The purpose of this study was to analyze luxation injuries in children between the ages of 0 and 5 years treated at an emergency service department. A total of 1,703 records, corresponding to a period of 10 years at the Emergency Center of the Baby Clinic at Londrina State University, Brazil, were analyzed. The age, gender, etiologic factors, type of injury, injured teeth, treatment and time interval between injury and treatment were determined for each patient. Of the examined records, 409 patients met the study criteria and included a total of 679 injured teeth. Statistical analyses were carried out using the chi-square test with the level of significance set at 5%. Trauma incidence was higher in boys (57.0%) and in children less than two years of age (40.3%). Falling while walking or running was the most predominant etiologic factor (37.7%), and the most prevalent type of injury was subluxation (32.6%). Luxation injuries decreased with increasing age (p = 0.045). Treatment usually occurred within the first 1-15 days and was significantly associated with the type of trauma (p = 0.041). "Monitor only" was the treatment most frequently observed (74.0%). In conclusion, more luxation injuries were found in younger children, predominantly in boys. Falls resulting from walking or running were the etiologic factor most observed, with subluxation as the most common type of trauma. Treatment usually occurred within the first 15 days after the injury. Despite the severity of these injuries, "monitor only" was the eligible treatment.

Com o objetivo de verificar se as condições de vida e de infra-estrutura dos municípios do Estado do Paraná, Brasil, se relacionam com a taxa de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes, foi realizado estudo de agregados, com os 399 municípios do Estado agrupados em cinco clusters de condições de vida. As taxas de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal foram calculadas para o qüinqüênio 1997/2001. Observaram-se taxas médias de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal no Estado de 19,3, 12,0 e 7,3 por mil nascidos vivos, respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade infantil pós-neonatal variou de 8,7 (cluster de piores condições) a 6,3 por mil nascidos vivos (cluster de melhores condições de vida). Com relação ao componente neonatal, os clusters de melhor e pior situação apresentaram as menores taxas, com valores semelhantes: 11,8 e 11,4 por mil nascidos vivos, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o componente pós-neonatal ainda discrimina adequadamente as condições de vida no Estado do Paraná, porém há necessidade de estudos complementares visando esclarecer as causas das taxas semelhantes de mortalidade neonatal dos clusters classificados como de melhores e de piores condições de vida.

This objective of this paper was to verify the relations between the living and infrastructure conditions of municipalities in the State of Paraná, Brazil, and infant mortality rate and its components. An ecological study was carried out having the 399 municipalities of the State being classified into five clusters of living conditions. Infant, neonatal and postneonatal rates were calculated for the period 1997/2001. The mean infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates in the State were, respectively, 19.3, 12.0 and 7.3 per 1,000 live births. Postneonatal mortality rates ranged from 8.7 (cluster of worst living conditions) to 6.3 per 1,000 live births (in the cluster classified as having the best living conditions). Regarding the neonatal component, clusters classified as holding the best and the worst living conditions presented the lowest values: 11.8 and 11.4 per 1,000 live births, respectively. We conclude that the postneonatal component still adequately discriminate living conditions in the State of Paraná. However, there is a need of complementary studies that aim to clarify the causes of similar neonatal mortality rates observed in the richest and in the poorest cluster of municipalities.

Com o objetivo de verificar se as condições de vida e de infra-estrutura dos municípios do Estado do Paraná, Brasil, se relacionam com a taxa de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes, foi realizado estudo de agregados, com os 399 municípios do Estado agrupados em cinco clusters de condições de vida. As taxas de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal foram calculadas para o qüinqüênio 1997/2001. Observaram-se taxas médias de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal no Estado de 19,3, 12,0 e 7,3 por mil nascidos vivos, respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade infantil pós-neonatal variou de 8,7 (cluster de piores condições) a 6,3 por mil nascidos vivos (cluster de melhores condições de vida). Com relação ao componente neonatal, os clusters de melhor e pior situação apresentaram as menores taxas, com valores semelhantes: 11,8 e 11,4 por mil nascidos vivos, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o componente pós-neonatal ainda discrimina adequadamente as condições de vida no Estado do Paraná, porém há necessidade de estudos complementares visando esclarecer as causas das taxas semelhantes de mortalidade neonatal dos clusters classificados como de melhores e de piores condições de vida.

This objective of this paper was to verify the relations between the living and infrastructure conditions of municipalities in the State of Paraná, Brazil, and infant mortality rate and its components. An ecological study was carried out having the 399 municipalities of the State being classified into five clusters of living conditions. Infant, neonatal and postneonatal rates were calculated for the period 1997/2001. The mean infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates in the State were, respectively, 19.3, 12.0 and 7.3 per 1,000 live births. Postneonatal mortality rates ranged from 8.7 (cluster of worst living conditions) to 6.3 per 1,000 live births (in the cluster classified as having the best living conditions). Regarding the neonatal component, clusters classified as holding the best and the worst living conditions presented the lowest values: 11.8 and 11.4 per 1,000 live births, respectively. We conclude that the postneonatal component still adequately discriminate living conditions in the State of Paraná. However, there is a need of complementary studies that aim to clarify the causes of similar neonatal mortality rates observed in the richest and in the poorest cluster of municipalities.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a prevalência de cárie dentária em escolares que participaram de um programa semanal de bochecho com fluoreto de sódio a 0,2% com a prevalência de cárie em escolares que não participaram do programa. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal na Cidade de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, cuja população consome água fluoretada. Foram examinados 367 escolares de 12 anos: 190 participantes (51,8%) e 177 não participantes (48,2%) do programa semanal de bochecho. Os índices utilizados foram o de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados e o de superfícies cariadas, perdidas e obturadas. Os exames foram conduzidos por três examinadores e a concordância no diagnóstico de cárie foi quase perfeita (K = 0,90). A cárie dentária foi considerada variável dependente. As variáveis independentes foram: a participação ou não no programa, estudar em escola pública ou privada, escovação dentária, quantidade de dentifrício utilizada, ingestão de doces e consulta ao dentista. RESULTADOS: O índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados aos 12 anos foi 0,85 ± 0,059 (0,70 ±0,060 para não participantes e 1,0 ±0,058 para participantes). O índice de superfícies cariadas, perdidas e obturadas foi 1,16 ±0,017, variando de 0,34 a 1,66. Na análise bivariada, estiveram estatisticamente associados (P <0,05) com a presença de cárie: estudar em escola pública, participar no programa de bochecho e ingerir doces entre as refeições mais de uma vez por dia. Na análise de regressão logística multivariada, mantiveram-se associados com a presença de cárie estudar em escola pública (P = 0,0004) e ingerir doces (P = 0,0010). CONCLUSÕES: O programa de bochecho com flúor não esteve associado a menor prevalência de cárie, seja em escolas públicas ou privadas. Entretanto, outros estudos são necessários para análise de custo-efetividade do programa em populações com maior prevalência da doença. No nível de prevalência de cárie observado, o recurso destinado ao programa de bochecho com flúor poderia financiar outras ações de promoção de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of dental caries in two groups of schoolchildren: (1) schoolchildren participating in a weekly 0.2% sodium fluoride mouth-rinsing program and (2) schoolchildren not participating in the program. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city (municipality) of Londrina, in the state of Paraná, Brazil; the city has fluoridated drinking water. We examined 367 12-year-old children: 190 participants in the weekly mouth-rinsing program (51.8%) and 177 nonparticipants (48.2%). The prevalence of caries was determined based on the scores for decayed, missing, and filled teeth and for decayed, missing, and filled surfaces. The examinations were performed by three examiners, with nearly perfect agreement in their diagnosis of caries (kappa = 0.90). The dependent variable was dental caries. The independent variables were: participation or nonparticipation in the mouth-rinsing program, attending a private school or a public school, frequency of tooth-brushing, amount of toothpaste used, consumption of sweets between meals, and visits to the dentist. RESULTS: The decayed, missing, and filled teeth score (mean and standard deviation) at 12 years of age was 0.85 ± 0.059 overall, 1.0 ± 0.058 for program participants, and 0.70 ± 0.060 for nonparticipants. The decayed, missing, and filled surfaces score (mean and standard deviation) was 1.16 ± 0.017, with it ranging from a low of 0.34 in one private school to a high of 1.66 in one public school. Bivariate analysis showed an association between caries (P < 0.05) and the following variables: attending a public school, participating in the mouth-rinsing program, and consuming sweets between meals more than once a day. In the multivariate analysis, attending a public school (P = 0.0004) and consuming sweets (P = 0.001) remained associated with the presence of caries. CONCLUSIONS: The weekly mouth-rinsing program was not associated with a decreased prevalence of caries, in either the public schools or the private schools. However, additional research is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of fluoride mouth-rinsing programs in populations with a higher prevalence of caries. Given the caries prevalence that we found in the schoolchildren whom we studied, the resources allocated to the fluoride mouth-rinsing program for them should probably be used to pay for other health-promotion activities with them.