African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious haemorrhagic disease associated with causing heavy economic losses to the swine industry in many African countries. In 2017, Zambia experienced ASF outbreaks in Mbala District (Northern province) and for the first time in Isoka and Chinsali districts (Muchinga province). Meanwhile, another outbreak was observed in Chipata District (Eastern province). Genetic analysis of part of the B646L gene, E183L gene, CP204L gene and the central variable region of the B602L gene of ASF virus (ASFV) associated with the outbreaks in Mbala and Chipata districts was conducted. The results revealed that the ASFV detected in Mbala District was highly similar to that of the Georgia 2007/1 isolate across all the genome regions analysed. In contrast, while showing close relationship with the Georgia 2007/1 virus in the B646L gene, the ASFV detected in Chipata District showed remarkable genetic variation in the rest of the genes analysed. These results suggest that the Georgia 2007/1-like virus could be more diverse than what was previously thought, underscoring the need of continued surveillance and monitoring of ASFVs within the south-eastern African region to better understand their epidemiology and the relationships between outbreaks and their possible origin.

In early 2015, a highly fatal haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs resembling African swine fever (ASF) occurred in North Western, Copperbelt, and Lusaka provinces of Zambia. Molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction targeting specific amplification of p72 (B646L) gene of ASF virus (ASFV) was conducted. Fourteen out of 16 domestic pigs from the affected provinces were found to be positive for ASFV. Phylogenetic analyses based on part of the p72 and the complete p54 (E183L) genes revealed that all the ASFVs detected belonged to genotypes I and Id, respectively. Additionally, epidemiological data suggest that the same ASFV spread from Lusaka to other provinces possibly through uncontrolled and/or illegal pig movements. Although the origin of the ASFV that caused outbreaks in domestic pigs in Zambia could not be ascertained, it appears likely that the virus may have emerged from within the country or region, probably from a sylvatic cycle. It is recommended that surveillance of ASF, strict biosecurity, and quarantine measures be imposed in order to prevent further spread and emergence of new ASF outbreaks in Zambia.

A placa aural é uma dermatopatia associada à quatro Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPVs). Até o momento, o DNA de EcPVs não foi identificado em amostras de placa aural fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina (FFPE). O objetivo deste estudo foi otimizar um método para a detecção dos quatro tipos de EcPVs em 21 amostras FFPE usando a PCR. O DNA dos EcPVs foram detectados em 11 amostras (52.4%). O DNA do EcPV4 foi detectado em 38.1% (8/21) e do EcPV3 em 4.8% (1/21) das amostras. Coinfecção foi identificada em duas amostras (9.5%); EcPV4 e 5 foram detectados simultaneamente em uma amostra, enquanto o DNA dos EcPV4 e 6 foi detectado em outra. A especificidade do DNA dos papilomavírus equinos foi avaliada por sequenciamento gênico direto, que confirmou a especificidade dos produtos. A metodologia de PCR proposta possibilita o diagnóstico dos EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6 em amostras FFPE de placa aural equina.

Frictional convergence in an atmospheric boundary layer topped by a stable free troposphere is considered. In agreement with extensive previous work, we find that atmospheric stability reduces the vertical scale of the free tropospheric secondary circulation associated with frictional convergence. Associated with this reduction in vertical scale is a proportional reduction in the time scale for the frictional spindown of an atmospheric circulation. This reduction in time scale alters the balance between terms in the component of the momentum equation along the isobars. In particular, for disturbance scales less than a few hundred kilometers in typical tropical conditions, the momentum tendency term comes into approximate balance with the friction term, with the Coriolis term becoming less important. This reduces the magnitude of the cross-isobaric flow and the strength of the ascent in regions where this flow converges. If some other mechanism such as moist convection produces enough boundary layer convergence to nullify the spindown of the disturbance in question, then the magnitude of the convergence equals that predicted by the steady-state frictional convergence formulation. However, in this case the arrow of causality is reversed from that assumed in a naive treatment of frictional convergence. Frictional convergence is not "causing" the convection; the convection is actually causing the convergence, and the mechanism forcing the convection must be sought elsewhere. This distinction is crucial in understanding what drives deep convection. The present analysis is linearized and the picture may change when nonlinear effects become important. It is also limited to situations in which the boundary layer winds are relatively weak. Tropical cyclones, with their strong winds and nonlinear behavior, thus deserve an independent analysis.

En este trabajo se considera la convergencia por fricción en una capa límite atmosférica acotada por una troposfera estable libre. De acuerdo con un extenso trabajo previo encontramos que la estabilidad atmosférica reduce la escala vertical de la circulación troposférica secundaria libre asociada con la convergencia por fricción. Relacionada con esta reducción en la escala vertical hay una reducción proporcional en la escala temporal debido a la fricción por el giro descendente de la circulación atmosférica. Esta reducción en la escala temporal modifica el balance entre términos del componente en la ecuación de momento a lo largo de las isobaras. En particular, para las escalas de perturbación menores a unos cuantos cientos de kilómetros en condiciones tropicales típicas, la tendencia del término de momento llega a un balance aproximado con el término de fricción, haciendo que el término de Coriolis sea menos importante. Esto reduce la magnitud del flujo isobárico cruzado y la fuerza ascendente en las regiones donde este flujo converge. Si algún otro mecanismo, tal como la convergencia húmeda, produce suficiente convergencia de capa límite para anular el giro descendente de la perturbación en cuestión, entonces la magnitud de la convergencia iguala a la predicha por la fórmula de la convergencia por fricción de estado estable. Sin embargo, en este caso la flecha de la causalidad es invertida en comparación con la que se asume en el tratamiento simple de la convergencia por fricción. La convergencia por fricción no "causa" la convección, realmente la convección causa la convergencia y el mecanismo que fuerza la convección debe buscarse en otro lado. Esta distinción es crucial para entender qué produce la convección profunda. El presente análisis es lineal y la perspectiva puede cambiar cuando los efectos no lineales son importantes. También está limitado a situaciones en las que los vientos de la capa limite son relativamente débiles. Por lo tanto, los ciclones tropicales con sus fuertes vientos y comportamiento no lineal merecen un análisis independiente.