not related to the age. The major percentage of hot water extractives, with values of 12.04%, cold water extractives, with 10.25%, and total extractives, with 12.91%, was observed by the age of two years. The major ash content was obtained on three years, with value of 1.09%. The mean value of NaOH extractives decreased from 25.72%, in two years, to 20.17% at six years old. The same behavior was observed for ethanol toluene extractives, decreasing from 10.91% to 4.61%. The mean lignin content was not influenced by age, varying from 22.66 to 24.11%.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou comparar anatomicamente a madeira das variedades populares de bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Bentham): bracatinga-branca, bracatinga-vermelha e bracatinga-argentina. Para a realização deste trabalho, foram coletadas árvores com idades entre 6 e 7 anos, provenientes de áreas pertencentes à Embrapa Florestas, localizadas no município de Colombo-PR, Brasil cujo material botânico coletado foi identificado e descrito. Foram obtidas amostras de madeira com casca para a caracterização. As análises evidenciaram que não há diferenças estatísticas entre os elementos anatômicos do lenho da bracatinga- branca e da bracatinga-vermelha, indicando que as diferenciações que tais plantas recebem por causa da a cor da madeira não estão presentes no aspecto anatômico. As duas variedades populares, também conhecidas como bracatinga-comum, diferiram estatisticamente entre si com relação à bracatinga-argentina, quanto ao diâmetro tangencial dos poros, quantidade de poros/mm2, comprimento dos elementos vasculares, diâmetro das células parênquimo-axiais, largura dos raios unisseriados e multisseriados. Os resultados podem ser considerados um importante auxílio na distinção das variedades populares de bracatinga-comum e bracatinga- argentina em variedades botânicas.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research was to compare anatomical wood characteristics of the popular varieties of Mimosa scabrella Bentham known as bracatinga-branca, bracatinga-vermelha and bracatinga- argentina. The material used in this work was collected from 6 to 7 years old trees of the popular varieties from areas located in Colombo municipality, State of Paraná, owned by Embrapa Florestas. Botanic for anatomical characterization of wood material was identified and described. Results did not show differences of anatomical characteristics between the bracatinga-branca and bracatinga-vermelha. The bracatinga- branca and bracatinga-vermelha showed statistically differences in relation to bracatinga-argentina to average values in pores tangential diameter, pores quantity per square mm, vessel elements individual length, axial parenchyma cells diameter, unisseriate and multisseriate rays width. In conclusion, the observations contribute to a better understanding of the differences showed by the popular varieties.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido no setor de manufatura de painéis da Battistella Indústria e Comércio Ltda., localizada em Santa Catarina, e teve como objetivo a avaliação do processo produtivo de painéis, utilizando-se os princípios do balanço de material e do rendimento da matéria-prima. Além disso, pretendeu-se estabelecer uma metodologia para aplicação em outras indústrias madeireiras. Os dados foram obtidos através de visitas, aplicação de questionários e dados de escritório, e elaboraram-se equações e um fluxograma para representar o balanço de material. Concluiu-se que a indústria é integrada, representando vantagem competitiva. O balanço de material indicou que a atividade com maior potencial gerador de resíduos foi a preparação de sarrafos de madeira (55,71% do total de resíduos gerados). As atividades com maiores rendimentos foram a prensagem (97,44%), o seccionamento (93,92%), o esquadrejamento (93,51), o lixamento (90,97%) e a preparação de sarrafos (54,51%). O rendimento geral da manufatura foi de 63,16%, sendo os valores encontrados no trabalho similares aos da literatura. A metodologia desenvolvida para o trabalho é simples e pode ser aplicada em outras indústrias do setor madeireiro.

The present study aimed at evaluating the productive process of panels, using the principles of material balance and the yield of wood raw material, in order to establish a methodology to be applied in other wood industries. This work was carried out in the panel-manufacturing sector of Battistella Indústria e Comércio Ltda, State of Santa Catarina. Data were obtained by means of visits, questionnaire application and office data. In order to represent the material balance some equations and a flowchart were produced. Based on these data, it was possible to conclude that the industry is integrated, fact that represents a competitive advantage. The material balance indicated that the activity with the highest potential to produce waste was wood lath preparation (55,71% from all the waste); the activities with the highest yield were pressing (97,44%) followed by sectioning (93,92%); boarding (93,51%); sandpapering (90,97%) and lath preparation (54,51%). The overall yield of manufacturing was 63,16%. These values were similar to those found in the literature. The methodology developed in this study is simple and may be applied to any other industry of the wood sector.

RESUMO O material utilizado no presente estudo foi proveniente de 15 árvores de Eucalyptus smithii R.T. Baker cultivadas no município de Colombo - PR, em campo experimental da Embrapa Florestas, plantadas em 1988. Caracterizou-se anatomicamente o lenho e a casca por meio de lâminas preparadas no Laboratório de Anatomia e Identificação de Madeiras do IPT e Laboratório de Anatomia da Madeira, do Centro de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Para a extração do óleo essencial, a madeira foi transformada em serragem e a casca desfibrada manualmente. Para a determinação do rendimento e análise do óleo essencial, foram efetuadas destilações conforme ABNT no Laboratório de Fitoquímica do Departamento de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Os rendimentos do óleo essencial foram dados em volume (ml) de óleo essencial por massa (g) de material. O Eucalyptus smithii apresenta estrutura anatômica homogênea do lenho e da casca. Na casca, observou-se a presença de cavidades secretoras; no entanto, no lenho, não foi encontrada nenhuma estrutura semelhante, apenas bolsas de quino, sendo desprezível a quantidade de óleo essencial presente na madeira. O óleo essencial da casca apresentou características físico-químicas fora das especificações para óleos essenciais de eucaliptos ricos em 1,8-cineol, não sendo economicamente viável para a exploração desse componente.

ABSTRACT The material used in the present work came from 15 Eucalyptus smithii R. T. Baker trees grown in the experimental field of Embrapa Forests, in Colombo county, that were planted in 1988. The anatomical characterization of the wood and bark was accomplished using material prepared by Wood Anatomy and Identification Laboratory of IPT, and Wood Anatomy Laboratory of Federal University of Parana State. The essential oil extraction and analysis was made using ABNT procedures in the Phytochemistry Laboratory of Federal University of Parana State. The wood and bark of the Eucalyptus smithii had a homogeneous anatomical structure. In bark were found secretory cavities, but in wood they were not present, only quino veins and being the oil presence insignificant. The essential oil from bark had physical-chemistry characteristics in disagreement with international specifications for the eucalypt essential oils, rich in 1,8cineole; therefore it is not economically viable to explore this component.

ABSTRACT This work determined the energy balance and yield of the energy from a wood industry. The study was carried out by examining a monthly historical series of data (january 1998/july 1999). The results indicate that the coogeneration of energy is a possible process. The major consumer of thermal and power was the sawmill. The comsumption of power by each product was greater in the veneer, the saw wood and boards, while the saw wood, veneer and boards consumed more thermal energy. The energetical consumption by product was inversely proportional to the disponibility of waste to generate energy. All these sectors were energetically self-sufficient.

RESUMO Determinou-se o balanço e rendimento energéticos de uma indústria madeireira integrada. Utilizou-se uma série mensal média de dados (janeiro/1998 a julho/1999). Conclui-se que a cogeração de energia é um processo viável. O maior consumidor de energia elétrica e térmica foi a serraria, seguido dos painéis para a térmica e da laminadora para a elétrica. O consumo por produto foi maior na lâmina, madeira serrada e painéis para energia elétrica, e madeira serrada, lâmina e painéis para a térmica. O consumo energético por produto foi inversamente proporcional à disponibilização de resíduos para a energia. Todos os setores foram autosuficientes energeticamente.

RESUMO O presente trabalho trata da descrição dos caracteres gerais e microscópicos da madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage, sendo fornecidas fotomicrografias e fotografias em microscópio eletrônico. Foram encontrados poros em arranjo diagonal, característico do gênero; parênquima vasicêntrico e vasicêntrico confluente; raios homogêneos; fibras libriformes não septadas, e máculas medulares ocasionais. A porcentagem de elementos constituintes foi comparada com outras espécies da família Myrtaceae e as fibras e elementos vasculares avaliados em função da variação dentro da árvore.

ABSTRACT The wood anatomy of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage is described. Photomicrographs and photographs in electronic microscope are furnished. Vessels in a diagonal pattern, vasicentric parenchyma, homogeneous rays, libriform and not septated fibers, pith flecks occasionally were found. The percentage of constituent elements were compared with another species of the family Myrtaceae and the fibers and vascular elements were evaluated in function of the variation in the tree.