ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of nanoliposome papaya seed extract on the number of osteoblasts and RANKL expression in a diabetic periodontitis rat model. Material and Methods: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups; each group was Group T0 (rats induced to become diabetic periodontitis without treatment), Group T1 (rats induced to become diabetic periodontitis and given 96% papaya seed extract) and Group T2 (rats induced to become diabetic periodontitis and given 96% nanoliposome papaya seed extract). They were assessed at three points in time: day 3, day 7, and day 14. The extracts were given orally at 0.5 ml and drops as much as 0.03 ml on the gingival sulcus, and treatments were given once a day in each group at a predetermined time. Osteoblast cells were counted by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and RANKL expression was counted by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The difference in osteoblast cells and RANKL expression between groups were analysed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests. Results: There was a significant difference in the number of osteoblasts on day 14 in the groups; a significant difference was also seen in RANKL expression on day 7 and day 14 in the groups. Conclusion: Administration of nanoliposome papaya seed extract affects the enhancement of the number of osteoblasts and reduction of RANKL expression in vivo.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o efeito de várias dosagens de biofertilizante e frequências de aplicação no crescimento e na produtividade de Capsicum frutescens L., bem como avaliar a Eficácia Agronômica Relativa (ERA) desses tratamentos. O experimento envolveu três dosagens diferentes de BiomeFert-1 (5, 10 e 15 mL/planta), aplicadas em frequências distintas: uma vez (1 WAP), duas vezes (1 e 4 WAP) e três vezes (1, 4 e 8 WAP). Os parâmetros de crescimento da planta medidos incluíram a altura da planta, o número de folhas e o diâmetro do caule, enquanto a produtividade foi avaliada com base no número de flores produzidas. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados de forma descritiva e a produtividade foi analisada por meio de ANOVA unidirecional. O tratamento B10F2 (10 mL de biofertilizante aplicado duas vezes) resultou na maior altura da planta. O tratamento B15F1 (15 mL de biofertilizante aplicado uma vez) produziu o maior número de folhas. O tratamento B15F3 (15 mL de biofertilizante aplicado três vezes) obteve o maior diâmetro de caule. O tratamento B10F1 (10 mL de biofertilizante aplicado uma vez) apresentou a melhor produtividade, produzindo o maior número de flores e o maior valor de ERA (134%).

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of various biofertilizer dosages and application frequencies on the growth and productivity of Capsicum frutescens L., as well as to evaluate the RAE (Relative Agronomic Effectiveness) of these treatments. The experiment involved three different dosages of BiomeFert-1 (5, 10, and 15 mL/plant) applied at different frequencies, i.e., once (1 week after planting-WAP), twice (1 and 4 WAP), and three times (1, 4, and 8 WAP). Plant growth parameters measured included plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter, while productivity was assessed based on the number of flowers produced. Growth data were descriptively observed, and productivity was analyzed using the one-way ANOVA. Plants treated with twice the applications of 10 mL biofertilizer resulted in the biggest height growth. The single application of 15 mL biofertilizer produced the most leaves. The largest stem diameter was achieved by plants treated with 15 mL biofertilizer applied three times. Meanwhile, a single application of 10 mL biofertilizer resulted in the best productivity, most flowers, and the highest RAE value (134%).

Resumo A carne de coelho é uma fonte de proteína e é benéfica para a saúde. Os coelhos Bambu Apus são formados a partir de cruzamentos de várias raças de coelhos e adaptaram-se ao ambiente do DKI Jacarta. Espera-se que o desenvolvimento dos coelhos apoie um programa de pecuária urbana integrado e sustentável, de forma análoga à agricultura urbana integrada sustentável. As amostras utilizadas foram 65 coelhos adultos Bambu Apus e dados secundários de 40 coelhos adultos Rex e 40 coelhos adultos New Zealand White. As variáveis observadas incluíram o peso corporal e a morfometria, como comprimento da cabeça, largura da cabeça, altura da cabeça, circunferência do tórax, largura do tórax, profundidade do tórax, comprimento do rádio ulna, comprimento do úmero, comprimento da tíbia, comprimento do fêmur, comprimento da coluna vertebral, largura da anca, comprimento da orelha e largura da orelha. A análise de variância de cada variável foi realizada através do software SAS versão 9.4 utilizando o procedimento PROC GLM, sendo o PROC DISCRIM utilizado para a análise da distância de Mahalanobis, o PROC CANDISC para a análise canônica e o software MEGA11 para a árvore de fenogramas. Os resultados da análise discriminante mostraram que o coelho Bambu Apus apresentou características morfométricas diferentes do coelho Rex e do coelho New Zealand White. O peso médio dos coelhos Bambu Apus foi 2.473,54±480,13 g superior (P<0,05) ao coelho Rex, a profundidade do tórax 8,69±1,11 cm superior (P<0,05) aos coelhos Rex e New Zealand White, o comprimento da coluna vertebral 37,84±3,51 cm maior (P<0,05) que o coelho Rex. A distância genética e a construção da árvore do fenograma mostraram uma baixa relação de parentesco entre o coelho Bambu Apus e o coelho Rex e o coelho branco da Nova Zelândia. Os resultados sugerem que a genética do coelho Bambu Apus tem uma predisposição para ser produzida como coelhos de corte adaptados ao clima tropical.

Abstract Rabbit meat is a source of protein and is beneficial to health. Bambu Apus rabbits are formed from crosses of several rabbit breeds and have adapted to the environment of DKI Jakarta. The development of rabbits is expected to support an integrated and sustainable urban livestock farming program (sustainable integrated urban farming). The samples used were 65 adult Bambu Apus rabbits and secondary data from 40 adult Rex rabbits and 40 adult New Zealand White rabbits. The observed variables included body weight and morphometrics such as head length, head width, head height, chest circumference, chest width, chest depth, radius ulna length, humerus length, tibia length, femur length, backbone length, hip width, ear length, and ear width. Variance analysis of each variable was carried out through SAS software version 9.4 using PROC GLM procedure, PROC DISCRIM was used for Mahalanobis distance analysis, PROC CANDISC was used for canonical analysis, and MEGA11 software for phenogram tree. The results of discriminant analysis showed that the Bambu Apus rabbit had different morphometric characteristics from the Rex and New Zealand White rabbit. The average weight of Bambu Apus rabbits was 2473.54±480.13 g higher (P<0.05) than Rex rabbit, chest depth 8.69±1.11 cm greater (P<0.05) than Rex and New Zealand White rabbit, backbone length 37.84±3.51 cm longer (P<0.05) than Rex rabbit. Genetic distance and phenogram tree construction showed low kinship relationship between Bambu Apus rabbit with Rex rabbits and New Zealand White rabbit. The results suggested that the genetic of Bambu Apus rabbit has a predisposed to be produced as tropical climate adapted broiler rabbits.

Abstract Epilepsy affects around 50 million people worldwide, with 30% of them being refractory epilepsy. This shows that there is still a need for novel anti-seizure medication that have different mechanisms. One of the most common types of refractory epilepsy is temporal lobe epilepsy. Among the several effects of seizures on neurons is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of RhoA. Rapamycin is mTORC1 inhibitor, but long-term exposure to rapamycin (>18 hours) could also inhibit mTORC2. RhoA signaling pathway is regulated through the mTORC2 pathway; thus we hypothesized that long-term exposure to rapamycin could inhibit intracellular Ca2+ and RhoA activity as one of the mTORC2 downstream proteins, in a temporal lobe epilepsy model. This study used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) which were exposed to 20 nM rapamycin treatment for 3, 5, 8, and 10 days after induction of epilepsy by 7 μM kainic acid administration for 48 hours. Intracellular calcium concentration was observed using CLSM and RhoA activity with western blot. The results obtained from this research were long-term administration of rapamycin can decrease intracellular calcium concentration and RhoA activity in OHSC models of epilepsy induced by kainic acid, with the most effective duration is 5 days of exposure to rapamycin.

Abstract The decision of the Constitutional Court in case 90/PUU-XXI/2023, which gave rise to allegations of political scandal and "Court Capture," also shows the possibility of using judicial institutions for certain political interests, thereby causing the decline of democracy. The purpose of this writing is to describe the dysplasia of Constitutional Court decision number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 and the destructive power of this decision. This paper will adopt a descriptive-analytical research method to investigate the relationship between dysplasia (structural errors or abnormalities) and the destructive power of Constitutional Court decisions in the context of law and democracy in Indonesia. This article shows: first, dysplasia in Constitutional Court Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 can be seen from the collapse of the principle of open legal policy, rapid changes in judges' stances that raise doubts about the consistency and integrity of Constitutional Court Judges, dissenting opinions that reflect anger/agriness , and alleged political influence (the so-called invisible hand). Second, the destructive power of this decision is manifested in its serious impact on the destruction of the constitutional democratic order, damaging public trust in the judiciary, causing internal rifts in the Constitutional Court, and the consistency of jurisprudence. Apart from that, this decision also damages the court's traditional overruling activities and reduces the independence of the judiciary.

Resumen La decisión de la Corte Constitucional en la causa 90/PUU-XXI/2023, que generó acusaciones de escándalo político y “Captura Judicial”, también muestra la posibilidad de utilizar las instituciones judiciales para ciertos intereses políticos, provocando con ello el declive de democracia. El propósito de este escrito es describir la displasia de la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional número 90/PUU-XXI/2023 y el poder destructivo de esta decisión. Este artículo adoptará un método de investigación analítico descriptivo para investigar la relación entre la displasia (errores o anomalías estructurales) y el poder destructivo de las decisiones del Tribunal Constitucional en el contexto de la ley y la democracia en Indonesia. Este artículo muestra: en primer lugar, la displasia en la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional número 90/PUU-XXI/2023 se puede ver en el colapso del principio de política jurídica abierta, cambios rápidos en las posturas de los jueces que plantean dudas sobre la coherencia e integridad del Tribunal Constitucional Jueces, opiniones disidentes que reflejan enojo de opinión y supuesta influencia política (la mano invisible). En segundo lugar, el poder destructivo de esta decisión se manifiesta en su grave impacto en la destrucción del orden democrático constitucional, dañando la confianza pública en el poder judicial, provocando divisiones internas en el Tribunal Constitucional y la coherencia de la jurisprudencia. Aparte de eso, esta decisión también perjudica las tradicionales actividades de anulación del tribunal y reduce la independencia del poder judicial.

Abstract This article intends to use a constitutionalist lens to examine why term limits for Indonesia’s People’s Representative Council and Regional Representative Council are necessary. The article employs the statutory approach, the conceptual approach, and the comparative approach to writing about normative law. The article makes use of deductive and inductive reasoning strategies grounded in prescriptive analysis. Due to the inability to locate a clause or provision that regulates limitedly regarding the limitation of the term of office of members of the People’s Representative Council and Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia, from a constitutionalist’s perspective, the paper concludes that such a limitation is urgently necessary. Since constitutionalism necessitates checks and balances, it follows that this goes against the Republic of Indonesia’s constitution. As a result, the article concludes that three (3) factors emphasize the necessity of term limits for members of the Indonesian Parliament as a means of strengthening the principle of constitutionalism: (1) the existence of a legal vacuum, (2) the poor quality of Indonesian democracy, and (3) the importance of leadership regeneration.

Resumo Este artigo pretende usar uma lente constitucionalista para examinar por que os limites de mandato para o Conselho Representativo do Povo da Indonésia e o Conselho Representativo Regional são necessários. O artigo emprega a abordagem estatutária, a abordagem conceitual e a abordagem comparativa para escrever sobre o Direito normativo. O artigo faz uso de estratégias de raciocínio dedutivo e indutivo fundamentadas na análise prescritiva. Devido à impossibilidade de localizar uma cláusula ou disposição que regule de forma limitada a limitação do mandato dos membros do Conselho Representativo do Povo e do Conselho Representativo Regional da República da Indonésia, sob uma ótica constitucionalista o trabalho conclui que tal limitação é urgentemente necessária. Uma vez que o constitucionalismo exige freios e contrapesos, segue-se que isso vai contra a Constituição da República da Indonésia. Como resultado, o artigo conclui que existem três (3) fatores que enfatizam a necessidade de limites de mandato para os membros do Parlamento indonésio como forma de fortalecer o princípio do constitucionalismo: (1) a existência de um vácuo legal, (2) a má qualidade da democracia indonésia e (3) a importância da regeneração da liderança.

Abstract Indonesia has a rich history of using medicinal plants, particularly among indigenous communities. However, documentation of these practices is limited, especially for communities in customary forests. This study aimed to document the medicinal plants used by indigenous peoples in Rantau Kermas and Pulau Tengah villages, located in Jambi Province, Indonesia. The study employed an ethnobotanical method, using in-depth interviews and participatory observation with an emic approach. The Pebble Distribution Method and the local user’s value index (LUVI) were applied to evaluate the uses of medicinal plants among the communities. The results indicate that the customary communities in both villages used approximately 65 plant species from 56 genera and 32 families to treat newborns, digestive system disorders, fever, and non-clinical diseases. The highest LUVI value (1.53%) recorded from the community in Rantau Kermas Village was obtained from the application of paku resam (Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.), used mainly for reducing fever. In Pulau Tengah Village, the highest LUVI value (1.74%) was obtained from the consumption of limau kapau (Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm) Swingle) Swingle for treating stroke and bradyphrenia. The majority of these medicinal plants used are exotic species. Therefore, further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation to enhance their utilization value while ensuring their sustainability.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las causas y los impactos del matrimonio precoz en la provincia de Java Oriental, Indonesia. Este estudio utilizó un abordaje de método mixto para realizar la investigación. Este estudio muestra que las causas de los matrimonios precoces no son únicamente por razones económicas, sino también por razones socioculturales. Las niñas que se casan a temprana edad no sólo tienen su salud en riesgo, también están limitadas en la educación y en las oportunidades de trabajo. En algunos casos, el matrimonio precoz está íntimamente relacionado con la posibilidad de violencia por la pareja. Este estudio realza la necesidad de dar atención especial al matrimonio precoz en Indonesia que afecta a muchas mujeres jóvenes y menores de edad.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as causas e os impactos do casamento precoce na província de Java Oriental, Indonésia. Este estudo utilizou uma abordagem de método misto para realizar a investigação. Este estudo mostra que as causas dos casamentos precoces não são apenas económicas, mas também socioculturais. As raparigas que casam cedo não só estão em risco de problemas de saúde, como também estão limitadas na educação e nas oportunidades de trabalho. Em alguns casos, o casamento precoce está também intimamente relacionado com a possibilidade de violência pelo parceiro íntimo. Este estudo realça a necessidade de dar atenção especial ao casamento precoce na Indonésia, que afeta muitas mulheres jovens e raparigas menores de idade.

Résumé Cet article analyse les causes et les impacts du mariage précoce dans la province de Java oriental, en Indonésie. Cette recherche, réalisée en suivant une approche mixte, montre que les causes des mariages précoces ne sont pas seulement économiques, mais aussi socioculturelles. En plus des problèmes de santé auxquels elles s’exposent, les filles qui se marient tôt sont limitées en matière d’éducation et d’opportunités de travail. Dans certains cas, le mariage est aussi intimement lié à la possibilité de violence par le mari. Cette étude souligne la nécessité d’accorder une attention spéciale au mariage précoce en Indonésie qui touche beaucoup de jeunes femmes et de filles mineures.

Abstract This article examines the causes and impacts of early marriage in the East Java province, Indonesia. This study employed a mixed method approach to conduct the research. This study identifies that the causes of early marriage are not just economic, but also sociocultural. Girls who are married early not only are at risk of health problems but also are restricted in their education and work opportunities. In some cases, early marriage is also closely related to the possibility of intimate partner violence. This study highlight the need for close attention to early marriage in Indonesia, which affects many young women and underage girls.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the concentration of Moringa leaf extract and variations in drying temperature on the chemical characteristics of Moringa milk powder. The research design used a randomized block design with repeated 3x3 factorials, followed by Duncan’s test; The results showed that the concentration of Moringa extract and variation of drying temperature had a significantly different effect on the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of Moringa milk powder. The best treatment was the treatment with the addition of 7% moringa extract at 70 °C. powder x 3x factorials Duncans Duncan s test 7 C °C

Abstract Sweet potato is a local food ingredient that needs to be preserved and its benefits are because it contains a high source of starch with anthocyanins. The utilization of local ingredients is still rarely used due to limited knowledge of sweet potato processing techniques. The purpose of this study is to create innovations by developing purple sweet potato food cultivation as a natural dye in the formulation of yogurt products through hedonic testing. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) method with 4 treatments consisting of 4 levels, namely A = 0 mg, B = 5 mg, C = 10 mg dan D = 15 mg, repeated 3 times. The most preferred yogurt by the panelists was yogurt with 15 mg of purple sweet potato extract added, with a value of 3.78 for taste, 3.01 for flavor and 3.53 for color. With a protein content of 4.76 gr, fat 12.60 gr, 13.2 gr, anthocyanins 14.42 mg (in 100 mL), and antioxidant activity of 3851.13 ppm. techniques testing RAK (RAK levels 1 times added 378 78 3.7 taste 301 01 3.0 353 53 3.5 color 476 76 4.7 gr 1260 12 60 12.6 132 13 2 13. 1442 14 42 14.4 mL, mL , mL) 385113 3851 3851.1 ppm 37 7 3. 30 35 47 4. 126 6 12. 144 14. 38511 385 3851. 38

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Trehalose and Telang-Pea (Clitoris ternatea L.) which are used as fillers for Telang-Yellow milk powder. This study used a randomized block design, 3x3 factorial, and 2 replications. Trehalose concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) and t butterfly pea flower concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) were research factors. The results of this study included water content, antioxidant activity, viscosity, yield, solubility, dissolution time, hygroscopicity, color intensity, and preference for taste, color, aroma and after taste. The results showed that water content, hygroscopicity, dissolution time, solubility, yield, pH value, color, and hedonic assessment of taste, color, aroma, and aftertaste were affected by trehalose and eggplant concentrations. The best organoleptic results were obtained with t1b2 samples (0.5% trehalose and 15% Butterfly Pea). The best treatment was the t3b3 treatment with the results of the analysis of water content 2.86%, hygroscopicity 7.15%, amendment 20.00%, soluble time 29.13%, solubility 83.98%, pH 6.72, antioxidant activity 557.77 ppm, color intensity *L 48.01, *a 4.73 and *b 6.10. TelangPea Telang Pea Clitoris L. L TelangYellow Yellow powder design x 3x factorial replications 10%, 10 (10% 15 20% 20 0.5%, 05 0 5 1 1.5% factors viscosity yield taste value tb b t1b 0.5% (0.5 Pea. . Pea) t3b 286 86 2.86% 715 7 7.15% 2000 00 20.00% 2913 29 13 29.13% 8398 83 98 83.98% 672 6 72 6.72 55777 557 77 557.7 ppm 4801 48 01 48.01 473 4 73 4.7 610 6.10 10% (10 1.5 0.5 (0. 28 8 2.86 71 7.15 200 20.00 291 29.13 839 9 83.98 67 6.7 5577 55 557. 480 48.0 47 4. 61 6.1 (1 1. 0. (0 2.8 7.1 20.0 29.1 83.9 6. 48. ( 2. 7. 20. 29. 83.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate how the concentration ratio of trehalose and Carrot Extract affected the features of carrot milk powder. The experiment utilized a random block design with repeated 3 x 3 factorials, followed by Duncan's test. Trehalose concentrations (5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and Carrot Extract concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) comprised the experimental variables. This study's results include water content, total carotenoids, antioxidant activity, yield, viscosity after rehydration, solubility, dissolving time, color intensity, as well as hygroscopic and hedonic tests on color, flavor, and aroma. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of trehalose and Carrot Extract influenced the water content, yield, viscosity after rehydration, solubility, dissolving time, color measurement, and hygroscopic and hedonic tests on color, flavor, and scent. The relationship between trehalose content and Carrot Extract had an effect on yield, viscosity after rehydration, solubility level, solubility time, color intensity, and hygroscopic and hedonic tests. The t1w1 sample (trehalose 5% and Carrot Extract 10%) produced the best organoleptic findings. powder factorials Duncans Duncan s test 5%, 5 (5% 75 7 7.5% 10% 10 10%, (10% 15 15% 20% 20 variables studys carotenoids activity yield rehydration time intensity flavor aroma measurement scent level tw t w t1w findings (5 7.5 1 (10 2 ( 7. (1

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate productive performance during the growing period in Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens fed on low- and high-nutrient diets containing different levels of dietary nano zinc phytogenic (NZP). The experiment followed a randomized 2 x 6 factorial design, with nutritional content of the diet (high vs low), and dietary NZP (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 mg Zn/kg) as factors. Each treatment was repeated six times. The feeding trial was carried out until ten weeks of age. Productive performance (feed consumption, FC; body weight gain, BWG; body weight, BW; mortality, feed conversion ratio, FCR; zinc consumption, ZnC; dressing percentage, carcass cut weight; visceral organ weight; and European production efficiency factor, EPEF) was measured. Up to the age of four weeks, dietary NZF dosage impacted BW, BWG, FC, and ZnC. NZP dosage had no effect on mortality. Combination of a high-nutrient diet with 90 mg Zn/kg NZP resulted in the best FCR and EPEF. Up to six weeks, dietary NZP dosage affected BW, BWG, and EPEF. Up to ten weeks of age, addition of NZP (from 30 mg Zn/kg) improved BW, FC, and EPEF. NZP at 30 mg Zn/kg resulted in the best FCR and EPEF. Dietary NZP increased production performance (BW, FC) and economic index (EPEF) in growing KUB chickens fed low- and high-nutrient diets. The recommended use is a high-nutrient diet and 90 mg Zn/kg of NZP.

Resumen Una investigación relevante y no reportada previamente respecto a la influencia del carbón activado (CA) apoya que la biomasa de Eucalyptus Lanceolata es un adsorbente. El reciente trabajo sintetizó una serie de estudios para conocer diversos parámetros experimentales de tiempo de equilibrio y temperatura del adsorbente para la eliminación del colorante. La caracterización de la estructura física determinó que el aumento del área superficial del carbón activado de 399 a 475 m2.g-1 revela que la biomasa cruda tenía una superficie más compacta que las del carbón activado. Se encontraron bandas FTIR en la región entre 3406.29 cm-1 y 3414.0 cm-1 indicando el estiramiento del grupo (-OH) que conduce al enlace de hidrógeno. Se estudió la adsorción de azul de metileno en carbón crudo y activado. La energía de activación media del carbón activado fue de 33,67 kJ.mol-1, ligeramente inferior a la del carbón bruto, que fue de 49,14 kJ.mol-1. Se aplicaron modelos de difusión intrapartícula, Elovich y Bhangam para evaluar estudios cinéticos a 20, 30 y 40 ºC. Los parámetros termodinámicos, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ y ΔE≠ se calcularon a partir de la cinética de adsorción. Los resultados indican que la adsorción es un proceso espontáneo. El valor negativo de la entropía determinó que las moléculas de ácido toman una posición orientada en la superficie del adsorbente. Los resultados muestran que todos los modelos se ajustaron mejor para la adsorción.

Abstract Investigation relevant to the influence of activated carbon (AC) supports biomass of Eucalyptus Lanceolata as an adsorbent was not reported previously. The recent work synthesized a series of studies to know various experimental parameters equilibration time and temperature of the adsorbent for the elimination of dye. Physical structure characterization measured that the surface area of activated carbon increased from 399 to 475 m2.g-1 revealed that the raw biomass had more compact surface than those of activated carbon. FTIR bands were found in the region between 3406.29 cm-1 and 3414.0 cm -1 indicates (-OH) stretching group which leads to hydrogen bonding. Adsorption of Methylene blue was studied on raw and activated carbon. The average activation energy of the activated carbon was 33.67 kJ.mol-1, slightly lower than those of raw carbon, which was 49.14 kJ.mol-1. Intraparticle diffusion, Elovich and Bhangam models were applied to evaluate kinetics studies at 20, 30 and 40 ºC. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔH ≠, ΔS≠ and ΔE≠ were calculated from the adsorption of kinetics. Results indicate that adsorption is a spontaneous process. The negative value of entropy determined that the acid molecules take an oriented position on the surface of the adsorbent. The results show that all the models were best fitted for adsorption.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue validar y evaluar la estructura factorial del instrumento de Medición de Actitudes hacia el Medio Ambiente mediante el análisis factorial y el modelo de Rasch politómico multidimensional. Participaron 595 estudiantes universitarios indonesios (293 hombres y 302 mujeres) con un rango de edad de 18-24 (edad media = 21,01, SD = 1,65). Los 22 ítems de la Medida de Actitudes Ambientales se administraron mediante encuestas en línea. Este estudio genera una estructura factorial tridimensional de actitudes ambientales en las muestras universitarias de Indonesia y respalda la base teórica de la escala original. Los resultados del análisis multidimensional del modelo politómico de Rasch muestran que las características psicométricas de este instrumento son excelentes y tienen una alta confiabilidad de separación, tanto por ítems como por persona. Los hallazgos de este estudio se pueden utilizar en investigaciones futuras para examinar la interrelación de las actitudes ambientales con otras variables en la muestra de Indonesia. También se discuten las limitaciones de este estudio.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate and evaluate the factor structure of the instrument for measuring attitudes towards the environment using factor analysis and multidimensional polytomous Rasch model. Participants in this study were 595 Indonesian university students (293 male and 302 female) with an age range of 18-24 (mean age = 21.01, SD = 1.65). The 22-items of Environmental Attitudes Measure were administered using online survey systems. This study generates a three-dimensional factor structure of environmental attitudes in the Indonesian college samples and supports the original scale’s theoretical basis. The results of the multidimensional analysis of the polytomous Rasch model show that the psychometric characteristics of this instrument are excellent and have high separation reliability, both for items and person. The findings of this study can be used in future research to examine the interrelationship of environmental attitudes with other variables in the Indonesian sample. Limitations of this study are also discussed.