Função cognitiva de placientes em monoterapia específica para síndrome epiléptica tem sido pouco avaliada. Estudamos: 7 pacientes com epilepsias localizadas sintomáticas (SEL) utilizando fenitoína, com 30±12 (média ± desvio padrão) anos de idade; 8 com epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas utilizando valproato de sódio, com 18±4 anos; 16 com SEL utilizando carbamazepina, com 28±11 anos; 35 controles sadios, com 27±11 anos. Todos tinham inteligência normal, educação apropriada para a idade e vidas produtivas na sociedade. Dois dos pacientes utilizando carbamazepina e um valproato de sódio tinham menos de 5 crises parciais, de ausência ou mioclônicas ao mês. Os outros pacientes tinham crises controladas há mais de 6 meses. As concentrações séricas de carbamazepina, fenitoína e valproato de sódio foram 12±5, 23±7 e 62±23 ug/ml. Os testes incluíram memória e reconhecimento imediato e tardio de figuras e Stroop. Pacientes do grupo de fenitoína e valproato tiveram performance pior que controles em memória imediata; o grupo de carbamazepina foi pior que controles no teste de Stroop (p<0.01). Os resultados indicam efeitos discretos das síndromes epilépticas, de fenitoína, carbamazepina e valproato de sódio na cognição de pacientes com epilepsia eminentemente controlada e vida produtiva na comunidade. O déficit de pacientes com epilepsia crônica sob regimes politerapêuticos deve ser multifatorial. Estudos futuros devem controlar, em seu planejamento, fatores causais possíveis para que seus resultados sejam relevantes.

Cognitive function of patients on monotherapy specific for their epileptic syndrome has been studied infrequently. We evaluated 7 patients with symptomatic localised epilepsies (SEL) on phenytoin aged 30±12 (mean±standard deviation) years, 8 with idiopathic generalised epilepsies on sodium valproate aged 18±4 years, 16 with SEL on carbamazepine aged 28±11 years, and 35 healthy controls aged 27±11 years. All subjects were of normal intelligence, educated appropriately to age, and led productive lives in the community. Two of the patients on carbamazepine and one on valproate had less than five partial, absence or myoclonic seizures monthly, the remaining were controlled. Carbamazepine serum concentrations were 12±5 ug/ml, phenytoin were 23±7, and valproate were 62±23 (mean±sd). Tests included immediate recall and recognition for pictures, Stroop test, delayed recall and recognition of pictures. Patients on phenytoin and valproate performed significantly worse than controls on immediate recall, and patients on carbamazepine performed significantly worse than controls in Stroop test (p<0,01). The results indicate relatively minor effects of the epileptic syndromes and of phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate on cognition of patients with controlled epilepsy leading productive lives in the community. We conclude that the cognitive deficit found in chronic epileptic patients on polytherapeutic drug regimen must be multifactorial, and that future studies need to control for all possible variables in order to achieve meaningul results.

Estudos quantitativos anteriores têm demonstrado que hereditariedade, dano cerebral, aspectos psico-sociais, fenômenos ictais e interictais e drogas antiepilépticas interferem na disfunção cognitiva de pacientes epilépticos. Neste estudo os métodos objetivos incluiram memória e reconhecimento imediatos e tardio nas figuras, teste de Stroop e seleção auditiva. Vinte pacientes com epilepsia localizada sintomática entre 17 e 52 anos de idade (27±10, média ±d.p.) foram comparados a grupo controlado para idade e classe social. Os pacientes tinham concentrações terapêuticas (25±12 mg/ml) de fenobarbital e epilepsia ativa com 1,94 crises generalizadas tônico-clônicas, 0,85 parciais simples e 6,28 parciais complexas por mês (médias). Pacientes tiveram performances piores que controles em todos testes (P<0.05 a 0.001), indicando disfunção cognitiva generalizada relacionada com crises epilépticas e/ou tratamento com barbitúricos. Sugerimos que outros estudos com populações uniformes em regimes monoterapêuticos e síndromes epilépticas uniformes sejam realizados, para isolar fatores relacionados à disfunção cognitiva de pacientes epilépticos.

Quantitative measurements have indicated that heredity, cerebral damage, psycho-social aspects, ictal and inter-ictal phenomena and antiepileptic drugs may interfere in the cognitive dysfunction of epileptic patients. In the present study objective methods included immediate and late recall and recognition of pictures, Stroop test and auditory selection. Twenty patients with symptomatic localized epilepsy aged 17-52 years (27±10, mean ±sd) were compared to age and socially matched healthy controls. Patients were on therapeutic serum concentrations (25±12 m/mi) of phenobarbitone and had active epilepsy with 1.94 generalized tonic-clonic, 0.85 simple partial and 6.28 complex partial seizures monthly (means). Patients performed worse than controls in all 6 tests (p<0.05 to p<0.001), indicating a generalized cognitive deficit related to seizures and/or barbiturate therapy. We suggest further studies should be carried out in populations with uniform monotherapeutic regimens and epileptic syndromes in order to isolate factors related to the cognitive dysfunction of epileptic patients.

Foram revisadas vários critérios para o diagnóstico de esclerose múltipla (EM) e aplicados os de Poser e colaboradores (1983) aos 40 pacientes incluídos neste estudo entre 1982 e 1987. Havia 36 (88%) pacientes do sexo feminino e 5 (12%) do sexo masculino, com EM clinicamente definida (85%) e provável (10%) de acordo com Poser et al., assim como 2 pacientes com doença crônica progressiva. A idade no momento do estudo era de 39 ± 11 anos e a de início da doença de 32 ± 10 anos; o tempo de história era de 6 ± 7 anos (médias ± desvios padrão). Como modo de apresentação da doença encontramos distúrbio de marcha em 50%, de visão em 25% e tontura em 10% dos casos. O exame físico no momento do estudo mostrava déficit motor em 92,5%, sensitivo era 67,5%, ocular visual em 65%, bexiga espástica em 35% e distúrbio vestíbulo-cerebelar em 32% dos pacientes. O potencial evocado visual foi anormal em 65% de 31 casos, o auditivo em 23% de 22 casos e o somes-tésico em 80% de 20 casos. Este estudo demonstra que critérios diagnósticos internacionais, especificamente, o de Poser e colaboradores, são aplicáveis no Brasil, contribuindo claramente para o diagnóstico da doença, bem como para estudos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos era nosso país.

The frequency of multiple sclerosis in Brasil is assumed to be lower than in some geographically comparable regions, but internationally available objective diagnostic criteria are not generally used. We have reviewed a number of such criteria and applied those of Poser and colleagues to all patients who could be examined specifically for this study; who had been under our care between 1982-87; with clinically satisfactory history, physical exam, ancillary investigations and follow-up; with enough information to warrant immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine, methyl-prednisolone or cyclophosphamide. There were 35 (88%) females and 5 (12%) males, with clinically definite (85%), probable (10%) disease according to Poser and cols, as well as 2 patients with chronic progressive disease. Age at time of study was 39 ± 11 years, age at onset had been 32 ± 10 years, and length of history was 6 ± 7 years (mean ± sd). Mode of onset was a disturbance of gait in 50%, of vision in 25% and dizziness in 10%. Physical exam at time of study showed motor deficits in 92.5%, sensory in 67.5%, ocular visual in 65%, spastic bladder in 35%, and vestibulocerebellar disturbances in 32%. Visual evoked responses were abnormal in 65% of 31 cases, auditory in 23% of 22 cases, and somatosensory in 80% of 20 cases. This study shows that international diagnostic criteria, specifically those of Poser and colleagues are applicable in Brasil, providing clear guidelines for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. We suggest objective diagnostic criteria form the backbone of teaching about the disease, at various levels of medical education. Their wide utilization will in due time provide conditions for epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic studies which have not as yet been carried out in this country.

Entre 1982 e 1988 24 mulheres e 6 homens com miastenia gravis foram submetidos a protocolo diagnóstico e terapêutico prospectivo e estandardizado. A idade variou de 10 a 74 anos (34±16, média±desvio padrão). Três com forma ocular foram tratados com piridostigmina. Quatro com forma generalizada, de idade avançada, receberam corticosteróide e/ou azatioprina. Vinte e três com a forma generalizada foram submetidos a timectomia seguida de prednisona e/ou azatioprina. Um paciente faleceu após timectomia complexa de timoma invasivo. Qutro faleceu logo após a admissão, em crise miastênica/colinérgica. Dois outros tiveram complicações menores da timectomia. De 19 pacientes seguidos por 1-60 (média 24) meses, 11 (58%) têm fraqueza residual mas levam vida normal e 8 (42%) estão em remissão completa, um sem medicação.

Between 1982 and 1988 24 women and 6 men with myasthenia gravis were included in a prospective and standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocol. Age varied between 10 and 74 years (34 ± 16, mean ± standard deviation). Three patients with the ocular form were treated with pyridostigmine. Four patients with the generalized form and advanced age received steroids and/or azathioprine. Twenty-three patients with the generalized form underwent thymectomy followed by prednisone and/or azathioprine. One patient died after complex thymectomy for invasive thymoma. Another died soon after admission in myasthenic/cholinergic crisis. Two other patients had minor complications of thymectomy. Of 19 patients followed for 1-60 (mean 24) months, 11 (58%) are in remission, one of them without any medication.