Globally, cardiac arrest (CA) is a leading cause of death and disability. Asphyxial CA (ACA)-induced kidney damage is a crucial factor in reducing the survival rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of antioxidant enzymes in histopathological renal damage in an ACA rat model at different time points. A total of 88 rats were divided into five groups and exposed to ACA except for the sham group. To evaluate glomerular function and oxidative stress, serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crtn) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in renal tissues were measured. To determine histopathological damage, hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and Masson's trichrome staining were performed. Expression levels of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Survival rate of the experimental rats was reduced to 80% at 6 h, 55% at 12 h, 42.9% at 1 day, and 33% at 2 days after return of spontaneous circulation. Levels of BUN, Crtn, and MDA started to increase significantly in the early period of CA induction. Renal histopathological damage increased markedly from 6 h until two days post-CA. Additionally, expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased at 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 2 days after CA. CA-induced oxidative stress and decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1, SOD-2, CAT, GPx) from 6 h to two days could be possible mediators of severe renal tissue damage and increased mortality rate.

With the advent of touchscreen-based smart devices, several studies on the usability of the stylus, a typical touchscreen input method, have been conducted. However, usability studies that simply focus on completing tasks are not suitable for investigating the stylus in various use contexts and with qualitative values. In other words, the context from the user's point of view should be investigated. Therefore this study aims to provide usability directions for improving the stylus system by structurally investigating recent stylus-related studies. After examining stylus-related studies between 2004 to 2017, they were mainly classified into two cases: those considering the use of the stylus in various environments, and those focused on developing the stylus by applying new sensory feedback to increase usability. By systematically analysing and classifying each study, unique features of the stylus were identified and examples of stylus usage in certain domains were summarised. Furthermore, to improve usability, sensory feedback methods that could be applied to the stylus were established. In conclusion, this study derived sensory feedback that would be suitable for the use context of styluses, and proposed guidelines to improve the usability of stylus systems through sensory feedback.

Verskeie studies oor die bruikbaarheid van 'n stilus, 'n tipiese inset tegniek vir raakskermtoestelle, is al uitgevoer. Bruikbaarheidstudies wat net op die verrigting van take fokus is nie gepas wanneer die stilus vir verskillende take gebruik word nie. Die konteks vanuit die gebruikersperspektief moet ondersoek word. Hierdie studie beoog dus om bruikbaarheidsaanwysing te verskaf om die stilus stelsel te verbeter. Dit word gedoen deur onlangse stilus verwante studies te ondersoek. Stilus verwante studies van die tydperk van 2004 tot 2017 is ondersoek en hoofsaaklik in twee kategorieë geklassifiseer, naamlik studies na die gebruiksdoel van die stilus in verskillende omgewings en studies wat fokus op die ontwikkeling van die stilus deur nuwe sensoriese terugvoer aan die gebruiker te verskaf. Deur die verskeie studies sistematies te analiseer en te klassifiseer is daar unieke eienskappe van die stilus identifiseer en voorbeelde van die aanwending daarvan verskaf. Verder is metodes wat die sensoriese terugvoer van die stilus kan verbeter vasgetel. Hierdie studie het dus sensoriese stilus terugvoer afgelei wat gepas is vir die gebruiksdoel van die stilus. Laastens word riglyne voorgestel om die bruikbaarheid van stilus stelsels te verbeter deur middel van sensoriese terugvoer.

The degree of weathering, a key parameter for evaluating rock mass strength, has traditionally been assessed based on visual inspection by engineers. In an effort to reduce the human bias associated with this approach, a study was conducted to investigate the potential for using spectral imaging to quantify weathering. This entailed developing a portable, rapid method for narrow-band multispectral (NBMS) remote sensing using a spectral index classification algorithm, applying this algorithm to detect weathered features, and then quantifying the degree of weathering based on the percentages of weathered and aperture areas. A case study was conducted on Mt. Lemmon in southern Arizona and spectral images were collected from rock slopes using a visible and near-infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral camera. A two-band ratio approach was used to delineate key areas. Wavelength ratios of 601 nm to 550 nm and 993 nm to 450 nm, were used to delineate weathered and aperture areas respectively on the rock mass. The weathering degree at the test site was then quantified using thematic images. This entailed assessing the percentages of the weathered (22.5%) and aperture (12.5%) areas in the thematic image and using them in a modified Geological Strength Index (GSI) evaluation. The weathering rating (Rw) was classified as 'slight' and scored as '5' based on the percentage of weathered and aperture areas, and the GSI was determined to be 43. This study successfully demonstrated the potential for using spectral information to quantify rock mass weathering, as well as for using the calculated weathering degree to estimate the GSI.

There is a lot of investment in research on displaying texture through a stylus pen. However, little is known about the effect of a stylus pen that can provide the texture of pen and paper on user experience. This study investigated whether there is a change in user experience when using a stylus pen that can provide pen-and-paper texture compared with a typical stylus pen. Experiments involving writing and drawing tasks using three tools (a stylus pen that can provide pen-and-paper texture, a typical stylus pen, and analogue pen and paper) were conducted, and user experiences were compared. After a literature review that examined the factors affecting the experience of using a pen, the experiments were conducted to measure usability and emotions. We found little difference between the typical stylus pen and the stylus pen in providing texture in respect of completion time and amount of error. However, the stylus pen that can provide texture showed results closer to those of the analogue pen and paper, and better results than those of the typical stylus pen in respect of familiarity and overall satisfaction of the usability and emotional variables. Therefore, this study confirmed that user experience is improved when using a stylus pen that can provide the texture of pen and paper.

Daar is al baie belê en nagevors in die nabootsing van die pen-op-papier gevoel van 'n elektroniese stilus. Daar is egter weinige inligting beskikbaar oor die effek wat tekstuur op gebruikers-ervaring het. Hierdie studie ondersoek of daar n verandering in gebruikerservaring is wanneer n stilus met pen-op-papier terugvoer gebruik word teenoor n tipiese stilus wat nie terugvoer aan die gebruiker lewer nie. Eksperimente wat skryf en teken-take insluit is met drie gereedskapstukke (n stilus met pen-op-papier terugvoer, n tipiese stilus, en n konvensionele pen op papier) uitgevoer. Na n literatuurstudie van stapel gestuur is, is die eksperimente uitgevoer om die bruikbaarheid en subjektiewe terugvoer van die gebruiker te bepaal. Die resultate toon min verskil tussen n tipiese stilus en een met die pen-op-papier gevoel, beide in terme van die tyd om die take te voltooi en die aantal foute begaan. Die stilus met pen-op-papier terugvoer se vertoning was nader aan die van n tradisionele pen, asook beter subjektiewe terugvoer van die gebruiker in terme van vertroudheid en algehele bevrediging. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat n stilus met pen-op-papier terugvoer gebruikerservaring verbeter.

An economic analysis model is proposed for estimating the cost savings incurred in all operations, from blasting to milling, in a copper mine using spectral imaging-based tracking. A conventional mid-sized copper mine in Arizona with two ore types is used as a case study. First, a combined regression and discrete event simulation model of the material-handling network of the mine, constructed in ArenaTM, is used mainly to obtain throughput information at pits, crusher, and mills as well as the stochastic power consumption at each operation from mine to mill. The two ore types are assumed to be distinguished using a spectral imaging-based tracking method. The main components of the spectral imaging-based tracking method are a multispectral camera and a regression model consisting of partial least-squares, principal component, or logistic regression methods. Partial least-squares, principal component, and logistic regression methods are then compared to select the best method to distinguish various ore types sampled from the mine. Finally, an economic analysis model based on tracking results fed to the simulation model is used to demonstrate the cost savings for each ore type as a function of the specific explosive energies. This is a preliminary study of the economic analysis of overall cost savings before testing in an actual copper mine.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs that started with a lower bodyweight than pigs in the control group. A total of 96 growing pigs (initial bodyweight (BW) 31.6 ± 2.97 kg) were allotted to two dietary treatments (48 pigs/treatment, 8 pigs/pen) with different initial BW (34.37 vs. 28.78 kg). The dietary treatments were a control diet (CON), based on maize and soybean meal (grower diets) and wheat (finisher diets), and a protease diet (PRO), which was the CON diet to which 0.02% protease was added. Pigs were fed these dietary treatments (high BW-CON, low BW-PRO) for 12 weeks, comprising six weeks growing and six weeks finishing. In the growing period, PRO had higher average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio than CON. The significant difference in bodyweight that was observed at the beginning of the experiment between the treatment groups was still observed at the end of the growing period. In the finishing period, PRO had reduced feed intake, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and increased G:F ratio compared with CON. At the end of the experiment, there was no significant difference in BW between the treatment groups as a result of lower feed intake and ADFI and higher ADG and G:F ratio. In addition, there were no differences in carcass characteristics between the groups. Therefore, standalone protease supplementation may positively affect the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs through improved feed efficiency without negative effects on carcass characteristics.

The additive substituent effect of phenylmercapto derivatives of corannulene are investigated by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational techniques. The per-substituted phenylmercaptocorannulene is incorporated as a replacement for [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in a photovoltaic device.

Se pretende argumentar que la relación perdida entre contabilidad y auditoría se ha producido porque los supuestos filosóficos básicos de la auditoría no se han desarrollado tanto como sus correspondientes en el campo de la contabilidad. En tanto que la contabilidad de valor razonable representa una realidad socialmente construida, la auditoría parece siempre estar fundada en la tradición positivista de la teoría de la evidencia (Cf. Mautz y Sharaf, 1961; AAA, 1973; Flint, 1988). El resto del trabajo se focaliza en el análisis del problema de la relación perdida entre contabilidad y auditoría, problema que se ha planteado en la sección primera. En primer lugar, la siguiente sección describirá brevemente la metodología utilizada para el análisis. En la tercera sección se dará una breve descripción del cambio histórico del paradigma principal de la contabilidad, que pasa de informar la verdad a informar en coherencia con los principios de contabilidad generalmente aceptados (PCGA) y los cambios correspondientes en el paradigma principal de la auditoría, desde los tiempos antiguos hasta la auditoría moderna en el siglo XIX, que culminó con la promulgación de ASOBAC. En la cuarta sección, se analizan los avances de la última o dos últimas décadas, más concretamente, el cambio de un enfoque contable basado en la correspondencia con criterios, a un enfoque contable basado en la construcción social de consenso, como puede constatarse en el giro contable a partir de la década de 1990 en adelante con el paradigma del valor razonable. Se argumentará que la auditoría no se ha modificado en consecuencia, y que este eslabón perdido entre el enfoque ontológico de la contabilidad y de la auditoría puede acarrear problemas a los académicos, emisores de normas y profesionales. El artículo concluye con estas implicaciones y la necesidad de investigación futura.

Pode argumentar-se que a relação perdida entre contabilidade e auditoria surgiu porque os pressupostos filosóficos básicos de auditoria não foram desenvolvidos no mesmo sentido de suos respectivos pressupostos no domínio da contabilidade. Enquanto a contabilidade pelo justo valor representa uma realidade socialmente construída, a auditoria ainda parece estar fundada na tradição positivista da teoria da evidência (por exemplo, Mautz & Sharaf, 1961; AAA, 1973; Flint, 1988). O resto do trabalho foca-liza-se na análise do problema da correspondência entre contabilidade e auditoria, um problema frisado na primeira secção. Em primeiro lugar, a secção seguinte irá descrever brevemente a metodologia utilizada para a análise. Na terceira secção daremos uma breve descrição da transformação histórica do paradigma principal da contabilidade que passa de divulgar a verdade a informar em conformidade com os princípios contabilísticos geralmente aceites (PCGA) e alterações do paradigma principal da auditoria conexas, desde os tempos antigos até a auditoria moderna no século XIX, que conduziu à promulgação de ASOBAC. Na quarta secção, analisam-se os progressos na última ou duas últimas décadas, mais específicamente, a passagem de uma abordagem contabilística pela correspondência com criterios, à construção social de consenso, que pode ser visto na mudança na contabilidade a partir de 1990 ao novo paradigma do valor justo. Será argumentado que a auditoria não foi modificada de maneira correspondente, e que esse elo perdido entre o foco ontológico da contabilidade e da auditoria pode causar problemas para os acadêmicos, os normalizadores e profissionais. O artigo concluirá com estas implicações e a necessidade de pesquisas futuras.

We claim that the missing correspondence between accounting and auditing has come about because auditing's basic philosophical assumptions has not been developed as much as its counterparts in the field of accounting. While fair value accounting represents a socially constructed reality, auditing still seems to be founded in the positivist tradition of evidence theory (e.g. Mautz & Sharaf, 1961; AAA, 1973; Flint, 1988). The remainder of the paper will analyze the missing correspondence between accounting and auditing, problem which has been raised in section one. Firstly, the next section will shortly describe the methodology used for the analysis. Section three will give a brief overview of the historical change in the main accounting paradigm from reporting the truth to reporting in accordance with GAAP and the corresponding changes in the main auditing paradigm from ancient times until modern auditing in the nineteenth century, culminating in ASOBAC. In section four, the developments of the last decade or two are analyzed, more specifically the change in accounting's focus from correspondence with criteria to the social construction of consensus, which can be seen in the change in accounting from the 1990s onwards to the fair value paradigm. It will be argued that auditing has not changed accordingly, and that this missing link between accounting and auditing's ontological focus can cause problems for academics, standard-setters and practitioners. The paper will conclude with these implications and the need for future research.

Nous prétendons que la correspondance perdue entre la comptabilité et l'audit s'est produite parce que les fondements philosophiques de l'audit n'ont pas été développé autant que ses correspondants dans le domaine de la comptabilité. Alors que la comptabilité en juste valeur représente une réalité construite socialement, l'audit semble toujours être fondée dans la tradition positiviste de la théorie de l'évidence (par exemple Mautz & Sharaf, 1961; AAA, 1973; Flint, 1988). Le reste de l'article analyse la correspondance perdue entre la comptabilité et l'audit, problème qui a été soulevé dans la première section. Tout d'abord, la section suivante a pour objet de décrire la méthode utilisée pour l'analyse. La troisième section donne un bref aperçu de l'évolution historique dans le principal paradigme de la comptabilité, passant de rapporter la vérité à informer conforme aux principes comptables généralement admis (PCGA) et les changements correspondants dans la principale paradigme de l'audit, de l'Antiquité jusqu'à l'audit moderne du XIX e siècle, culminant dans ASOBAC. Dans la section quatre, les développements de la deuxième ou dernière décennie sont analysés, plus spécifiquement le changement d'une approche comptable en fonction de l'accent mis sur la correspondance avec des critères, contrairement à une approche comptable basée sur la construction sociale de consensus, comme en témoignent le changement de la comptabilité à partir des années 1990 avec l'émergence du paradigme de la juste valeur. Il sera débattu que l'audit n'a pas été modifié en conséquence, et que ce chaînon manquant entre l'approche ontologique de la comptabilité et et l'audit peut causer des problèmes pour les académiques, les organismes de normalisation et les professionnels. L'article conclut avec toutes ces implications et la nécessité pour la recherche future.

A 4-year-old, 1.8 kg, male, castrated Maltese was presented for evaluation of urolithiasis. Urinary calculi were composed of ammonium biurate. Preprandial and postprandial bile acids were 44.2 and 187.3 µmol/ℓ , respectively (reference ranges 0-10 and 0-20 µmol/ℓ , respectively). Single-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) with volume-rendered imaging (VRI) was obtained. VRI revealed a portocaval shunt originating just cranial to a tributary of the gastroduodenal vein and draining into the caudal vena cava at the level of the epiploic foramen. CTA revealed a 3.66 mm-diameter shunt measured at the level of the termination of the shunt and a 3.79 mm-diameter portal vein measured at the level between the origin of the shunt and the porta of the liver. Surgery was performed using cellophane banding without attenuation. Follow-up single-phase CTA with VRI was obtained 10 weeks after surgery. VRI revealed no evidence of portosystemic communication on the level of a cellophane band and caudal to the cellophane band. CTA demonstrated an increased portal vein diameter (3.79-5.27 mm) measured at the level between the origin of the shunt and the porta of the liver. Preprandial and postprandial bile acids were 25 and 12.5 µmol/ℓ, respectively (aforementioned respective reference ranges), 3 months post-surgery. No problems were evident at 6 months.

Ricardo Ferreira foi o primeiro cientista brasileiro a compreender a necessidade de aproximações teóricas sólidas para explicar os mecanismos que governam as ciências da vida. Nesta edição em sua homenagem, descrevemos como modelos teóricos têm sido aplicados para guiar o entendimento do fenômeno de tunelamento de elétrons em biologia. Durante quase vinte anos, o nosso modelo de "Pathways" tem se mostrado o mais bem sucedido modelo teórico para descrever o mecanismo de tunelamento no processo de transferência de elétrons em sistemas biológicos, particularmente em proteínas. Recentemente, o modelo de Pathways foi generalizado para incluir o efeito da dinâmica de proteínas na modulação do Fator Franck-Condon e dos elementos de tunelamento da matriz. A interferência entre diferentes trajetórias modula as interações de tunelamento de elétrons em proteínas (particularmente interferências destrutivas), e efeitos resultantes da dinâmica de proteínas são de importância crítica. O tunelamento de elétrons pode ser controlado por conformações de equilíbrio da proteína, as quais parecem ser necessárias para minimizar os efeitos de interferência destrutiva. Em contraste, quando configurações de equilíbrio apresentam pouca interferência destrutiva, o tunelamento de elétrons é promovido por uma (ou algumas) etapa(s) construtivamente interferente e os efeitos dinâmicos são modestos. Este novo mecanismo resultou na previsão de várias constantes de velocidades para reações de transferência de elétrons que foram confirmadas experimentalmente.

Ricardo Ferreira was the first Brazilian scientist to understand the need of solid theoretical approaches to obtain quantitative understanding mechanisms governing the life sciences. Therefore, in this issue in his honor, we decided to describe how theory has been able to guide the understanding of electron tunneling in biology. During almost twenth years, our Pathway model has been the most powerful model in terms of predicting the tunneling mechanism for electron transfer in biological systems, particularly proteins. Recently, we have generalized the conventional Pathway models to understand how protein dynamics modulate not only the Franck-Condon Factor but also the tunneling matrix element. The interference among pathways modulates the electron tunneling interactions in proteins (particularly destructive interference), and dynamical effects are of critical importance. Tunneling can be controlled by protein conformations from equilibrium, which may be needed to minimize the effect of destructive interference during tunneling. In contrast, when equilibrium configurations have small destructive interference, electron tunneling is mediated by one (or a few) constructively interfering pathway tubes and dynamical effects are modest. This new mechanism has predicted several experimental rates that were later confirmed by experiments.