Abstract The objective was to analyze the implications associated with the enactment of Law No. 31592, enacted on October 26, 2022, which introduces significant modifications to the Criminal Procedure Code regarding the condemnation of acquitted. For these purposes, it was analyzed whether the norm complied with national and international standards regarding judicial conformity, as well as examining its viability and effectiveness of challenges to the sentences of acquitted persons. A mixed methodological approach was adopted over an extended period, to include the analysis of judicial resolutions issued between the period 2010 - 2022. Through an analysis, it was concluded that the principle of double conformity should be applied exclusively to the convicted person, highlighting that challenges related to acquittal sentences should be the responsibility of a Criminal or Mixed Chamber belonging to a Judicial District, instead of being the responsibility of the Supreme Court. Consequently, the modification introduced by this Law is highly harmful due to the possible difficulties that it could cause in the operation of the appeal processes, as well as its potential to weaken the principle of double compliance, which constitutes a fundamental pillar in the judicial system.

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las implicancias asociadas a la promulgación de la Ley N° 31592, promulgada el 26 de octubre de 2022, que introduce modificaciones significativas en el Código Procesal Penal respecto a la condena del absuelto. Para estos efectos, se analizó si dicha norma se ajustaba a los estándares nacionales e internacionales en lo referente a la conformidad judicial, así como examinar su viabilidad y efectividad de las impugnaciones de las condenas de absueltos. Se adoptó un enfoque metodológico mixto durante un período prolongado, abarcando el análisis de resoluciones judiciales emitidas entre el periodo 2010 - 2022. Mediante un minucioso análisis, se arribó a la conclusión de que el principio del doble conforme debe aplicarse exclusivamente al condenado, resaltando que las impugnaciones relacionadas con las condenas de absolución deben ser competencia de una Sala Penal o Mixta perteneciente a un Distrito Judicial, en lugar de ser atribución de la Corte Suprema. En consecuencia, la modificación introducida por esta Ley es altamente perjudicial en virtud de las posibles dificultades que podría ocasionar en la operatividad de los procesos de apelación, así como su potencial para debilitar el principio del doble conforme, que constituye un pilar fundamental en el sistema judicial.

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is transcendental to study access to health in various fields and especially in populations in a state of vulnerability. Women inmates are considered a special population group, the sustained increase in the prison population, locally and globally, and the fact that the health problems of persons deprived of liberty tend to be more prevalent than that of the population in general, it raises the need and the challenge of designing and establishing special strategies in reference to the care models necessary to carry out the tasks of care, prevention, and health promotion within prisons. Objective: The objective of the study was to detect access to gynecologist-obstetric health services in penitentiary establishments in Peru during the year 2021. Methods: The study is descriptive, cross, was carried out in the penitentiary setting and covers all the penitentiary establishments in the regions of Peru with a female penitentiary population distributed throughout the Peruvian territory during the year 2021. For data collection, the secondary source documentary technique, the instrument in which the information collected was lost was the documentary file. Results: It was found that 13 women's prisons and 31 women's pavilions, of which only 15 (34.09%) have gynecologist-obstetric service, while 29 (35.91%) do not have gynecologist-obstetric service. Of the total prison population studied, 4,360 inmates, not all of them received at least one gynecologist-obstetrician care during the year 2021. Discussion: Access to gynecologist-obstetric services in the women's prison population in Peru is restricted, placing women deprived of their liberty in a situation of vulnerability.

RESUMEN Introducción: Resulta trascendental estudiar el acceso a la salud en diversos campos y sobre todo en poblaciones en estado de vulnerabilidad. Las mujeres internas se consideran un grupo de población especial, el aumento sostenido de la población penitenciaria, a nivel local y mundial, y el hecho de que los problemas de salud de las personas privadas de libertad suelen ser de mayor prevalencia que la de la población general, plantea la necesidad y el desafío de diseñar y establecer estrategias especiales en referencia a los modelos de atención necesarios para llevar a cabo las tareas de atención, prevención y promoción de la salud dentro de los establecimientos penitenciarios. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue diagnosticar el acceso a los servicios de la salud gineco-obstetra en los establecimientos penitenciarios del Perú durante el año 2021. Metodología: El estudio tiene carácter descriptivo, transversal, se realizó en el ámbito penitenciario y abarca todos los establecimientos penitenciarios de las regiones del Perú con población penitenciaria femenina distribuidas en el territorio peruano durante el año 2021. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la técnica documental de fuente secundaria, el instrumento en el cual se registró la información recogida fue la ficha documental. Resultados: Se encontró que, de 13 establecimientos penitenciarios de mujeres y 31 pabellones de mujeres, solo 15 (34,09 %) cuentan con servicio gineco-obstetra, mientras que 29 (65,91 %) no cuentan con servicio gineco-obstetra. Del total de la población penitenciaria estudiada (4360) internas, no todas recibieron al menos una atención gineco-obstetra durante el año 2021 Discusión: El acceso a los servicios gineco-obstetras en la población penitenciaria de mujeres del Perú se muestra restringida, colocando en situación de vulnerabilidad a las mujeres privadas de su libertad.

Resumen El objetivo fue estimar la causalidad entre el hacinamiento penitenciario sobre el reingreso a los establecimientos penitenciarios en el Perú durante el año 2021. La metodología fue de nivel explicativo con enfoque mixto. Obteniendo como resultado que no es completamente determinante la sobrepoblación penitenciaria para el reingreso de internos a establecimientos penitenciarios; además de la sobrepoblación, existirían otros factores contributivos como la administración penitenciaria, la salud dentro de establecimientos penitenciarios, el tráfico de drogas, el apoyo familiar, entre otras. Concluyendo que el sistema penitenciario atraviesa por una crisis sistemática, pues no estaría cumpliendo con el propósito de resocializar, reeducar y reinsertar a los internos, toda vez que se ha advertido que en todos los establecimientos penitenciarios del Perú existen reingresos de internos.

Abstract The objective was to estimate the causality between prison overcrowding on re-entry to prisons in Peru during the year 2021. The methodology was explanatory with a mixed approach. Obtaining as a result that the penitentiary overcrowding is not completely decisive for the re-entry of inmates to penitentiary establishments; In addition to overpopulation, there would be other contributing factors such as prison administration, health within penal establishments, drug trafficking, family support, among others. Concluding that the penitentiary system is going through a systematic crisis, since it would not be fulfilling the purpose of resocializing, reeducating and reinserting inmates, since it has been noted that in all penal establishments in Peru there are re-entries of inmates.

A composite of Ti6Al4V reinforced with CoCrMo particles is fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy and semi-solid sintering. Composites are fabricated by mixing 20% wt. of CoCrMo reinforcing particles into the Ti6Al4V matrix. Sintering is studied by dilatometry tests between 1050 and 1130 °C and compact characterization is performed by SEM and XRD. Microhardness is evaluated on the polished surface in order to obtain the mechanical properties. It is found that densification is achieved by the formation of a liquid phase due to a eutectic point formed by the Ti and Co at around 1130 °C. Composites with 93% of relative density are obtained. Their microstructure is composed by the Ti6Al4V matrix surrounded by a Ti2Co phase. Average microhardness of composites is higher than that obtained for monolithic samples of both alloys. It is assessed that the control of the liquid phase is the key to obtain highly dense composites that could be used as dental or orthopedic implants.

Samples with 40% vol. of pores and a pore size distribution between 100 and 500 µm were produced by powder metallurgy from Ti6Al4V alloy powders. Sintering was performed at 1300 °C during one hour in an inert Argon atmosphere in a vertical dilatometer. The compressive strength and the porosity of these samples was investigated before and after compression tests through X-ray microtomography. The values of the elastic modulus (8GPa) and yield strength (80MPa) are within the range of those used in bone implants. Porosity leads to greater deformation whereas fracture of compacts occurs perpendicularly to the applied load. It was determined that the origin of the failure is generated by rupture of interparticle necks and, large pores enhance the propagation of cracks.