Abstract Introduction Temporal bone anatomy is complex and demands a profound anatomical knowledge. Association between surgery and imaging helps in the process of learning three-dimensional (3D) anatomy and surgical techniques. High definition temporal bone imaging can play an important role in dissection training. Objective To describe a computed tomography (CT) image-guided temporal bone dissection course for surgical training in otolaryngology and to verify the satisfaction level of the students with the course. Methods Descriptive research. The course took place at a research laboratory, with three experienced temporal bone surgeons. The participants were 12 otolaryngology residents. The laboratory has 7 modern workstations with microscope and monitors linked with a computerized video system. Cadaveric temporal bones were donated to the university. Imaging acquisition of the cadaveric temporal bones used in the course was performed in a multislice CT scanner. The CT images of cadaveric temporal bones were available with real-time access on the laboratory monitor’s screens during dissections. Results A total of 13 temporal bones were included for dissection. Students had the opportunity to view on the same screen, simultaneously, both the dissection video and the respective CT images of their temporal bone anatomical specimens. This allowed correlating surgical and imaging aspects of temporal bone anatomy. At the end of the course, participants answered a satisfaction survey. Conclusion Considering imaging methods are routinely used during most otologic surgeries, detailed knowledge of CT imaging should be explored in conjunction with the temporal bone anatomical dissection.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a influência da escolaridade e do grau de parentesco na decisão familiar pela doação de córneas para transplantes. Método: desenho quantitativo, transversal e retrospectivo com amostra composta por 291 fichas das entrevistas realizadas com familiares de potenciais doadores de córneas de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017 de um hospital público, geral e de grande porte localizado no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Resultados: entre os potenciais doadores deste tecido, 53,3% são do sexo masculino com idade média de 57 anos (57±11); 55,7% são casados e o turno mais frequente da ocorrência do óbito é o noturno com 29,6% dos casos. Em relação à decisão familiar, 60,8% dos entrevistados decidiram favoravelmente à doação. Existe associação entre doação e turno da entrevista, sendo a madrugada o menos favorável (p=0,04). O tempo médio entre o óbito e a realização da entrevista é de 1:39 (±1:20) e não influenciou na decisão familiar (p=0,63). Dos familiares entrevistados, 58,8% são do sexo feminino e 53,3% são descendentes do potencial doador. O parentesco descendente decide sobre a doação com maior frequência do que ascendentes, laterais ou cônjuges. A faixa etária do familiar entrevistado (41±13) tem diferença estatística em relação a do potencial doador. Há diferença entre decisão de doação e nível de escolaridade (p=0,03) sendo que familiares com maior escolaridade decidem com maior frequência favoravelmente a doação. Conclusões: escolaridade do familiar, grau de parentesco e turno da entrevista influenciam na decisão positiva para a doação de córneas para transplantes.

Abstract Objective: analyzing the influence of schooling and kinship on families’ decision to donate corneas for transplants. Method: quantitative, cross-sectional and retrospective study whose sample comprised 291 records of interviews conducted with family members of potential corneal donors from January 2015 to December 2017, who were treated in a public, general and large-sized hospital in Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Results: 53.3% of the potential corneal donors were male at mean age of 57 years (57 ± 11); 55.7% were married and 29.6% of them died during the night shift, which was the shift when death took place more often. With respect to families’ decision, 60.8% of interviewees decided for donation. There was association between donation and interview shift; dawn was the least favorable time (p = 0.04). The mean time between patients’ death and the interview with family members was 1:39 (± 1: 20) and it did not influence families’ decision (p = 0.63). Among the interviewed family members, 58.8% were women and 53.3% were descendants of the potential donor. Descendants decide about the donation more often than ascendants, siblings or spouses. The age group of the interviewed family members (41 ± 13) was statistically different from that of potential donors. There was association between schooling and decision to donate (p = 0.03); family members with higher schooling were more often favorable towards donation. Conclusions: Family members’ schooling, degree of kinship and interview shift had positive influence on individuals’ decision to donate corneal tissue for transplants.

RESUMO. Investigamos o desempenho cognitivo de pacientes com miastenia gravis (MG) por meio de um estudo transversal. Aplicou-se uma bateria de avaliações cognitivas e questionários de autopercepção sobre qualidade de vida (QV), sono e depressão. A amostra foi composta por 39 pacientes com diagnóstico de MG. Os escores mostraram predominância de comprometimento cognitivo no teste de rastreio Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (66,7%) e nas tarefas de memória imediata (59,0%) e recente (56,4%). Entretanto, após a análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, verificou-se que os pacientes diagnosticados com depressão apresentaram uma razão de prevalência (RP)=1.887 (IC 1.166‒3.054) para escores mais baixos no MoCA, RP=9.533 (IC 1.600‒56.788) nos testes de fluência verbal fonêmica e RP=12.426 (IC 2.177‒70.931) no teste de fluência verbal semântica. Além disso, uma associação entre pior desempenho nas tarefas de memória de retenção de curto prazo nos pacientes em uso de glucocorticoides (GC) e com os escores do Beck Depression Inventory indicando depressão, com RP=11.227 (IC 1.736‒72.604) e RP=0.35 (IC 0.13‒0.904), respectivamente. Não foi encontrada correlação entre o questionário de QV e o desempenho em testes cognitivos. Sendo assim, conclui-se que foi observado pior desempenho em tarefas de memória e funções executivas em pacientes com MG. Estes não estão associados ao tempo e à gravidade da doença. No entanto, uma taxa de prevalência significativa foi encontrada para pior desempenho da memória em pacientes diagnosticados com depressão e naqueles em uso de glucocorticoides.

ABSTRACT. We investigated the cognitive performance of patients with Myasthenia Gravis (MG) through a cross-sectional study. A battery of cognitive assessments and self-report questionnaires regarding quality of life (QoL), sleep, and depression were applied. The sample consisted of 39 patients diagnosed with MG. The scores showed a predominance of cognitive impairment in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment screening test (MoCA) (66.7%) and in the immediate (59.0%) and recent memory (56.4%) tests. However, after the Poisson regression analysis with robust variance, it was found that patients diagnosed with depression had a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1,887 (CI 1,166‒3,054) for lower MoCA scores, PR=9,533 (CI 1,600‒56,788) for poorer phonemic verbal fluency scores, and PR=12,426 (CI 2,177‒70,931) for the Semantic Verbal Fluency test. Moreover, concerning a decline in short-term memory retention, patients using glucocorticosteroids (GC) and with Beck Depression Inventory scores indicating depression showed PR=11,227 (CI 1,736‒72,604) and PR=0.35 (CI 0.13‒0.904), respectively. No correlation was found between the QoL questionnaire and performance in cognitive tests. We found worse performance in tasks of memory and executive functions in MG patients. These are not associated with the length and severity of the disease. However, a significant prevalence ratio was found for poorer memory performance in patients diagnosed with depression and in those using GC.

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is potentially the greatest global public health crisis of this century. This disease emerged as an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, the capital city of the Hubei province in China, in December 2019. Otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons and dentists are at an increased risk of occupational disease. Objective The present review summarizes currently published evidence of Covid-19 epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention. No proven effective treatments for this disease currently exist. Data Synthesis COVID-19 started from a zoonotic transmission event associated with a large seafood market that also traded in live wild animals, and it soon became clear that efficient person-to-person transmission was also occurring. Symptoms are varied, and not all patients develop all of them. Conclusion Social distancing seems to have been successful in several places in the world. However, this recommendation alone is not enough to contain the disease, and it is not a long-term solution. Large-scale testing by health professionals of representative samples of the population may give an estimate of the progression of the disease. Different treatments are under test and bring hope of a cure to the population. However, no current treatments (April 27, 2020) have been proven to be the key to success in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Planetary health is a useful concept to understand the current drivers of this pandemic and to draw a roadmap for science and healthcare that may guide actions to fight economic depression and ensure a healthy recovery.