ABSTRACT: Regolith characterization in its entirety is particularly difficult in gneissic regoliths due to the heterogeneity of their rock structure. Rare earth elements (REE) are a useful tool in helping understand the evolution of regoliths. This study relates the mineralogy and weathering indexes of three gneisses regoliths (P1-leucocratic, P2-mesocratic and P3-melanocratic gneisses) to the distribution of REE at depth. In soil, clay activity, iron and manganese oxides, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, TiO2, Fe2O3, and MgO showed high positive correlation with REE. The absolute content of REE was enriched in mafic minerals. At the interface between the soil and saprolite, the sum of absolute REE content was greater in soil than in saprolite in P1, while the opposite pattern was found in P2 and P3. The sums of absolute REE in the whole profiles did not overlap between P1, P2 and P3, and the absolute concentration of Gadolinium (Gd) differentiated the three gneisses in all and every horizon/layer of their regoliths without overlapping values. Normalized REE content was greater in the subsurface of P1 due to Eu content in plagioclase, and fractionation had less variation when estimated by Light REE / Heavy REE (LREE/HREE) than by La/Yb, since the variation in REE is great in gneisses (due to the segregation of minerals into bands), and had low levels of association with the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and the Weathering Index of Parker (WIP).

ABSTRACT Saprolite plays a central role into hydrologic and nutrient cycles. Despite that, saprolite research is scattered and uses heterogeneous, sometimes conflicting, methods and concepts. During field work, it is difficult to assign the boundary between soil and saprolite. This paper aimed to identify the subjacent logic that pedologists use to assign to a regolith volume its soil or saprolite nature. To achieve this goal, a tree algorithm was used to build a hierarchy of physical and chemical properties of a set of regolith profiles. Such hierarchization expose the inner, subjective criteria used by researchers during the assignment of a certain profile zone as saprolite or soil. The following variables were measured: total porosity (TP); bulk density (Bd); particle density (Pd); total Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, and TiO2; selective extraction of iron by ditionite-citrate-bicarbonate (FeDCB) and ammonium oxalate (FeOA); and the FeDCB/FeOA ratio. These measurements were done in a set of 25 regolith profiles (137 horizons and layers), located in the Southeast region and Northeast region of Brazil. The decision tree algorithm was applied using the recursive partition method to identify which of the measured property was most strongly associated with the field assignment of the pedologists to a certain profile zone as saprolite or soil. The Bd, FeDCB/FeOA, MgO, CaO, TP, and P2O5 explained 93 % of the pedologists choice, being Bd responsible for 81 %.

A densidade do solo (Ds) é um importante indicador da qualidade física do solo, mas há pouca disponibilidade de informações sobre seus valores a maiores profundidades em razão da dificuldade amostral envolvida. Portanto, funções de pedotransferência têm sido utilizadas para estimar a Ds com relativo êxito, mas ainda sem especificidade aos diferentes biomas brasileiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver funções matemáticas capazes de descrever a Ds até 1 m de profundidade em áreas de vegetação nativa das regiões central e sul de Minas Gerais. A Ds foi amostrada pelo método do anel volumétrico em 53 perfis de solo de diferentes ordens, em seis profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 30-40, 50-60 e 90-100 cm). A Ds variou entre 0,66 e 1,74 kg dm-3, com média de 1,25 kg dm-3, e foi geralmente menor nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Por meio de regressão linear múltipla (stepwise), foram gerados modelos com base nas propriedades químicas de rotina e granulometria, que permitiram estimar a Ds até 1 m de profundidade. Os teores de C orgânico do solo, areia, silte e argila e a capacidade de troca catiônica potencial (T) foram as variáveis de maior relevância nos modelos, que alcançaram maior acurácia para a ordem Latossolos (R2ajust = 0,85), seguida por Cambissolos (R2ajust = 0,69), Nitossolos (R2ajust = 0,67) e Argissolos (R2ajust = 0,51). Uma vez que a modelagem para a base de dados completa atingiu R2ajust de 0,50, pode-se concluir que a estratificação por ordem taxonômica foi útil para melhorar os ajustes obtidos, com exceção da ordem Argissolo.

Bulk density (ρb) is an important indicator of soil physical quality, but it is seldom assessed at greater depths due to sampling difficulties. Pedotransfer functions have been relatively successful in estimating ρb, but specific functions for most Brazilian biomes are not available. The aim of this study was to develop mathematical functions to describe ρb to a depth of 1 m in areas of native vegetation in central and southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. For determination of ρb, soil core samples were taken of 53 profiles of different soil orders at six depth intervals (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 30-40, 50-60 and 90-100 cm). The soil ρb ranged from 0.66 to 1.74 kg dm-3, with a mean of 1.25 kg dm-3, and was generally lower in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers. Models based on particle size analysis and standard chemical properties were created by multiple stepwise linear regression and were able to describe ρb to a depth of 1 m. Soil organic carbon and clay, silt, and sand contents, as well as cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, were the most relevant variables in the models, which achieved higher accuracy for Oxisols (R2ajust = 0.85), followed by Inceptisols (R2ajust = 0.69), nitic Alfisols (R2ajust = 0.67), and Ultisols (R2ajust = 0.51). Since modeling for the whole database resulted in R2ajust = 0.50, we conclude that stratification by soil order was useful for improving the equations, with the exception of the Ultisol order.

Apesar de o interesse no comportamento espacial de atributos-chave do solo, só recentemente a variação em profundidade passou a receber mais atenção na literatura. O carbono orgânico do solo (COS) é talvez o atributo que mais varie em profundidade, o que dificulta seu estudo. A partir de dados de levantamentos de solos de duas regiões de Minas Gerais (Sul e Serra do Espinhaço Meridional), foram modelados os teores de COS em profundidade, buscando identificar quais fatores mais os influenciam. Os perfis de COS foram mais bem descritos por funções logarítmicas neperianas em ambas as regiões. Houve efeito da classe de solo, uma vez que Latossolos apresentaram menores teores superficiais, mas menor decréscimo no perfil, do que Argissolos, Neossolos, Cambissolos e Nitossolos. Essas tendências podem ser devidas à maior profundidade, permeabilidade e teor de argila+silte dos Latossolos. A variação regular dos parâmetros intercepto (teor médio na superfície) e fator logarítmico (taxa de decréscimo) das equações obtidas para diferentes faixas de teor de argila+silte permitiu ainda obter funções de pedotransferência em perfil para descrever teores de COS em profundidade em qualquer classe de solo, confirmando a hipótese de que a textura é um controle importante dos teores de COS nessas duas regiões. Na região Sul de MG, os perfis de COS puderam também ser descritos em função de teores de Fe2O3 (ataque sulfúrico), evidenciando controle mineralógico do COS. Ainda na região Sul, solos entre 1.000 e 1.200 m de altitude apresentaram maiores teores de COS do que os de altitudes menores. Latossolos e Nitossolos das duas regiões mostraram perfis muito semelhantes de COS - similaridade atribuída ao efeito positivo de maiores teores de argila na região Sul e maior altitude na Serra do Espinhaço Meridional.

Despite the interest in the spatial variability of key soil properties, depth-related variations have only recently received more attention in the literature. Of all soil properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) is perhaps the most depth-related and difficult to understand. Soil data from two regions in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were used to model SOC profiles and identify factors of influence. In both the South and Southern Espinhaço regions, SOC profiles were best described by log functions. Oxisols had higher SOC levels in the surface, which decreased less with depth than in Ultisols, Inceptisols and Entisols. This could be ascribed to the greater depth, permeability and clay+silt content of Oxisols. Based on the regular increase of intercepts and log factors of the equations obtained for increasing clay+silt contents, profile pedotransfer functions were estimated to describe SOC concentrations based on texture and depth of any given soil, confirming the hypothesis that soil texture strongly controls SOC retention in both regions. In addition, SOC profiles could also be described according to Fe2O3 contents (by sulfuric digestion) in soils of the Southern region, suggesting a mineralogical control of SOC retention. Also in the Southern region, the SOC contents of soils located between 1,000-1,200 m a.s.l. were higher than those of soils at lower altitudes. However, the SOC profiles of the Oxisols and nitic Ultisols of both regions were very similar, which may be an effect of higher clay contents in the South region, and of higher altitudes in the Southern Espinhaço mountain region.