Resumen Entre julio-septiembre 2019 se realizaron recolectas de adultos y estados inmaduros (larvas y pupas) de ‘moscas negras’ (Diptera: Sciaridae) en viveros de producción en maceta de Lilium sp. (Liliaceae) en Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, México. El 100% de los ejemplares recolectados en campo correspondieron al género Bradysia Winertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae). El presente estudio representa el primer registro de este género en plantas de Lilium sp., en Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, México.

Abstract Adult and immature stages (larvae and pupae) of ‘black fungus gnats’ (Diptera: Sciaridae) were collected from July to September 2019 in nurseries of production of potted lily (Lilium sp.) in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. One hundred percent of the specimens collected in the field corresponded to the genus Bradysia Winertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae). The present study represents the first record of this genus in Lilium sp. plants in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico.

ABSTRACT In the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico, wastewater is often used in agricultural systems which have caused negative environmental effects, such as edaphic heavy metal pollution. Consequently, plants in the area begin to absorb heavy metals. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride strains on bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Cr in inoculated cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus). The soil used in this study contains Pb, Cd and Cr (34.63, 0.24, and 32.32 mg/kg, respectively). In Trichoderma root colonization, the highest measurement was Trichoderma harzianum (100 %). The cucumber plants translocated Pb, Cr, and Cd to their fruits and leaves. Concentrations of Pb and Cd were higher in the basal leaves of the cucumber plant, whereas Cr was more concentrated in the cucumber fruits. Pb was not found in the cucumber skin. For Cd concentration in the skin, the T. harzianum and T. viride treatments at 2.34 × 106 and 2.34 × 106 CFU/mL, respectively, resulted in a 20.2 % reduction of this metal. Trichoderma, with 2.34 × 106 CFU/mL, had the lowest concentration of Cr in the pulp (5.572 mg/kg). No differences were found in metal concentrations in the skin or leaves.

RESUMEN En el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, México, se han utilizado aguas residuales en sistemas agrícolas, causando efectos ambientales negativos como la contaminación edáfica por metales pesados. Como consecuencia, las plantas los absorben. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las cepas de Trichoderma harzianum y Trichoderma viride en la bioacumulación de Cr, Cd y Pb en plantas de pepino (Cucumis sativus) inoculadas. El suelo usado en este estudio mostró Pb, Cd y Cr (34.63, 0.24 y 32.32 mg/kg, respectivamente). En cuanto a la colonización de raíces por Trichoderma, el valor más alto lo mostró Trichoderma harzianum (100 %). Las plantas de pepino traslocaron Pb, Cd y Cr a frutos y hojas. El Pb y el Cd se encontraron en concentraciones más altas en las hojas basales, mientras que el Cr estuvo más concentrado en los frutos de pepino. El Pb no fue encontrado en la cáscara de pepino. En cuanto a la concentración de Cd en la cáscara, los tratamientos T. harzianum y T. viride, a 2.34 × 106 y 2.34 × 106 UFC/mL, respectivamente, redujeron la concentración en un 20.2 %. Trichoderma, con 2.34 × 106 UFC/mL, mostró la concentración más baja de Cr en pulpa (5.572 mg/kg). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la concentración de metales en la cáscara y hojas.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: In the present study, we determined the chemical composition of Clinopodium macrostemum essential oil obtained by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and its effect on the growth and development of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae. METHODS: The essential oil compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, and bioassays were conducted to evaluate the influence on the developmental stages of early second instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus until the emergence of adults, using essential oil concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800mg/L. RESULTS: The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the leaf essential oil of C. macrostemum contained 32 compounds and the major chemical compounds identified were linalool (55.4%), nerol (6.4%), caryophyllene (6.25%), menthone (5.8%), geraniol acetate (4.1%), terpineol (3.7%), and pulegone (2.8%). The essential oil yield obtained by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was 0.8% at 20 min. The treatments showed lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of 22.49 and 833.35mg/L, respectively, after the final measurement of the total number of dead larvae (second, third, and fourth instars), and LC50 and LC90 of 6.62 and 693.35mg/L, respectively, at the end of the experimental period. The essential oil inhibited the growth and development of the mosquito larvae by 32% (relative growth index = 0.68) at 50mg/L, and up to 47% (relative growth index = 0.53) at 800mg/L. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated the larvicidal effect of C. macrostemum essential oil on Cx. quinquefasciatus, which can be attributed to the oxygenate compounds obtained by the extraction method.

A list of 300 morphospecies of Braconidae from State of Oaxaca is presented, of these 83 species and 146 genera were identified. In the study the spatial distribution of braconid was analyzed, records and data were georeferenced. A Geographic Information System with the species recorded from literature and material deposited in scientific collections was developed. The regions with the highest abundance of genera were Costa, Central Valleys and Istmo, the subfamilies most diverse were represented by Agathidinae and Doryctinae. The vegetation with highest incidence of records was the evergreen tropical forest that included 81 genera, the most representative genera were Heterospilus, Opius, and Bracon. The distribution of Braconidae in warm temperatures represented 85 % of the genera, being the subfamilies Alysiinae, Euphorinae, Doryctinae, and Microgastrinae the most representative. The climate with major presence of braconids was the warm humid and the most abundant subfamilies were Doryctinae and Microgastrinae. In the semi-warm humid climate there were found especially specimens of the subfamily Agathidinae. The parasitoids were distributed from 20 to 2900 m of altitude, but the greatest number of records were found at the height of 736 m and the genus Heterospilus was the best represented.

Se presenta un listado de 300 morfoespecies, de las cuales se determinaron 83 especies y 146 géneros de Braconidae en el estado de Oaxaca. Se analizó la distribución espacial de los bracónidos registrados y se georreferenciaron los datos. Elaborándose un Sistema de Información Geográfica con los datos de cada especie registrada en literatura y material depositado en colecciones científicas. Las regiones con mayor abundancia de géneros fueron Costa, Valles Centrales e Istmo y las subfamilias más diversas fueron Agathidinae y Doryctinae. Para la selva mediana subperennifolia, se registró el mayor número de géneros (81), entre los más representativos se encontraron Heterospilus, Opius y Bracon. En zonas con temperaturas cálidas se registró el 85 % de los géneros, incluyendo representantes de las subfamilias Alysiinae, Euphorinae, Doryctinae y Microgastrinae. El clima con mayor presencia de bracónidos fue el cálido subhúmedo y las subfamilias más abundantes fueron Doryctinae y Microgastrinae. En el clima semicálido subhúmedo se encontraron especialmente especímenes de Agathidinae. Los parasitoides se distribuyeron desde los 20 a 2900 msnm, pero el mayor número de registros se encontró a una altitud de 736 m y el género Heterospilus fue el mejor representado.