CDKN2A has been implicated as a melanoma susceptibility gene in some kindreds with a family history of this disease. Mutations in CDKN2A may produce an imbalance between functional p16ink4a and cyclin D causing abnormal cell growth. We searched for germline mutations in this gene in 22 patients with clinical criteria of hereditary cancer (early onset, presence of multiple primary melanoma or 1 or more first- or second-degree relatives affected) by secondary structural content prediction, a mutation scanning method that relies on the propensity for single-strand DNA to take on a three-dimensional structure that is highly sequence dependent, and sequencing the samples with alterations in the electrophoretic mobility. The prevalence of CDKN2A mutation in our study was 4.5% (1/22) and there was a correlation between family history and probability of mutation detection. We found the P48T mutation in 1 patient with 2 melanoma-affected relatives. The patient descends from Italian families and this mutation has been reported previously only in Italian families in two independent studies. This leads us to suggest the presence of a mutational "hotspot" within this gene or a founder mutation. We also detected a high prevalence (59.1%) of polymorphisms, mainly alleles 500 C/G (7/31.8%) or 540 C/T (6/27.3%), in the 3' untranslated region of exon 3. This result reinforces the idea that these rare polymorphic alleles have been significantly associated with the risk of developing melanoma.

The water-use efficiency of Pinus radiata, D. Don stands in Chile was determined. The transpiration rate (net evapotranspiration / tree volumetric increase) of selected plantations with different management between the Seventh and Tenth regions of Chile were calculated. Transpiration rate ranged between 241 and 717 m³/ m³. The smaller transpiration rate was registered in zones containing soils with a high water retention, heavy rainfall and little vegetation. The greatest rates of transpiration were determined in the plantations established in zones with less intense precipitation and a high potential evaporation. The transpiration rate was also high in sandy soils because here the trees are exposed to a prolonged water stress which restricts their growth. Precipitation, net precipitation, density of the stand, soil-water retention capacity, summer temperature, and the characteristics of the vegetation explain more than 83.8% (r²) of the variability in the transpiration rate between the studied plantations.

Se calculó la eficiencia del uso de agua de plantaciones de Pinus radiata (D. Don) en Chile. Para ello se determinó y comparó la tasa de transpiración-evapotranspiración neta anual/incremento volumétrico fustal anual de algunas plantaciones coetáneas de Pinus radiata con distintos manejos entre la VII y X Regiones de Chile que poseen diferentes condiciones edafoclimáticas. La tasa de transpiración varió entre los 241 y 717 m³/m³. Los menores valores se registraron en las plantaciones establecidas en suelos arcillosos, con buena capacidad de retención de agua y con una pobre cubierta vegetal asociada, ubicadas en zonas donde predominan los eventos importantes de lluvia. Las mayores tasas de transpiración se observaron en las plantaciones establecidas en zonas con precipitaciones de menor intensidad y una alta evaporación potencial. En los arenales la tasa también fue alta, por las características de los suelos y porque los árboles estuvieron expuestos a un prolongado estrés hídrico estival, lo que restringió sus crecimientos. Las precipitaciones que alcanzaron el suelo, la densidad de las plantaciones, la capacidad de retención de agua útil de los suelos, la temperatura estival y las características de la vegetación acompañante explicaron en 83,8% (r²) la variabilidad de la tasa de transpiración entre las plantaciones.

Recognition and control of depression symptoms are important to increase patient compliance with treatment and to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients. Clinical studies indicate that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are better antidepressants for diabetic patients than other drugs. However, preclinical trials have demonstrated that not all SSRI reduce plasma glucose levels. In fact, fluoxetine increases and sertraline decreases glycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In the present study we evaluated plasma insulin levels during fasting and after glucose overload after treatment with sertraline. Adult male Wistar rats were fasted and treated with saline or 30 mg/kg sertraline and submitted or not to glucose overload (N = 10). Blood was collected and plasma insulin was measured. The mean insulin levels were: fasting group: 25.9 ± 3.86, sertraline + fasting group: 31.10 ± 2.48, overload group: 34.1 ± 3.40, and overload + sertraline group: 43.73 ± 5.14 µU/ml. Insulinemia was significantly increased in the overload + sertraline group. There were no differences between the other groups. No difference in glucose/insulin ratios could be detected between groups. The overload + sertraline group was the only one in which a significant number of individuals exceeded the upper confidence limit of insulin levels. This study demonstrates that sertraline increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion without any change in peripheral insulin sensitivity.

Diabetic patients have a 20% higher risk of depression than the general population. Treatment with antidepressant drugs can directly interfere with blood glucose levels or may interact with hypoglycemic agents. The treatment of depression in diabetic patients must take into account variations of glycemic levels at different times and a comparison of the available antidepressant agents is important. In the present study we evaluated the interference of antidepressants with blood glucose levels of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In a first experiment, male adult Wistar rats were fasted for 12 h. Imipramine (5 mg/kg), moclobemide (30 mg/kg), clonazepam (0.25 mg/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) sertraline (30 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered. After 30 min, fasting glycemia was measured. An oral glucose overload of 1 ml of a 50% glucose solution was given to rats and blood glucose was determined after 30, 60 and 90 min. Imipramine and clonazepam did not change fasting or overload glycemia. Fluoxetine and moclobemide increased blood glucose at different times after the glucose overload. Sertraline neutralized the increase of glycemia induced by oral glucose overload. In the second experiment, non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fasted, and the same procedures were followed for estimation of glucose tolerance 30 min after glucose overload. Again, sertraline neutralized the increase in glycemia after glucose overload both in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. These data raise the question of whether sertraline is the best choice for prolonged use for diabetic individuals, because of its antihyperglycemic effects. Clonazepam would be useful in cases with potential risk of hypoglycemia.